磷高效小麦基因型对不同磷肥效应的研究

温室条件下,利用盆栽试验研究石灰性土壤施用不同类型磷肥对小麦基因型生长发育的影响。结果表明,施用各种磷肥对不同小麦基因型皆有不同的增产效果,且不同磷效率小麦基因型间对磷肥类型的反应存在着明显差异。磷低效基因型与磷高效基因型不仅对水溶性磷肥（磷酸二铵、普钙）的增产效应有显著差异,而且对枸溶性（沉淀磷肥）和难溶性磷肥（磷矿粉）,磷高效基因型的产量也相对较高,如对沉淀磷肥８０－５５的子粒产量为４．８８ｇ     

典型设施环境条件对土壤活性磷变化的影响

采用室内强化模拟试验,研究了90d培养期内环境温度、土壤酸化和盐渍化3种典型设施环境条件对土壤易解吸磷（CaCl₂-P）、有效磷（Olsen-P）、微生物生物量磷（MB-P）以及微生物生物量碳磷比（MB-C/P）等活性磷的影响.结果显示,设施土壤MB-P含量随着环境温度的升高而显著上升;10℃培养结束时土壤CaCl₂-P和Olsen-P含量比4℃对照分别提高15.6%和2.7%.酸化促进设施土壤CaCl₂-P及Olsen-P含量增加,而使土壤MB-P含量显著下降.培养结束时,与pH值为6.89的对照土壤相比,pH值为6.11和5.30的酸化处理土壤CaCl₂-P含量分别提高26.7%和156.1%,其Olsen-P含量分别增加14.1%和91.5%,其MB-P含量的降幅分别为13.3%和16.3%.盐化对土壤CaCl₂-P和Olsen-P含量的影响均不显著,土壤MB-P含量在12d后随盐化程度加重而显著下降.培养结束时,与土壤可溶性盐分为1.90g/kg的对照相比,可溶性盐分为3.05g/kg和5.01g/kg的土壤MB-P含量分别下降42.2%和45.8%.另外,设施环境温度提升、酸化和盐化使土壤MB-C/P在40d后整体上均呈下降趋势.综上所述,在4~25℃范围内提升环境温度,减缓土壤pH值从6.89降至5.30的酸化过程,阻控土壤可溶性盐分从1.90g/kg升至5.01g/kg盐化进程,可保证设施土壤磷素供应,降低土壤磷素流失风险,增强微生物调控土壤有效磷库的潜力.     

外源稀土微肥对土壤氮磷养分的影响

通过小区试验和盆栽试验，研究了施加不同的浓度稀土微肥对土壤中有效氮、有效磷浓度以及土壤脲酶活性的影响。结果表明，施加高浓度稀土微肥将会影响土壤中有效氮和有效磷的浓度。在分析与之相关的土壤酶活性时发现，施加低浓度的稀土微肥（≤１ｍｇ／ｋｇ）促进土壤脲酶活性并增加土壤有效氮浓度，而施加高浓度稀土微肥（≥５ｍｇ／ｋｇ）则明显的抑制土壤脲酶活性并减少土壤有效氮浓度；施加稀土元素浓度与土壤有效磷浓度之间有较     

Phosphatase activity and culture conditions of the yeast Candida mycoderma sp. and analysis of organic phosphorus hydrolysis ability

Orthophosphate is an essential but limiting macronutrient for plant growth. About 67% cropland in China lacks sufficient phosphorus, especially that with red soil. Extensive soil phosphorus reserves exist in the form of organic phosphorus, which is unavailable for root uptake unless hydrolyzed by secretory acid phosphatases. Thus, many microorganisms with the ability to produce phosphatase have been exploited. In this work, the activity of an extracellular acid phosphatase and yeast biomass from Candida mycoderma was measured under different culture conditions, such as pH, temperature, and carbon source. A maximal phosphatase activity of 8.47 × 10^5±0.11× 10^5 U/g was achieved by C. Mycoderma in 36 hr under the optimal conditions. The extracellular acid phosphatase has high activity over a wide pH tolerance range from 2.5 to S.0 （optimum pH 3.5）. The effects of different phosphorus compounds on the acid phosphatase production were also studied. The presence of phytin, lecithin or calcium phosphate reduced the phosphatase activity and biomass yield significantly. In addition, the pH of the culture medium was reduced significantly by lecithin. The efficiency of the strain in releasing orthophosphate from organic phosphorus was studied in red soil （used in planting trees） and rice soil （originating as red soil）. The available phosphorus content was increased by 230% after inoculating 20 days in rice soil and decreased by 50% after inoculating 10 days in red soil. This work indicates that the yeast strain C. mycoderma has potential application for enhancing phosphorus utilization in plants that grow in rice soil.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

氮肥和磷肥对稻田N2O排放的影响

通过模拟南方稻田施用不同量的氮肥和磷肥的实验来探讨N和P对稻田释放N2O的影响.结果表明,水稻田N2O排放通量的较大值主要出现在3次烤田期;氮肥和磷肥对土壤中产生N2O的贡献主要在水稻生长中后期,从第1次烤田起(移栽后34d),氮肥和磷肥都表现为对N2O排放有促进作用;而低氮对N2O排放的刺激作用没有高氮的作用明显,且N2处理(180kg/hm2)、N1处理(90kg/hm2)和N0处理(没有施肥)之间的平均N2O排放差异不显著.在水稻生长中后期(第1次烤田后),N3处理(270kg/hm2)和N4处理(360kg/hm2)的较高水平的氮肥加入能强烈刺激N2O排放.     

水体底质中磷对菹草生长的影响

通过5个含磷质量分数不同的底质内菹草的生长试验,研究了水体底质中含磷质量分数的单因子差异对菹草生长的影响.结果表明,含磷质量分数≤2.0 g/kg的底质中菹草在试验期间均正常生长,含磷质量分数的增加对菹草生物量的累积和平均株高的增长起促进作用;当底质中含磷质量分数达到2.5 g/kg,从试验中期(21 d)开始,菹草正...     

生物质炭对磷镉富集土壤中两种元素生物有效性及作物镉积累的影响

以磷镉富集土壤(总Cd 0.94mg·kg~(-1)、全磷0.86g·kg~(-1))和低镉积累基因型红菜薹金秋红三号为供试材料,采用盆栽试验的方法,设置了绝对对照CK0(仅施NK无机肥)、相对对照CKp(施NPK无机肥)、生物质炭BC(BC+NK无机肥)和BC-CKp(BC+NPK)这4个处理,考察了土壤磷素和重金属Cd的生物有效性、植株可食部位生物量及其Cd累积特征和土壤基本性状等指标.结果表明,至作物收获时,添加生物质炭的BC和BC-CKp处理与未添加生物质炭的CK0和CKp处理相比,土壤有效Cd含量分别降低了8.23%和5.68%;同时土壤有效磷含量提高了11.60～16.26mg·kg~(-1).施加外源磷肥的CKp和BC-CKp处理土壤有效Cd含量与未施加磷肥的CK0和BC处理相比分别降低了31.43%和33.29%.除CK0处理外,其它3个处理(CKp、BC及BC-CKp)的红菜薹作物可食部位Cd含量均未超出我国食品安全国家标准(GB 2762-2017)中Cd的限定值0.1mg·kg~(-1).结果表明,将生物质炭输入到磷素富集的中、轻度Cd污染土壤中,能够同时实现土壤中重金属Cd钝化和磷素活化的双重功能;且在不额外使用磷素化肥的条件下,种植弱吸收低积累Cd的蔬菜作物基因型,既可以保证可食部位生物量增加,也可以使其可食部位重金属Cd含量满足食品安全国家标准.     

Alum split applications strengthened phosphorus fixation and phosphate sorption in high legacy phosphorus calcareous soil

High phosphorus (P) saturation arising from historic P inputs to protected vegetable fields (PVFs) drives high P mobilisation to waterbodies. Amendment of soils with alum has shown potential in terms of fixing labile P and protecting water quality. The present 15 month pot experiment investigated P stabilisation across single alum application (Alum-1 treatment, 20 g alum/kg soil incorporated into soil before the maize was sown), alum split applications (Alum-4 treatment, 5 g alum/kg soil incorporated into soil before each crop was sown i.e. 4 × 5 g/kg) and soil only treatment (Control). Results showed that the Alum-1 treatment caused the strongest stabilisation of soil labile P after maize plant removal, whereas the P stabilisation effect was gradually weakened due to the transformation of soil non-labile P to labile P and the reduced active Al³⁺ in soil solution. For the Alum-4 treatment, soil labile P decreased gradually with each crop planting and was lower than the Alum-1 treatment at the end of the final crop removal, without any impairment on plant growth. The better P stabilisation at the end of Alum-4 treatment was closely correlated with a progressive supply of Al³⁺ and a gradual decrease of pH, which resulted in higher contents of poorly-crystalline Al, Fe and exchangeable Ca. These aspects were conducive to increasing the soil P stabilisation and phosphate sorption. In terms of management, growers in continuous cropping systems could utilise split alum applications as a strategy to alleviate P losses in high-P enriched calcareous soil.     

Rhizosphere effect of different aquatic plants on phosphorus depletion

A series of pot experiments with Alternanthera philoxeroides, Typha latifolia, Sagittaria sagittifolia and Phragmites communis were conducted to assess the phosphorus depletion effect in the rhizosphere. The ratio of root to shoot, root morphology, phosphorus uptake efficiency and phosphorus utilization efficiency were analyzed. An obvious variation in phosphorus concentrations between the rhizosphere soil and non-rhizosphere soil was observed. The water-soluble P contents in the rhizosphere soil of A. philoxeroides, T. latifolia, S. sagittifolia and P. communis were reduced by 81%, 42%, 18% and 16%, respectively, compared with that in the non-rhizosphere soil. A. philoxeroides had the highest phosphorus uptake efficiency (1.32 mg/m), while T. latifolia achieved the effective phosphorus depletion by the strong rooting system and the high phosphorus uptake efficiency (0.52 mg/m). T. latifolia not only used phosphorus to produce biomass economically, but also adjusted carbon allocation to the roots to explore the soil for more available phosphorus. A. philoxeroides and T. latifolia were more effective in depleting phosphorus in the rhizosphere than S. sagittifolia and P. communis.     

Influence of phosphorus on Microcystis growth and the changes of other environmental factors

The growth processes of Microcystis aeruginosa （FACHB-41） in simulated Taihu Lake water with different phosphorus concentrations were investigated using laboratory microcosms. The algal biomass increased with the increase of phosphorus concentration when it was lower than 0.445 mg/L, while the dissolved oxygen （DO） and pH increased, dissolved inorganic nitrogen （DIN） and light intensity underwater（I） decreased. Responding to the changes of the “environmental factors”, the cellular carbohydrate and its ratio to cellular protein decreased generally as phosphorus increased. However, when phosphorus concentration was higher than l. 645 mg/L, the biomass, the “environmental factors”, the cellular carbohydrate and its ratio to cellular protein did not change likewise. Since the environmental factors and the physiological and biochemical responses are important factors, the change of environmental factors and cell physiology and biochemistry induced by phosphorus may become the key factors that steer the growth and dominance of Microcystis under certain conditions. To sum up, phosphorus not only stimulate the growth of Microcystis directly by supplying nutrient element, but also has complex interactions with other “environmental factors” and play important roles in the growth processes of Microcystis .     

丹江口水库新增淹没区农田土壤潜在风险评估

通过野外调查与室内模拟实验,采用综合评价指数法对丹江口水库新增淹没区农田土壤进行了潜在风险评估,结果表明:新增淹没区土壤背景总氮为0.3~3.8g/kg,平均值1.1g/kg;总磷为0.2~2.4g/kg,平均值0.8g/kg,入库支流区域土壤背景氮磷含量较高,新增淹没区的含量较低;土壤模拟淹水浸泡的溶出总氮为0.2~11.8mg/L、总磷为0.006~2.2mg/L,平均值分别为4.1,0.3mg/L.空间分布上,土壤溶出氮磷与新增淹没区土壤氮磷背景值变化相似.新增淹没区潜在风险评估等级由低到高的面积分别占整个新增淹没区总面积的3.3%、21.2%、56.9%、15.9%、2.7%,表明大部分新增淹没区处于中低风险等级,其中高风险区域主要集中在入库支流区域.     

不同磷浓度对水生植物苦草的影响研究

选用华南农业大学水稻土作基质,向基质加入不同含最的磷分别作低浓度磷处理(0.5 g/kg)、高浓度磷处理(2g/kg),通过测定苦草(Vallisneria natans)在不同磷营养条件下栽培时形态和生理指标的变化,探讨基质不同磷含最范围对苦草生长的影响机制.试验结果表明,苦草在低浓度磷处理基质中生物量有所增加,主要...     

华北引黄灌区粮食产量与农业土壤资源质量时空分布特征

明确作物产量和土壤养分时空变异可以更好地掌握农田生产力和土壤质量情况,对农业资源合理配置以及提高生产力可持续性有着非常重要的意义。利用华北平原引黄灌区下游农田作物产量数据和耕地质量监测数据,对华北平原引黄灌区下游作物产量的演变以及有机质和养分的空间分布进行分析,阐明该地区作物产量、土壤养分的空间分布特征。结果表明：灌区的农田生产力水平存在显著的空间和时空差异。20世纪80年代末以来,农田生产力水平整体呈上升趋势,冬小麦高产田分布在黄河下游北岸中部地区的齐河县和下游南岸三个县,范围是6084.0~6861.0 kg/hm²,夏玉米产量空间分布整体上呈现出中间高两端低的特征,其中齐河县的产量最高,为7524.0 kg/hm²。灌区农田土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾养分具有明显的时空分布差异,有机质和速效钾含量最高的德州市分别为16.30 g/kg和202.40 mg/kg,全氮含量最高的淄博市为1.17 g/kg,有效磷含量最高的泰安市为34.56 mg/kg。研究表明,灌区的生产力水平一直不断在提升,仍有很大的增长空间。掌握养分分布特征和土壤肥力的空间差异来制定合理的施肥措施,可为今后该地区实现精准农业和高产稳产提供科学依据。     

餐厨垃圾厌养发酵沼液制备的液态菌肥对农田土壤理化性质的影响

为研究施用餐厨垃圾厌氧消化沼液制备的液态菌肥对农田土壤的影响,以中国北方典型作物冬小麦和水稻土壤为研究对象,分析在农作物整个生长周期中土壤理化性质的变化规律。结果表明:施用餐厨垃圾厌氧消化沼液制备的液态菌肥可显著提高冬小麦和水稻土壤中有效氮磷含量。冬小麦土壤液态菌肥最适宜施加量为500 L/亩（1亩=666.67 m2,下同）,此时土壤中有效磷含量最高增长到94.00 mg/kg,最大增幅为81.12%;速效氮含量最高增长到1673.00 mg/kg,最大增幅为84.88%。水稻土壤液态菌肥最适宜施加量为400 L/亩,土壤中有效磷含量最高增长到220.80 mg/kg,最大增幅为137.22%;速效氮含量最高增长到1140.00 mg/kg,最大增幅为127.07%。冬小麦和水稻土壤中可溶性全盐和Cl-含量均有轻微的积累现象。通过RDA分析,冬小麦与水稻种植土壤中总磷、总氮、Cl-等与液态菌肥施加量均呈正相关,表明液态菌肥对养分的增加起到促进作用。施用餐厨垃圾厌氧消化沼液制备的液态菌肥对提高农作物土壤有机组分、改善土壤肥力具有重要意义。     

Co-transport of dissolved organic matter and heavy metals in soils induced by excessive phosphorus applications

To evaluate the e ects of long-term applications of phosphorus fertilizers on mobility of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and heavy metals in agricultural soils, a sandy soil and a loamy soil were spiked with ammonium phosphate at application rates of 0, 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg P per kilogram of soil. A series of 15-cm long soil columns were constructed by packing incubated soils of varying concentrations of P. The soil columns were consecutively leached by simulated rainfalls for six cycles. The contents of water extractable organic carbon in both sandy and loamy soils increased significantly with increasing rates of P applications. Relatively high rates of P applications could induce a marked increase in DOM concentrations in the leachates, the e ects were larger with the sandy soil rather than with the loamy soil. Applications of P changed the partitioning of trace metals in the soil solids and the soil solutions. The increased P application rates also seemed to elevate the leaching of Cu, Cd, and Zn from soils. The concentrations of Cu, Cd, and Zn in the leachates were positively correlated with DOM, probably due to the formation of metal-DOM complexes. In contrast, Pb concentrations in the leachates were negatively correlated with DOM, and decreased with increasing rates of P applications. The boosted leaching of DOM induced by high rates of P applications was probably due to the added phosphate ions competing for adsorption sites in the soil solids with the indigenous DOM.     

沉积物悬浮频率对水体颗粒态磷生物有效性的影响

通过室内试验模拟沉积物在不同频率下的悬浮过程,研究了悬浮频率对颗粒态磷生物有效性的影响.结果表明,沉积物悬浮导致颗粒态磷的生物有效性显著降低,30d时,藻类可利用态磷（AAP）占悬浮物总磷（Tot-P）的百分比仅为初始状态（56.75%）时的26.24%（悬浮频率较小）和20.04%（悬浮频率较大）.内源磷形态分析表明...     

土壤添加亚砷酸钠对大豆生长和植株氮、磷、钾含量的影响

利用土壤盆栽实验,研究了0、5、10、30、50、100mg·kg^-1的土壤加砷水平对大豆生长和氮、磷、钾养分含量的影响.结果表明,当土壤加砷水平达到50mg·kg^-1时,大豆出现中毒症状,叶片皱缩,叶色变暗,叶缘焦枯,植株矮化,成熟延迟.大豆株高随加砷水平的提高而降低,并呈极显著的负指数相关关系.土壤加砷达到10...     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

全生物降解地膜原料颗粒对土壤性质、小麦生长和养分吸收转运的影响

全生物降解地膜是解决白色污染问题的有效途径之一,但其对土壤-植物系统的影响尚不清楚.为全生物降解地膜大面积应用的安全性评价提供依据,采用盆栽试验研究了全生物降解地膜原料颗粒种类（H、 S和X）和用量(2.5、 10和40 g·kg^-1)对土壤理化性质、生物学性质及植物生长和养分吸收转运的影响.结果表明,3种全生物降解地膜原料颗粒显著提高土壤pH,但对土壤有机质含量影响不显著,H地膜颗粒中高用量和S地膜颗粒低中用量时对土壤硝化作用及土壤氮的有效性有积极作用,而X地膜颗粒则表现为抑制作用;H地膜颗粒使土壤有效磷含量提高,S和X无显著影响;X地膜颗粒使土壤有效钾含量提高,S和H无显著影响. 3种全生物降解地膜颗粒对土壤酶活性的影响因地膜种类、用量和酶的类型的不同而异,随着地膜颗粒用量提高,3种土壤酶活性均呈现下降趋势.对小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）生长而言,除低中用量的S处理外,其余处理均抑制小麦的生长,其中X地膜颗粒对小麦根、茎叶和籽粒生物量抑制作用最大且随地膜颗粒用量提高小麦生物量抑制效果越明显.对小麦养分而言,在地膜颗粒低用量时促进氮吸收、高用...