合肥市春季大气PM10和PM2.5中碳组分的污染特征

2014年4月,应用热/光碳分析仪测定合肥市春季大气PM10和PM2.5中的有机碳（OC）、元素碳（EC）。结果显示,PM10、PM2.5的平均质量浓度分别为(124.0±34.3)μg/m3和(96.3±29.2) μg/m3,PM10中OC、EC的平均质量浓度分别为(15.1±5.5)μg/m3和(6.0±2.1) μg/m3,PM2.5中OC、EC的平均质量浓度分别为(12.1±3.5）μg/m3和(5.5±2.1) μg/m3。OC、EC在PM2.5中所占的比例均高于在PM10中的比例,说明合肥市春季PM2.5中碳的含量更高。通过分析8个碳组分及OC/EC比值,发现燃煤、机动车尾气和生物质燃烧是主要贡献源; OC易形成二次污染,EC排放以焦炭为主。     

2015年10月南宁市区典型大气污染过程成因分析

2015年10月15日—24日南宁市出现了一次典型的大气细颗粒物（PM2.5）污染过程,利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪和大气颗粒物激光雷达仪器进行监测,结合气象、后向轨迹及卫星遥感影像等资料分析大气污染成因及远距离传输对该次污染过程的影响。研究表明：此次南宁市大气污染以PM2.5超标为主,PM2.5日均质量浓度最高为85.2 μg/m3,超过标准值13.6%,其中PM1占PM2.5的66.3%。此次污染过程是由本地污染源与外来源影响互相叠加,在静稳、高温、强光等天气情况下发生协同作用引起的,污染物主要来源为燃煤源、机动车尾气源和生物质燃烧源,占全部来源的75.0%～80.0%。     

离子色谱法测定PM2.5中可溶性阳离子的探讨

对离子色谱测定大气颗粒物PM2.5中Na+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、NH+4等5种可溶性阳离子的方法作探讨,试验结果表明：石英滤膜的空白值较特氟龙滤膜高,尤其是Na+、Ca2+;样品前处理的超声时间以60 min为最佳;优化方法后标准曲线的相关性达0.999以上,对标准样品的测定值均在保证值范围内。当采样体积为标况下20 m3时,方法检出限Na+、NH+4为0.05 μg/m3,K+、Mg2+、Ca2+为0.1 μg/m3,实际样品平行测定6次的RSD≤1.3%,加标回收率范围为87.5%～109%。     

南京市冬季PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征研究

基于城市超级站对2018年12月—2019年2月南京市在线水溶性离子污染特征进行研究。结果表明：监测期间水溶性无机离子(WSIs)质量浓度均值为45.7μg/m3,占PM2.5的67.8%,各离子排序为NO3-＞ SO42-＞NH4+＞Cl-＞K+＞Ca2+＞Na+＞Mg2+。二次离子（SNA）是PM2.5主要组分,大气气溶胶呈中性。各离子日变化存在差异,SNA变化趋势和WSIs基本一致。南京市冬季存在明显SO2和NO2向SO42-和NO3-二次转化;NO3-/SO42-均值为1.96,移动源增量大于固定源。通过相关性和三相聚类分析可知,SNA主要结合方式为(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3。主成分分析表明,南京市冬季PM2.5中水溶性离子主要来源是二次转化,燃煤、生物质燃烧和土壤建筑扬尘也有贡献。     

春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对乌鲁木齐市区PM2.5及其组分影响分析

为了解春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对乌鲁木齐市区PM2.5及其组分的影响,利用超级站在线监测仪器(包括颗粒物分析仪、在线离子色谱、激光雷达和重金属分析仪)对环境空气中的PM2.5浓度、颗粒物水溶性离子和重金属浓度进行连续监测.结果表明,大量烟花爆竹的集中燃放造成了PM2.5短时严重污染,最高质量浓度达到了423μg/m3.烟花...     

淮南市大气颗粒物污染特征研究

2014年7月和2015年1月分别系统监测淮南市6个功能区夏、冬季大气颗粒物(TSP、PM10、PM2.5)质量浓度并分析其时空分布特征。结果表明:采矿区和工业区污染较严重;采矿区主要受采煤、运输等人为活动的影响,工业区受工业排放影响较大,商业区主要以汽车尾气排放为主,居民区和文教区则以燃煤排放为主;夏季颗粒物浓度日变化趋势均呈现两边凸中间凹的特征,峰值分别出现在7:00和18:00,谷值出现在13:00左右,而冬季变化趋势波动较大。     

重庆市主城区二次有机碳气溶胶污染特征研究

为研究重庆市大气PM_(2.5)中二次有机气溶胶污染特征,于2013年1—12月运用URG-3000ABC型中流量颗粒物采样仪连续同步采集重庆市主城区大气PM_(2.5)样品,选取OC/EC比值对PM_(2.5)中的SOC污染进行估算,结果表明,该市主城区PM_(2.5)中SOC年平均质量浓度为12.5μg/m3,占OC质量浓度的50.0%,占PM_(2.5)质量浓度的10.1%,SOC质量浓度为冬季秋季夏季春季。机动车排放是SOC前体物的主要来源。     

交通减排对上海2014年PM2.5污染影响的案例研究

使用WRF Chem模式模拟分析2014年4月16日—18日一次上海市大气污染过程，探究交通减排对该市PM2.5浓度的影响。结果表明，模式较为成功地再现了污染过程中天气形势及大气污染物时空变化， PM2.5浓度模拟与观测结果IOA达到065。研究时段内交通减排使上海市PM2.5质量浓度平均减少 329 μg/m3，虹口凉城监测站受到交通减排影响最大，对小时平均质量浓度的最大影响超过26 μg/m3，超过此站PM2.5浓度的13%；PM2.5浓度越高，交通减排对上海市PM2.5浓度的影响越显著；交通减排对上海北部地区空气质量的改善效果最明显。     

阿克苏市空气质量PM_(2.5)浓度变化研究与对策

近年来随着雾霾天气的频发和空气环境质量的不断下降,有关PM_(2.5)的研究逐渐成为研究的重点和热点。本研究利用阿克苏市2014年PM_(2.5)连续在线监测数据,对PM_(2.5)的污染现状和季节变化、月变化、日变化、昼夜变化规律进行探讨和分析。结果表明,阿克苏市PM_(2.5)质量浓度平均值春季最高,其次为冬季,夏季最低。春季沙尘天气和冬季采暖燃烧源是PM_(2.5)质量浓度增加的主要原因;阿克苏市PM_(2.5)质量浓度日均值为14.96~282.84μg/m3,年平均值为77.85μg/m3,是国家二级标准的1.04倍;阿克苏市PM_(2.5)质量浓度春季白天高于夜间,夏季和冬季白天低于夜间。     

天津市PM10和PM2.5中水溶性离子化学特征及来源分析

2011年5月—2012年1月在天津市南开区设立采样点,采集大气中PM10和PM2.5样品。采用离子色谱法测定颗粒物中水溶性无机阴离子、阳离子成分,分析其主要组成、季节变化及污染来源。结果表明,天津市PM10中离子平均浓度为71.2μg/m3,占PM10质量浓度的33.7%。PM2.5中离子平均浓度为54.8μg/m3,占PM2.5质量浓度的39.6%。NH+4、SO2-4、NO-3等二次离子含量较大,且夏季含量均为最高。颗粒物总体呈酸性,PM10中∑阳离子/∑阴离子平均值为0.92,PM2.5中该比值为0.75。来源分析发现,PM10可能主要来源于海盐、工业源、二次反应及土壤和建筑尘等,PM2.5则主要来源于海盐污染源、二次反应及生物质燃烧。     

河流沉积物中有机污染物的分析研究进展

总结了近年来河流沉积物中有机污染物的研究进展 ,集中评述了国内有关沉积物中多环芳烃、有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分析研究现状 ,包括样品采集、样品前处理和样品分析 ,并对今后河流、湖泊及水库沉积物中污染物的分析工作作了展望     

Changes in the trade in native medicinal plants in Brazilian public markets

Plants continue to be an important source of new bioactive substances. Brazil is one of the world’s mega-diverse countries, with 20 % of the world’s flora. However, the accelerated destruction of botanically rich ecosystems has contributed to a gradual loss of native medicinal species. In previous study, we have observed a fast and intensive change in trade of medicinal plants in an area of Amazon, where human occupation took place. In this study, we surveyed 15 public markets in different parts of Brazil in search of samples of 40 plants used in traditional medicine and present in first edition of Brazilian Official Pharmacopoeia (FBRAS), published in 1926. Samples of plants commercialized as the same vernacular name as in Pharmacopoeia were acquired and submitted to analysis for authentication. A total of 252 plant samples were purchased, but the laboratory analyses showed that only one-half of the samples (126, 50.2 %) were confirmed as the same plant species so named in FBRAS. The high number of unauthenticated samples demonstrates a loss of knowledge of the original native species. The proximity of the market from areas in which the plant occurs does not guarantee that trade of false samples occurs. The impact of the commerce of the substitute species on their conservation and in public health is worrying. Strategies are necessary to promote the better use and conservation of this rich heritage offered by Brazilian biodiversity.     

Challenges in meeting international standards in undertaking social impact assessment in Russia

Implementing good practice social impact assessment (SIA) that meets international standards in countries in transition is problematic. We reflect on the challenges faced when undertaking SIA in the Russian Federation. These challenges restrict meaningful SIA processes from being undertaken and limit public participation and the effective community engagement of project-affected local people. Based on the self-reflexive professional experience of two Russian-based social practitioners, and their discursive interactions with two leading academics in environmental and social impact assessment, as well as on in-depth interviews with prominent Russian and international experts, we identified the key challenges that prevent effective SIA from being implemented in Russia: a lack of understanding of the international standards; discrepancy in the determination of the social area of influence between the national requirements and international standards; difficulties in combining national and international impact assessment processes; and a tendency by companies to restrict stakeholder engagement to the minimum. We hope that by having an awareness of these limitations, improvements to SIA practice in Russia and elsewhere will be made.     

西藏典型城市公园繁殖鸟类中的外来鸟种

选取位于西藏拉萨的罗布林卡、龙王潭公园、布达拉宫广场,位于林芝的福建公园,以及位于昌都的天津广场等5个城市公园,于2017年5—6月采取样线法对其中的鸟类群落组成和外来鸟种情况进行调查。调查共记录到鸟类9目20科36种,其中属于古北界的有12种,东洋界和广布种也均为12种。36种鸟类中,留鸟24种,夏候鸟6种,冬候鸟2种,旅鸟4种。统计到外来鸟种4种,包括山噪鹛(Garrulax davidi)、八哥(Acridotheres cristatellus)、红嘴相思鸟(Leiothrix lutea)及大紫胸鹦鹉(Psittacula derbiana),占调查鸟种种类的11.1%,外来物种的入侵风险在高原不容忽视。     

Quantifying nickel in soils and plants in an ultramafic area in Philippines

In this study, concentrations of nickel (Ni) were quantified in the soils and plants in the agricultural areas of Salcedo watershed in Eastern Samar Island, Philippines. The quantity of total Ni in soils (TS-Ni) was significantly high with a mean of 1,409 mg kg^?1, while the soil available Ni (SA-Ni) was low with a mean of 8.66 mg kg^?1. As the levels of TS-Ni in the Salcedo watershed greatly exceeded the maximum allowable concentrations for agricultural soils, the site is not suitable for agricultural purposes. Despite significant TS-Ni levels, SA-Ni levels were very low due to tight binding between Ni and soil components. Consequently, all plants investigated did not meet the criterion for a Ni hyperaccumulator plant with low Ni contents (mean TP-Ni of 14.7 mg kg^?1). Comparison of Ni levels between food plants and its recommended daily intake (RDI) suggests that consumption of food-plants grown in the study area is unlikely to pose health risks. However, caution must be taken against combined consumption of food plants with high Ni levels or their prolonged consumption, as it can induce accumulation of Ni above RDI.     

HPLC法测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D 3 和维生素E

建立了以w(C2H5OH)=95 %乙醇直接提取,高效液相色谱仪在波长280 nm和254 nm处连续测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D3和维生素E的方法.色谱柱为大连依利特Hypersil ODS C18(25 cm×4.6 mm×5 μm),流动相为甲醇-水,流速为1.2 mL/min.维生素A、维生素D3、维生素E的质量浓度分别在1.0 mg/L～20.0 mg/L、0.5 mg/L～15.0 mg/L 、2.5 mg/L～50.0 mg/L范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,检测限分别为0.3×10-6 μg、0.04×10-6 μg、5.0×10-6 μg,相对标准偏差分别为1.6 %、2.7 %、2.4 %,平均回收率分别为99 %、102 %、98 %.     

Variations in the level of some trace elements in hair of participants in the Italian expeditions in Antarctica

As a part the Italian National Programme of Research in Antarctica (PNRA) a monitoring study has been undertaken to quantify the concentrations of some selected trace elements in human hair of participants in the Antarctic expeditions. Such concentrations may vary as a consequence of the extreme environmental conditions and changes in lifestyle experienced by participants in the expeditions, as some evidence in previous investigations seems to suggest. The present study regards samples collected on the occasion of the 2002-2003 expedition to the Italian Base of Terra Nova Bay (now Mario Zucchelli Base), i.e., just before the expedition and about one month later. Seven essential elements were taken into account, namely, Ca, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn and Mo. Determinations were performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) and Dynamic Reaction Cell Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (DRC-ICP-MS). Data obtained were statistically treated by using the non-parametric Friedman test. The concentrations of Ca, Cu and Mg were found to decrease (P < 0.05). The stress caused by the severe environmental conditions might well play a role in the observed decrease.     

Trends in Nitrogen Transport in Swedish Rivers

Concern about nitrogen loads in marine environments has drawn attention to the existence and possible causes of long-term trends in nitrogen transport in rivers. The present study was based on data from the Swedish environmental monitoring programme for surface water quality; the continuity of these data is internationally unique. A recently developed semiparametric method was employed to study the development of relationships between runoff and river transport of nitrogen since 1971; the observed relationships were then used to produce time series of flow-normalised transports for 66 sites in 39 river basins. Subsequent statistical analyses of flow-normalised data revealed only few significant downward trends (p 0.05) during the time period 1971–1994, and the most pronounced of these downward trends were caused by reduced point emissions of nitrogen. The number of significant upward trends was substantially larger (15 for total-N and 18 for NO₃-N). Closer examination of obtained results revealed the following: (i) the most pronounced upward trends were present downstream of lakes, and (ii) observed increases in nitrogen transport coincided in time and space with reduced point emissions of phosphorus or organic matter. This indicated that changes in the retention of nitrogen in lakes were responsible for the upward nitrogen trends. The hypothesis that nitrogen saturation of forest soils has caused a general increase in the riverine export of nitrogen from forested catchments in Sweden was not confirmed. Neither did the results indicate that improved agricultural practices have reduced the export of nitrogen from agricultural catchments.     

丽水市空气中Pb污染调查

为调查丽水市空气中Pb污染现状，在机动车相对集中的市区布设5个测点，测点高度1．2m；监测周期为1a，每星期采样1d或2d，每天采集1个样，每次采样6h；监测项目为TSP、Pb；评价标准采用GB3095—1996《环境空气质量标准》。结果表明，丽水市各测点空气中Pb最大的季均值、年均值均未超标；常规测点和交通路口测点之间TSP、Pb质量浓度值均存在显著的差异性。     

Fluoride in groundwater in selected villages in Eritrea (North East Africa)

A study was undertaken to estimate fluoride content in thegroundwater in certain parts of rural Eritrea, North-East Africa,along the River Anseba. Standard procedure was adopted for fluoride detection. Results indicate elevated concentration offluoride in groundwater. The highest concentration was found tobe 3.73 mg L^-1, well above the safety level for consumption.Geological basis for the high concentration of high fluoride hasbeen established; it is presumed to be the pegmatite intrusion hosted by a granitic batholith. Extensive dental fluorosis has been observed in the population exposed to drinking water of highfluoride content.