改良河岸带土壤对Cu2+吸附的环境影响机制

通过添加质量比1%的生物炭（空心莲子草制备）、生物炭负载两性黏土两种材料改良川东北地区嘉陵江、渠江和涪江沿岸土壤,探索环境因素对改良土壤吸附Cu2+的影响。结果表明：当各改良河岸土样pH值为5、离子强度为0.05 mol/L、温度40℃时对Cu2+的吸附量达到最高,最大吸附量（q m）为85.38 mmol/kg～257.54 mmol/kg;Cu2+的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,是一个自发、吸热和熵增的过程;土壤改良效果表现为涪江>渠江>嘉陵江;土样CEC和比表面积是影响Cu2+吸附能力的主要因素。     

两性磁化炭添加比例对河流沿岸土吸附Cu2+的影响

将两性(十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱)修饰磁化炭分别以质量分数0、1%和2%加入嘉陵江流域(川渝段)内苍溪(CX)、南部(NB)、嘉陵(JL)和合川(HC)沿岸土中,考察各混合土样对Cu^2+的等温吸附和热力学特征。结果表明:混合土样对Cu^2+的最大吸附量为58.36 mmol/kg~366.85 mmol/kg,添加等量两性磁化炭时各混合土样对Cu^2+吸附量表现为JL>NB>CX>HC的趋势,且添加比越高吸附能力越强。各混合土样对Cu^2+的吸附为自发、吸热和熵增的反应过程,对Cu^2+的吸附量与温度和pH值均呈正相关关系。当离子强度为0.1 mol/L时,各混合土样(除HC外)对Cu^2+的吸附量最大。     

合肥市春季大气PM10和PM2.5中碳组分的污染特征

2014年4月，应用热/光碳分析仪测定合肥市春季大气PM10和PM2.5中的有机碳（OC）、元素碳（EC）。结果显示，PM10、PM2.5的平均质量浓度分别为(124.0±34.3)μg/m3和(96.3±29.2) μg/m3,PM10中OC、EC的平均质量浓度分别为(15.1±5.5)μg/m3和(6.0±2.1) μg/m3，PM2.5中OC、EC的平均质量浓度分别为(12.1±3.5）μg/m3和(5.5±2.1) μg/m3。OC、EC在PM2.5中所占的比例均高于在PM10中的比例，说明合肥市春季PM2.5中碳的含量更高。通过分析8个碳组分及OC/EC比值，发现燃煤、机动车尾气和生物质燃烧是主要贡献源； OC易形成二次污染，EC排放以焦炭为主。     

离子色谱法测定PM2.5中可溶性阳离子的探讨

对离子色谱测定大气颗粒物PM2.5中Na+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、NH+4等5种可溶性阳离子的方法作探讨，试验结果表明：石英滤膜的空白值较特氟龙滤膜高，尤其是Na+、Ca2+；样品前处理的超声时间以60 min为最佳；优化方法后标准曲线的相关性达0.999以上，对标准样品的测定值均在保证值范围内。当采样体积为标况下20 m3时，方法检出限Na+、NH+4为0.05 μg/m3，K+、Mg2+、Ca2+为0.1 μg/m3，实际样品平行测定6次的RSD≤1.3%，加标回收率范围为87.5%～109%。     

复配修饰黏土对四环素的吸附及其应用探究

分别采用十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DTAB)和十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)对十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱(BS-12)修饰高岭土(K)进行复配修饰,以批处理法探究其对紫色土(PS)吸附四环素(TC)的影响。结果表明:TC吸附是自发、吸热和熵增的反应,各供试材料对TC的吸附均符合Langmuir模型,且相同条件下60%复配修饰效果更佳。各供试材料对TC的吸附量均随着温度和pH值的升高而增加(除PS/K_60%BS+60%SD外)。当温度为20℃,pH值为5,离子浓度为0.1 mol/L时,吸附量达到最大值5.64 mmol/kg~42.7 mmol/kg。     

典型矿业城市大气颗粒物水溶性离子分布特征

利用2014年7月和2015年1月在淮南市不同功能区采集的大气颗粒物样品，分析其水溶性离子时空和粒径分布特征。结果表明：夏季和冬季粗、细粒子中总水溶性离子质量浓度均值分别为（13.45±4.53）μg/m3、（27.81±17.65）μg/m3和（12.87±8.37）μg/m3、（85.08±35.41）μg/m3。淮南市大气颗粒物中主要的水溶性离子为Ca2+、NO-3和SO2-4。冬季各功能区PM2.5中总水溶性离子质量浓度普遍高于夏季。大气颗粒物中水溶性离子主要来源于土壤源、工业污染及二次转化，冬季二次污染源主要以流动源污染为主，而夏季流动源和固定源污染贡献接近。     

3种材料添加对紫色土吸附四环素的影响

采用批量处理法探究活性硅酸钙（S）、膨润土（B）、硅藻土（D）的添加对紫色土（P）吸附四环素（TC）的影响。结果表明：各供试土样对TC的吸附符合Langmuir模型，最大吸附量qm在564 mmol/kg~5413 mmol/kg之间，且当材料添加质量分数为5%时土样对TC吸附效果最佳；相同材料添加比例下，土样对TC的吸附量均呈现出P-B＞P-S＞P-D＞P；热力学参数表明，TC吸附是一个自发、吸热和熵增的反应，当pH值为5、离子浓度为01 mol/L时吸附量达到最大。     

入侵植物凋落物浸提液对紫色土吸附金霉素的影响

用3种入侵植物的地上(O)和地下(U)凋落物浸提液(Le)对紫色土进行修饰,采用批处理法研究各Le修饰土样对金霉素(CTC)的等温吸附特征,分析pH值、离子强度和温度对CTC吸附的影响。结果表明：各Le修饰紫色土对CTC的吸附等温线最适用于Freundlich模型描述;当pH值为2,离子强度为0.1 mol/L和试验温度40 ℃时,一年蓬(Conyzaannumus)Le修饰紫色土对CTC的吸附效果最佳,最大吸附量为1.68 mmol/kg~7.94 mmol/kg;当Le修饰比例为100%时,OLe和ULe修饰紫色土对CTC的吸附量均达到最大,且OLe修饰紫色土对CTC的吸附效果相比ULe更佳。     

2016年武汉市大气污染物时空分布特征及影响因素

利用统计学和GIS方法对2016年武汉市各区不同污染物的时空分布特征及相关性进行分析。结果表明：武汉市大气污染季节性特征明显，春季和冬季颗粒物（PM2.5、PM10）及NO2污染突出,夏季O3污染严重。污染物空间差异显著，主城区和东西湖区颗粒物及NO2污染严重，郊区O3污染严重。平均气温、平均水汽压与SO2、NO2、CO、PM2.5和PM10均呈显著负相关，而与O3呈显著正相关；降水量与SO2、NO2和CO呈显著负相关。     

杭州夏季一次降雨过程雨水中全氟化合物及主要化学组分的变化特征

采用分段采样的方式收集杭州市2018年8月2日—3日一场降水样品，测定其中16种全氟化合物（PFCs）及主要化学组分浓度。结果发现，此次降雨过程水样的pH值范围为5.04～5.32，均为弱酸性降水，酸雨类型为复合型，检出的主要阳离子为NH+4，主要阴离子为SO2-4和NO-3；样品中检出7种中短链PFCs，包括2种全氟烷基磺酸（PFSAs）和5种全氟烷基羧酸（PFCAs），ΣPFCs质量浓度范围为4.41 ng/L～25.2 ng/L，主要污染因子全氟辛酸（PFOA）质量浓度范围为096 ng/L～13.1 ng/L；降雨过程对大气污染清除作用的统计结果表明，区域大气环境中的主要化学组分及除全氟丁酸（PFBA）之外的PFCs污染主要吸附在云下大气颗粒物上；雨水中各污染因子浓度变化特征及相关性统计结果提示，杭州市大气中PFCAs和PFSAs两类PFCs可能来自不同的污染源。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.