兴化里下河湿地越冬期鸟类多样性调查与研究

为了解兴化里下河湿地退渔还湿后越冬期的鸟类多样性状况,于2021年12月-2022年3月,采用样线法对兴化里下河湿地公园及其附近1处水产养殖塘的鸟类群落结构及多样性进行了调查分析。选取芦苇、藕塘、森林、库塘/水产养殖塘4种典型生境类型进行研究,共记录到14目31科48属69种鸟类,其中国家级保护鸟类9种,国家一级重点保护鸟类2种,为东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)和黑脸琵鹭(Platalea minor);列入《世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)受威胁物种红色名录》的受威胁鸟类6种;列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(CITES)附录Ⅰ鸟类的1种、附录Ⅱ的5种。兴化里下河湿地公园内主要越冬水鸟有东方白鹳、白琵鹭、小天鹅、凤头麦鸡、反嘴鹬、鹤鹬、骨顶鸡、夜鹭、绿翅鸭、针尾鸭、斑嘴鸭、红嘴鸥等。基于越冬鸟类的分布状况,对湿地公园的湿地修复和管理,以及加强该地区生物多样性监测、研究和保护等方面提出了建议。     

浙江省典型生态系统外来入侵物种调查研究

随着经济全球化和国际贸易的不断增长,因外来物种入侵而引发的生物安全问题,已成为全球关注的热点之一。浙江省生态系统类型丰富,对外经济贸易活跃,为外来物种提供了入侵和蔓延的条件。部分外来入侵物种已对浙江省造成了严重危害,直接威胁到区域生态安全。为了解浙江省典型生态系统外来物种入侵状况,以浙江省大盘山自然保护区、天目山自然保护区和古田山自然保护区等3个国家级自然保护区以及温州沿海滩涂为研究区,开展了外来物种入侵状况调查研究。在3个自然保护区内共发现列入《中国第一批、第二批外来入侵物种名单》外来物种6种,名单以外的外来物种9种;温州沿海滩涂互花米草分布面积13.16km2,在温州沿海5个县(市、区)沿海滩涂均有分布。     

镇江市鸟类生物多样性调查与评价

对镇江市城市居住区、农田保护区、城市园林、城郊山林和河流湿地等5种生境冬、夏2季鸟类多样性进行了调查研究.结果表明,5种生境夏季鸟类群落的各种指数均呈现不同的变化规律;城市保护区、农田保护区、城市园林鸟类优势种为[树]麻雀;河流湿地和城郊山林鸟类群落冬夏季在物种水平和科属水平上拥有较大的多样性,群落结构最稳定;城市居住区和城市园林鸟类群落冬季的密度较大,同时良好的栖息地对鸟类的生存起着决定性的影响.     

基于聚类分析的颗粒物监测网络优化研究

为了优化香港环境监测网络,收集香港14个监测站2011年1月1日至2015年11月30日的颗粒物PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)的小时数据进行统计分析。对PM_(2.5)进行聚类,并利用日均浓度变化图进行验证,结果表明,可将监测站分为4类(A、B、C、D类),A类位于城市郊区,B类则位于港口附近,且A、B类的PM_(2.5)日变化特征均呈现双峰型分布,峰值分别出现在09:00和21:00。对PM_(10)进行类似分析结果表明,监测站同样可以分为4类,A类位于九龙区,B类则位于港口附近,而且A、B类的PM_(10)日变化双峰分别出现在11:00和20:00左右。说明污染源头及地形的相似致使某些监测站颗粒物浓度的变化出现相同的趋势,导致监测设备的浪费和管理的冗余。建议建立更高效的空气管理系统,将冗余设备转移到其他地区,扩大空气监控区域。对PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)聚类结果表明,将监测站分为4类,B类均属于路边站,C类则位于居民区。同时还发现同类监测站PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)数值变化相同,并且可以用其中一个站的PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度及另一个站的PM_(2.5)或PM_(10)浓度预测PM_(2.5)或PM_(10)浓度,为优化监测资源提供了一种新的思路。     

珠江(广州河段)表层沉积物中的重金属污染调查与评价

应用地累积指数法对珠江(广州河段)表层沉积物中重金属污染程度进行了调查与评价.结果表明,其表层沉积物中重金属的地累积指数大小顺序为:Cu＞Cd＞Zn＞Pb＞As＞Cr＞Hg,其中Cu是主要污染物,Cd、Zn和Pb的地累积指数较高.在所有监测断面中,地累积级别达到4级(强污染)的有5个断面,即4#(雅瑶大桥)、5#(黄歧)、6#(黄沙)、7#(横滘)和16#(花地涌北出口).     

莱芜大气污染源排放颗粒物中多环芳烃研究

为了解莱芜市大气污染源排放颗粒物中多环芳烃的浓度及影响因素,采集机动车尾气尘、扬尘、工业燃煤颗粒物、民用燃煤颗粒物等4种样品,分别测定多环芳烃的含量。结果表明,莱芜市大气环境颗粒物中多环芳烃主要来源于机动车尾气和民用燃煤,12种多环芳烃类值分别为(1 536. 48±0. 78)和(299. 83±0. 30)μg/g,机动车尾气尘与扬尘、民用燃煤、工业燃煤多环芳烃均存在显著性差异。不同组分中,苯并(ghi)苝的值最高,为(559. 96±7. 59)μg/g,其次为晕苯,为(445. 36±5. 94)μg/g,城市空气污染呈现煤烟和机动车尾气复合污染的特点。     

贵州雷公山保护区外来入侵植物分布格局

通过实地调查与查阅资料相结合,发现雷公山国家级自然保护区共有33种外来入侵植物,隶属18科31属,以菊科(7种)最多。入侵等级以低等级为主,入侵生活型主要是多年生草本,原产地以尚不明确为主,引入途径以无意传播占绝对优势。外来入侵植物在雷公山国家级自然保护区不同功能区都有分布,但差异不明显,实验区有15种、缓冲区有14种、核心区有13种。在不同的植被类型(草坡、灌木林、乔木林)中分布差异明显,分别为20、14、10种。根据重要值和外来入侵植物危害等级计算得出危害系数,鬼针草Bidens pilosa (73. 71)、牛膝菊Galinsoga parviflora(55. 76)、白车轴草Trifolium repens(51. 17)较高,但目前,以上3种外来入侵植物在该保护区处于可控阶段,没有发生大规模的入侵。     

红外触发相机在新疆罗布泊野骆驼国家级自然保护区野生动物监测中的应用

2013年4月至2015年4月,利用红外触发自动相机开展保护区野生动物的监测研究,在保护区内的9个水源地布设了红外相机进行监测。监测期间共拍摄到照片73 421张,共记录到35种野生动物,其中兽类13种,鸟类22种,包括野骆驼、藏野驴、雪豹以及胡兀鹫、金雕、高山秃鹫等国家Ⅰ级保护动物。拍摄率最高的前5种食草动物分别是野骆驼、藏野驴、鹅喉羚、岩羊、盘羊,也是保护区观测区域中分布最广泛的物种。其中,野骆驼在9个位点都被拍到照片,是水源地占优势地位的物种。     

基于声音监测的鄱阳湖典型湿地鸟类多样性及对人类活动的响应

在鄱阳湖典型人控湖汊芳兰湖湿地选取人类活动差异性较大的两个区域分别设置鸟类声音监测点,利用声音采集仪器Song Meter SM4收集长时间序列的鸟类声音数据,基于声音处理程序包将声音数据转化为具有生态学信息的声学指标,用以表征鸟类多样性特征,并定量分析鸟类多样性与人类活动之间的关联性程度.结果表明:鸟类声音数据为WAV格式的音频文件,文件名称由仪器编号、监测日期和监测时间组成.在监测期间同一时间监测点1(人类活动较弱区域)对应的声学指标ACI、ADI、AEI和NP的指数值均高于监测点2(人类活动较强区域)对应的声学指标值.监测点1的NDSI与ACI、ADI呈极显著正相关,与AEI、NP呈极显著负相关;监测点2的NDSI与ACI呈极显著正相关,与AEI、NP呈极显著负相关.     

浙江北部海域春季浮游动物的群落结构研究

根据2007年春季在浙江北部海域所采集的浮游动物样品,对该调查海域浮游动物的种类组成、丰度、生物量和生物多样性进行了探讨,采用多元统计软件PRIMER 5分析了该海域浮游动物的群落结构。研究结果表明,调查海域共鉴定各类浮游动物62种、浮游幼虫12种,合计74种。经统计共有2种优势种,分别是中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)和五角水母(Muggiaea atlantica)。浮游动物生物量和丰度的平面分布比较相似,主要分布在调查海域的东部和东南部,并存在着向东南方向呈递增的趋势,而在杭州湾内的值比较小。调查海域浮游动物生物多样性比较低,平均值为1.54。根据对本次调查获得的浮游动物群落结构的聚类分析,主要存在着两个生态类群,群落Ⅰ为沿岸低盐群落,群落Ⅱ为暖温带近海群落。     

河流沉积物中有机污染物的分析研究进展

总结了近年来河流沉积物中有机污染物的研究进展 ,集中评述了国内有关沉积物中多环芳烃、有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分析研究现状 ,包括样品采集、样品前处理和样品分析 ,并对今后河流、湖泊及水库沉积物中污染物的分析工作作了展望     

Challenges in meeting international standards in undertaking social impact assessment in Russia

Implementing good practice social impact assessment (SIA) that meets international standards in countries in transition is problematic. We reflect on the challenges faced when undertaking SIA in the Russian Federation. These challenges restrict meaningful SIA processes from being undertaken and limit public participation and the effective community engagement of project-affected local people. Based on the self-reflexive professional experience of two Russian-based social practitioners, and their discursive interactions with two leading academics in environmental and social impact assessment, as well as on in-depth interviews with prominent Russian and international experts, we identified the key challenges that prevent effective SIA from being implemented in Russia: a lack of understanding of the international standards; discrepancy in the determination of the social area of influence between the national requirements and international standards; difficulties in combining national and international impact assessment processes; and a tendency by companies to restrict stakeholder engagement to the minimum. We hope that by having an awareness of these limitations, improvements to SIA practice in Russia and elsewhere will be made.     

Quantifying nickel in soils and plants in an ultramafic area in Philippines

In this study, concentrations of nickel (Ni) were quantified in the soils and plants in the agricultural areas of Salcedo watershed in Eastern Samar Island, Philippines. The quantity of total Ni in soils (TS-Ni) was significantly high with a mean of 1,409 mg kg^?1, while the soil available Ni (SA-Ni) was low with a mean of 8.66 mg kg^?1. As the levels of TS-Ni in the Salcedo watershed greatly exceeded the maximum allowable concentrations for agricultural soils, the site is not suitable for agricultural purposes. Despite significant TS-Ni levels, SA-Ni levels were very low due to tight binding between Ni and soil components. Consequently, all plants investigated did not meet the criterion for a Ni hyperaccumulator plant with low Ni contents (mean TP-Ni of 14.7 mg kg^?1). Comparison of Ni levels between food plants and its recommended daily intake (RDI) suggests that consumption of food-plants grown in the study area is unlikely to pose health risks. However, caution must be taken against combined consumption of food plants with high Ni levels or their prolonged consumption, as it can induce accumulation of Ni above RDI.     

Changes in the trade in native medicinal plants in Brazilian public markets

Plants continue to be an important source of new bioactive substances. Brazil is one of the world’s mega-diverse countries, with 20 % of the world’s flora. However, the accelerated destruction of botanically rich ecosystems has contributed to a gradual loss of native medicinal species. In previous study, we have observed a fast and intensive change in trade of medicinal plants in an area of Amazon, where human occupation took place. In this study, we surveyed 15 public markets in different parts of Brazil in search of samples of 40 plants used in traditional medicine and present in first edition of Brazilian Official Pharmacopoeia (FBRAS), published in 1926. Samples of plants commercialized as the same vernacular name as in Pharmacopoeia were acquired and submitted to analysis for authentication. A total of 252 plant samples were purchased, but the laboratory analyses showed that only one-half of the samples (126, 50.2 %) were confirmed as the same plant species so named in FBRAS. The high number of unauthenticated samples demonstrates a loss of knowledge of the original native species. The proximity of the market from areas in which the plant occurs does not guarantee that trade of false samples occurs. The impact of the commerce of the substitute species on their conservation and in public health is worrying. Strategies are necessary to promote the better use and conservation of this rich heritage offered by Brazilian biodiversity.     

Variations in the level of some trace elements in hair of participants in the Italian expeditions in Antarctica

As a part the Italian National Programme of Research in Antarctica (PNRA) a monitoring study has been undertaken to quantify the concentrations of some selected trace elements in human hair of participants in the Antarctic expeditions. Such concentrations may vary as a consequence of the extreme environmental conditions and changes in lifestyle experienced by participants in the expeditions, as some evidence in previous investigations seems to suggest. The present study regards samples collected on the occasion of the 2002-2003 expedition to the Italian Base of Terra Nova Bay (now Mario Zucchelli Base), i.e., just before the expedition and about one month later. Seven essential elements were taken into account, namely, Ca, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn and Mo. Determinations were performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) and Dynamic Reaction Cell Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (DRC-ICP-MS). Data obtained were statistically treated by using the non-parametric Friedman test. The concentrations of Ca, Cu and Mg were found to decrease (P < 0.05). The stress caused by the severe environmental conditions might well play a role in the observed decrease.     

丽水市空气中Pb污染调查

为调查丽水市空气中Pb污染现状，在机动车相对集中的市区布设5个测点，测点高度1．2m；监测周期为1a，每星期采样1d或2d，每天采集1个样，每次采样6h；监测项目为TSP、Pb；评价标准采用GB3095—1996《环境空气质量标准》。结果表明，丽水市各测点空气中Pb最大的季均值、年均值均未超标；常规测点和交通路口测点之间TSP、Pb质量浓度值均存在显著的差异性。     

Trends in Nitrogen Transport in Swedish Rivers

Concern about nitrogen loads in marine environments has drawn attention to the existence and possible causes of long-term trends in nitrogen transport in rivers. The present study was based on data from the Swedish environmental monitoring programme for surface water quality; the continuity of these data is internationally unique. A recently developed semiparametric method was employed to study the development of relationships between runoff and river transport of nitrogen since 1971; the observed relationships were then used to produce time series of flow-normalised transports for 66 sites in 39 river basins. Subsequent statistical analyses of flow-normalised data revealed only few significant downward trends (p 0.05) during the time period 1971–1994, and the most pronounced of these downward trends were caused by reduced point emissions of nitrogen. The number of significant upward trends was substantially larger (15 for total-N and 18 for NO₃-N). Closer examination of obtained results revealed the following: (i) the most pronounced upward trends were present downstream of lakes, and (ii) observed increases in nitrogen transport coincided in time and space with reduced point emissions of phosphorus or organic matter. This indicated that changes in the retention of nitrogen in lakes were responsible for the upward nitrogen trends. The hypothesis that nitrogen saturation of forest soils has caused a general increase in the riverine export of nitrogen from forested catchments in Sweden was not confirmed. Neither did the results indicate that improved agricultural practices have reduced the export of nitrogen from agricultural catchments.     

HPLC法测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D 3 和维生素E

建立了以w(C2H5OH)=95 %乙醇直接提取,高效液相色谱仪在波长280 nm和254 nm处连续测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D3和维生素E的方法.色谱柱为大连依利特Hypersil ODS C18(25 cm×4.6 mm×5 μm),流动相为甲醇-水,流速为1.2 mL/min.维生素A、维生素D3、维生素E的质量浓度分别在1.0 mg/L～20.0 mg/L、0.5 mg/L～15.0 mg/L 、2.5 mg/L～50.0 mg/L范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,检测限分别为0.3×10-6 μg、0.04×10-6 μg、5.0×10-6 μg,相对标准偏差分别为1.6 %、2.7 %、2.4 %,平均回收率分别为99 %、102 %、98 %.     

Nitrous acid concentrations in homes and offices in residential areas in Greater Cairo

Indoor and outdoor measurements of nitrous acid and nitrogen dioxide were conducted at four homes and two offices in residential areas in Greater Cairo during winter (2000-2001) and summer (2001) seasons. Indoor nitrogen dioxide concentrations were higher than outdoor levels at the four homes, whereas indoor concentrations of nitrogen dioxide were lower than outdoor levels at the two offices, during both seasons. Indoor nitrous acid concentrations were higher than outdoor levels at all homes and offices during the period of study. The mean indoor nitrous acid concentrations were 6.8 ppb and 3.67 ppb in the four homes, whereas they were 1.42 ppb and 1.24 ppb in the two offices, during the winter and summer seasons, respectively. Indoor/outdoor ratios of nitrous acid concentration were 6.94 in the winter and 5.03 in the summer for all of the homes. However, the ratios were 1.31 and 1.61 during the winter and summer seasons, respectively, for the two offices. Insignificant positive correlation coefficients were found between indoor and outdoor concentrations of nitrous acid at homes and offices. The maximum outdoor nitrous acid concentrations were recorded during the winter season. Significant positive correlation coefficients were found between nitrous acid and nitrogen dioxide and relative humidity in homes and offices. The ratios of nitrous acid to nitrogen dioxide concentrations ranged from 0.045 to 0.16, with a mean of 0.1, in the four homes, whereas the ratios ranged from 0.026 to 0.09, with a mean of 0.059, in the two offices.     

南京市冬季PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征研究

基于城市超级站对2018年12月—2019年2月南京市在线水溶性离子污染特征进行研究。结果表明：监测期间水溶性无机离子(WSIs)质量浓度均值为45.7μg/m3,占PM2.5的67.8%,各离子排序为NO3-＞ SO42-＞NH4+＞Cl-＞K+＞Ca2+＞Na+＞Mg2+。二次离子（SNA）是PM2.5主要组分,大气气溶胶呈中性。各离子日变化存在差异,SNA变化趋势和WSIs基本一致。南京市冬季存在明显SO2和NO2向SO42-和NO3-二次转化;NO3-/SO42-均值为1.96,移动源增量大于固定源。通过相关性和三相聚类分析可知,SNA主要结合方式为(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3。主成分分析表明,南京市冬季PM2.5中水溶性离子主要来源是二次转化,燃煤、生物质燃烧和土壤建筑扬尘也有贡献。