基于RS和GIS的长白山火山灾害风险评估研究

火山灾害风险评估是火山减灾的重要研究内容之一。长白山火山是中国最具潜在喷发危险的活火山。围绕火山灾害危险性、致灾因子危险性、社会经济易损性，发展了基于GIS和RS的火山灾害风险评估面源模型，对长白山火山灾害风险进行了评估，并编辑了长白山火山灾害风险评估图。研究表明，长白山火山灾害风险在空问上表现为距离衰减规律，离天池越远，风险值等级越低；高风险区位于天池附近，围绕天池呈环状展布；较高风险区向东北方向延伸，主体位于安图境内；中风险区范围相对较大，主要位于安图、和龙、长白、靖宇、抚松境内。为检验评估方法的有效性和可靠性，将长白山火山灾害风险评估图与已知的单因子风险评估图进行了对比研究，结果表明该方法具有相当大的实用价值。     

火山喷发沉降物扩散理论模型

对Suzuki二维扩散模型进行了改进，用改进的模型计算了火山喷发碎屑沉降分布，获得了沉降沉积物的多峰结构及第二沉降峰的分布特征，进一步讨论了风速和β参数对沉降峰分布的影响；对我国长白山天池火山喷发碎屑沉降物的分布特征进行了模拟，这一模拟对火山活动区的灾害评估和减灾防灾，以及地球动力学研究都有积极的意义。     

火山喷发的气体灾害

火山喷发是一种壮观的自然景象，其喷发类型多种多样。火山喷发不仅可以改变地貌，带来一些矿产资源，更多的是给自然界带来灾害。火山喷发一般都同时喷出气体，强火山喷发巨量的气体喷入空中，会给全球气候和环境造成极大的灾害。     

五大连池火山危险性分析

针对五大连池火山危险性问题进行了一系列的地球物理反演和分析,通过对现代岩交流心概念和国外活火山实例剖析,采用岩浆固结的Ｓｔｅｆａｎ问题的葩演了岩浆房的固结曲线和固结时间：引入ＳＦＴ理论探讨了五大连池火山岩浆碎屑化机制;利用壳幔结构化Ｒ值的分析方法分析了五大连池火山区地壳稳定性;采用火山区卫星重力异常剖面的分析方法探讨了五大连池火山区地幔物质活动性,结合五大连池火山现代喷发的史料分析,模拟了五连池火     

火山灾害及其监测预防

本文阐明火山灾害是一种重大自然灾害,给人民生命财产造成严重损失。文中指出当前火山活动进入新的活跃期,提出我国火山灾害的潜在危险。我国许多休眠火山区,正在成为新的经济开发区和旅游疗养、开发地热和建材资源的新兴城镇,人口迅速增加,经济蓬勃发展。但还没有采取有效的火山监测研究和防灾措施。作者建议,应把火山监测研究纳入政府防灾日程,制定规划,拨出专款,把防御火山灾害同国土开发,经济建设结合起来。     

什么是火山?

全球陆地上已知的活火山超过1500座，海底火山更多，但目前还不能对其进行安全统计。火山大多呈现孤立的圆锥形，它由火山喷发时喷出的熔岩、火山灰和碎石落下后规程而成，地球内部有许多炙热的岩浆，     

五大连池老黑山火山的两次喷发活动

老黑山是五大连池火山群中最年轻的火山.通过对老黑山火山锥体结构及其形态分析指出,老黑山火山并非单锥,而是由先、后不同时期形成的两个锥体叠加组成的复合锥,表明它有两次喷发活动.通过对新发掘出的史料的分析,进一步指出,老黑山火山的第一次喷发时间为1720(不是1719年)-1721年,第二次可能为1776年.两次喷发活动的确认为研究老黑山火山喷发历史、喷发过程、喷发危险性评价和灾害预测等提供了新依据.     

长白山天池火山泥石流堆积物粒度分布及其结构维数

对堆积物的粒度进行分析,可以为研究火山泥石流的形成机制、数值模拟等提供参考数据。为了对长白山天池火山泥石流堆积物进行研究,在二道白河镇附近对长白山天池的古火山泥石流进行了勘察,取了2组共12个火山泥石流堆积物样品。对第1组进行了粒度参数法分析,得到了火山泥石流堆积物的平均粒径、分选系数、偏度和峰度,认为长白山天池火山泥石流堆积物的分选较差,沉积以粗组分为主。基于从第2组6个样品的分析可以推断,长白山天池火山泥石流主要为稀性泥石流,泥石流堆积物粒度分布较不均匀,分选较差,粒度分布接近正态分布。研究表明,粒度参数分析和结构维数计算相结合可以很好地了解火山泥石流堆积物的分选性、粒度分布情况、泥石流的类型等。     

利用多源数据融合研究长白山天池火山的喷发期次及空间分布

利用ERS－2 SAR，Landsat TM和全色航空照片等图像，结合测年、野外地质考察等资料，在GIS平台上利用多源数据融合、小波变换、神经元网络分类等手段，研究了长白山天池火山的喷发期次及分布，为火山灾害制图及危险性评价提供了重要依据。     

深部构造对吉林省东部火山与深震活动影响

通过岩石化学分析手段及地球物理数值模拟方法,分析深部构造对长白山火山岩浆起源和深源地震发震机制的影响,认为长白山火山岩浆起源于地幔源区,并与太平洋板块深部俯冲有关;西太平洋板块深部脱水,产生陆内火山岩浆;俯冲板块的深部脱水产生的裂隙(断裂)可能是长白山区深源地震发震原因,且深源地震与火山作用有一定关联性。     

Volcanic Disaster Mitigation in the Philippines: Experience from Mt. Pinatubo

Considerable progress has been made in volcanic disaster mitigation in the Philippines during the last four decades, since the devastating Hibok-Hibok eruption in 1951 and the establishment of the Commission on Volcanology (COMVOL), the forerunner of the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) in 1952. The management of the Pinatubo Volcano eruption crisis of 1991-92 marks the highest point in the development of volcanic disaster mitigation in the country. State-of-the-art volcano monitoring techniques and instruments were applied; the eruption was accurately predicted; hazards zonation maps were prepared and disseminated a month before the violent explosions; an alert and warning system was designed and implemented; and the disaster response machinery was mobilized on time. The unprecedented magnitude and lingering nature of the hazards, however, and their widespread, long-term impacts have sorely tested the capability of the country's volcanic disaster mitigation systems. In particular, the lahar threat has triggered controversies and put decision makers in a dilemma of choosing between adaptive versus confrontational/control approaches. At least three strategies have been articulated and adopted in varying degrees and forms: (1) the establishment of a lahar monitoring-warning-evacuation system to deal with the lahar problem on an emergency basis; (2) relocation of settlements from the hazard zones; and (3) installation of engineering countermeasures to control/divert the lahar flows and protect settlements. A combination of the three appears to be the best, but the most effective and least costly mix remains to be determined.     

Research on Methods for Building Volcano Disaster Information System--taking Changbai Mountain as an example

1IntroductionAs a many-volcano-distributed country,China is covered with many volcanoes and lava rocks.A-mong the one-thousand-or-so volcanoes,Changbai Mountain Volcano,Wudalianchi Volcano,Tengchong Volcano and Ashikule Volcano of West Kunlun are the mostlatentcatastrophic erup-tive active volcanoes.In recent years,the activity of the earth' s crust in some volcanic areas isobviously becoming increasing violent.Butfew scholars have monitored and evaluated volcano inChina.So building VDI…     

Medical aspects of volcanic disasters: An outline of the hazards and emergency response measures

The health and safety hazards posed by volcanic eruptions are outlined with special reference to experience gained from the eruptions of Mount St. Helens in 1980. The ability of volcanologists to predict the timing and the impact on local communities of an impending eruption are limited, some recent devastating eruptions having occurred without apparent warning. With the expansion of world populations into hazardous volcanic areas there is a growing need to develop appropriate emergency response measures. This paper describes the main preventive public and occupational health measures that are now a necessary part in dealing with volcanic emergencies.     

板内火山喷发机制的研究

本文从地幔对流的观点出发，结合物理学中的涡旋定律及热爆炸理论，指出地幔对流涡旋中心摩擦生热导致的热爆炸导致氚，氚的热核反应炸裂涡旋中心上部地壳形成板内火山喷发，并利用美国Ｇｏｄｄａｒｄ宇航中心的卫星重力扰动位系数，反演了五大连火山地区的地幔对流图像，指出五大连池火山地区存在－地幔涡旋。     

The increasing exposure of cities to the effects of volcanic eruptions: a global survey

Abstract

The most dynamic demographic process of the past 250 years has been the movement of people from rural areas to cities. For most of this period urbanisation has been concentrated in economically more developed parts of the world, but during the last 50 years the focus has shifted to economically less developed regions. Urbanisation, particularly in developing countries, has led to increasing global exposure to a variety of natural hazards, not the least of which are risks posed to large cities by volcanoes. In this paper we monitor these demographic changes and detail the various types of volcanic hazard to which cities are exposed. A major eruption affecting a city in a developing country could cause widespread loss of life and regional disruption. Effective response, however, might minimise casualties in a city within a developed nation affected by a major eruption, but the economic impact could have global consequences. We argue that global hazard exposure is often subtle and involves not only the size of a city and the types of volcanic product that may occur, but also the strategic position of the threatened city within the economy of a country and/or region and the fact that volcano-induced tsunami and other consequences of eruptions, such as climatic change, may affect cities far removed from a given eruption site. Mitigation measures informed by both specifc prediction (surveillance) and general prediction (hazard mapping) are providing the potential to reduce hazard exposure. The paper concludes with a consideration of ongoing research, in particular the emphasis currently being placed on conflating hazard analysis with studies of place, economy, society and culture.     

全球不同区域火山爆发与中国夏季旱涝的关系

根据近500年来火山活动和中国旱涝资料,研究了中国旱涝型和各主要地区旱涝指数与不同火山区和不同季节火山爆发的统计关系,探讨了1991年江淮洪涝与该年6月火山爆发的可能联系。发现不同区域火山爆发对中国不同地区的旱涝影响不同,有的甚至截然相反。由统计检验表明,分区研究比不分区研究其信度明显提高。