中国农村地震灾害特点及减灾对策

致灾因子强度和承灾体的脆弱性共同决定了灾情的大小.中国农村乡镇发生地震的概率远远高于大中城市,西藏、新疆、云南、宁夏、青海、甘肃等西部农村乡镇是我国地震灾害最为严重的地区.地震灾害对农村乡镇造成的损失,主要是农村居民住房的破坏,约占总损失的80%以上;其它的20%损失中,又以农村水利工程的破坏损失为主.目前我国农村乡镇居民的住房仍以抗震性能较差的土木、砖木结构为主,开展农村住房地震保险、农村低息住房贷款并加强农村建房的监督管理,是降低农村地震风险、减轻农村地震灾害损失的主要对策.     

地震灾害风险普查专题网页正式上线运行

2021年8月5日,地震灾害风险普查专题网页在中国地震灾害防御中心门户网正式上线。开设地震灾害风险普查专题网页,是震防中心履行地震灾害风险普查项目管理办公室职责、拓宽信息发布传播渠道、增强普查工作宣传效果、促进普查项目扎实开展的重要举措。     

城乡承灾体差异对地震灾情的影响——以包头地震和姚安地震为例

通过内蒙包头和云南姚安2次典型城乡地震案例的灾情对比,分析了自然灾害系统中承灾体的脆弱性对于灾情的放大缩小影响.由于城乡承灾体的差异,虽然致灾因子强度--地震震级大致相当,两次地震的灾情存在较大差异;农村地震的经济损失绝对值小于城市地震,但是地震灾害对农村居民的影响要大于城市居民;地震灾害造成的居民住房损失占经济损失比例最大,城乡都在50%以上;农村地震造成的无家可归人口、死亡人口少,但受伤人数较多,城市地震则相反,受伤人数少,无家可归人口、死亡人口多.因此,农村地震、城市地震的救援工作以及抗震减灾措施都应有所不同.     

一种适用于山地地区的地震灾害风险评估方法——以四川省宝兴县为例

地震灾害风险的形成是自然环境与人类社会共同作用的结果,这里的"灾"强调的不仅是地震本身,还包括地震引发的次生灾害。而地震引发次生灾害的类型丰富多样,不同场景引发的次生灾害类型不同。以山地地区为场景,基于地震危险性概率分析方法成果,考虑山地地质灾害的影响,给出以建筑物破坏、人员伤亡、经济损失和地震灾害综合风险为标度的风险评估结果。并以四川省宝兴县为例开展了实验,实验结果表明,在Ⅷ度基本设防烈度下,灵关镇的地震灾害风险处于高风险水平,永富乡和明礼乡处于低风险水平。该研究能掌握地震灾害风险程度及其空间分布状况,为政府部门有针对性地采取地震灾害风险防治措施提供依据。     

地震灾害风险要素及汶川震后次生灾害防治与管理的探讨

为系统、全面的认识地震灾害及其影响,从灾害系统论和风险角度出发,将地震灾害风险分为可能性要素和后果性要素,并指出防震减灾的关键在于控制其后果性要素.由于地震有突发性、强破坏性等特点,更易引发诸多次生灾害,致使最终损失可能超过地震直接造成的破坏,因此结合汶川地震实例,进一步探讨了次生灾害的防治与管理工作.     

辽东半岛地震灾害风险评估

地震灾害风险是指破坏性地震(Ms≥4.7)对生命财产和经济活动造成的风险期望值。在搜集辽东半岛地震地质和震害史料的基础上,采用GIS空间分析技术和数理统计方法,从地震危险性和承灾体脆弱性两个角度,从地震强度,地震频率,人口,经济暴露性,断裂带敏感性等5项指标,对辽东半岛地震灾害风险进行了综合评估。结果表明,辽东半岛地震灾害高风险区主要集中在海城-大石桥、丹东-东港、普兰店-金州3个区域。     

中国大陆地震灾害生命损失时空特征分析

以1966-2016年中国大陆地震灾害生命损失数据为研究对象,基于GIS平台定量分析中国大陆地震灾害生命损失时空分布特征。研究结果表明:(1)中国大陆造成生命损失的地震次数为143次,占成灾地震(有经济损失或人员伤亡的地震)的25%。成灾地震平均每年发生9. 45次,而造成人员死亡的地震平均每年发生2. 38次。(2)中国大陆致死性地震造成的死亡人数突出,重特大地震对累计地震死亡人数作用明显,地震灾害生命损失呈高度集中的特点。(3)中国大陆地震灾害分布广,大陆31个省市自治区中28个省份发生过成灾地震,因地震导致有人员死亡的省份有18个,其中河北省、四川省、云南省因地震灾害导致的累计人员死亡占全国的比例高达90%。地震灾害总体呈现中小地震在多震省份生命损失较小,在少震省份生命损失反而较大。(4)50年中国大陆地震灾害累计人员死亡高达34. 66万人,其中城市直下型地震贡献率高达71%。(5)地震灾害生命损失分布受人口密度影响显著,以人口分界线"胡焕庸线"为界,呈现东高西低,与地震发生频次相反。     

中国的地震灾害损失预测

估计某个地区未来将会遭到多大的地震灾害损失.对于减轻地震灾害是十分重要的科学问题.因力地震预防和救灾的基础是对未来地震灾害的定量估计.地震灾害主要由两方面因素决定.一方面是未来地震动强烈程度的估计(地震危险性分析).另一方面是各个地震动等级对社会、经济、人口等所造成的损害程度估计(地震易损性分析). 本文介绍了以上两方面研究工作的进展,以及国家地震局“未来地震灾害损失预测研究组”试编的中国未来50年地震灾害损失预测图及其应用.讨论了在灾害预测方面所遇到的科学问题.     

中国未来10～15年地震灾害的风险评估

中国是世界上地震灾害损失最严重的国家之一，全国５０％以上的城市和７０％左右的大中城市位于７度及以上烈度区内．地震的发生给中国社会带来了很大的危害和损失，主要的损失分布在以北京为中心的首都圈地区和云南－四川－陕西－内蒙古相连的南北带上，另外新疆的西北部也是地震损失较大的地区．所谓地震灾害风险是指建立在各地防震减灾能力基础上的未来地震损失估汁，风险的特征是具有一定的不确定性．从中国的实际情况来看，东部沿海地区、首都圈地区及内陆的个别地区防震减灾能力较强，而未来地震危险性则以中国西部地区和华北地区为主．通过对中国未来１０—１５年地震风险的研究，可以认为，中国的东部地区虽然有一定的地震危险性，但由于其经济发达，减灾能力很强，因此未来地震造成巨大损失的风险较小；中国的中部（南北带）和西部地区地震危险性很大，同时经济欠发达，减灾能力较差，因此未来地震造成巨大损失的风险很大．     

高压隔离开关地震灾害评估

震害表明,电力系统在地震时破坏严重.如何预测地震中电气设备的损伤风险,是生命线工程领域的重要课题.进行了高压隔离开关的地震灾害评估.采用具有柔性节点的有限元法建立设备的模型,用弹性时程分析法进行了设备的地震反应分析,在此基础上,采用强度破坏指标,计算了设备的地震破坏概率.以GW4-220高压隔离开关为例,进行了其地震灾害评估,绘制了震害率曲线,可用以预测该型号隔离开关的震害情况.     

农村家庭认知与响应地震灾害的特点及其家庭际差异——以2007年云南宁洱6.4级地震灾区为例

以2007年云南宁洱6.4级地震灾区为例,通过现场访谈和问卷调查,分析了该地区农村家庭认知与响应地震灾害的特点及其家庭际的差异性。结果表明:当地农村家庭认知与响应地震灾害的水平尚不理想,综合防震减灾能力较弱;家庭对地震灾害知识和防震减灾技能的掌握程度,显著地影响着其在震时及震后的响应行为和态度,其中防震减灾技能的影响更显著;经济收入和教育背景不同的家庭,其地震灾害的认知水平和响应能力也呈现出明显的差异性,其中受教育程度的影响更明显,且可能是最根本的影响因素;家庭人口总数与家庭地震灾害认知与响应的综合能力呈显著的负相关关系,但这种影响也叠加了家庭经济文化因素的影响;对研究区而言,加强防震减灾实用技能和震时如何有效应对地震影响方面的教育,具有更重要的现实意义。     

Towards an earthquake-resilient world: from post-disaster reconstruction to pre-disaster prevention

ABSTRACT

Destructive earthquakes in urban or rural areas around the world have caused severe damage to local societies. Pre-disaster prevention and post-disaster reconstruction can significantly reduce the impact of earthquakes on communities. To explore the popular research topics and trends in this area, CiteSpace was used to develop a knowledge map visualization. It was found that the main research into earthquake disaster prevention and reconstruction has been focused on disaster risk reduction planning, disaster mitigation knowledge, participatory disaster governance, and community resilience building. In this Special Issue, there were six distinctive earthquake disaster research papers that covered scientific, social, and institutional aspects. It was concluded that to reduce the effects of earthquake disasters, an interdisciplinary research approach and systems thinking is needed. The investigation also revealed that there has been a paradigm shift from post-disaster reconstruction to pre-disaster prevention to build community and urban resilience.     

云南鲁甸5.1、5.0级地震震害分析

通过对鲁甸5.1、5.0级两次地震后112个居民点的震害调查,分别给出了5.1级地震等烈度分布图及5.1、5.0级地震等烈度综合分布图;分析了场地条件及其震害、各类房屋的震害特征、典型结构房屋的震害原因以及生命线工程震害。结果表明,两次地震形成较大范围的7度破坏区和少数调查点有8度破坏现象的主要原因是:震源浅,地表振动强烈;盆地区广泛分布有煤层、膨胀土、淤泥土和松散的粉砂、粉土等不良影响地层,且埋藏浅;震区建筑结构简易,抗震能力极差;两次地震震害叠加。最后对灾区恢复重建提出了4条建议。     

福建地震灾害损失计算分析与思考

介绍了福建城乡震灾快速评估系统。根据震害预测模型,利用该系统平台对1992年以来发生的对福建有较大影响的5级以上中强地震进行震灾快速评估。将系统震害计算结果与实际震害调查评估结果进行对比分析,给出了系统评估结果与实际调查结果的数量差异关系,并提出了建立基于遥感影像的震害评估模型的设计思考,从而为震害预测系统设计提供重要的参考意义。     

河北省张北地震震害初探

分析了河北省张北地震的伤害情况,提出了应采取的措施.认为,政府应当尽快制定农村建筑物抗震设防的管理制度,加强防震减灾宣传,增强农村干部群众的抗震意识,全面提高农村房屋的抗震能力.     

溧阳市社区居民防震减灾科学素质调查研究

为了解溧阳地震四十年来该地居民防震减灾科学素质情况,通过问卷调查的方式对社区居民的个人基本信息、防震减灾科学知识理解、知识需求和偏好,以及对江苏省防震减灾科普宣教工作的评价进行调研。采用SPSS软件进行数据处理。结果表明,溧阳市社区居民防震减灾科学知识水平处于中等偏上水平,但对地震预报信息发布和相关法律法规认知方面还有欠缺;防震减灾知识需求强烈且务实,最想了解的是自救互救知识,偏好科普讲座和应急演练活动;对我省防震减灾科普宣传工作的评价为中等偏上,在评价过程中,最主要的影响因子是防震减灾科普知识实用性、宣传品质和渠道。本次调查为今后开展溧阳市社区防震减灾科普宣传工作提供了理论依据。     

城市防震减灾能力评估研究

首先论述了目前国内外关于城市地震灾害风险评估的研究，分析了这些研究取得的成果和存在的不足。然后，提出了城市防震减灾能力的概念，采用人员伤亡，经济损失和震后恢复时间作为衡量城市防震减灾能力强弱的3个最基本的要素。围绕这3个基本要素，列举出影响城市防震减灾能力的6大因素，在此基础上，提出了城市防震减灾能力评价指标体系的具体内容。     

Perception of earthquake risk in Agadir,Morocco: A case study from a Muslim community

Earthquakes are separated from other hazards in meaning, significance, and risk perception throughout the Islamic World due to their specific focus in their own chapter or surah “al-Zalzala” (99th) in the Qur'an. Unlike earthquakes that are discussed in terms or the Judgment Day or as divine punishment or retribution against the disbelieving or hypocritical—other natural hazards like floods, tornadoes, and landslides are rarely discussed. An extensive survey of earthquake survivors and longtime residents was undertaken to better understand the perceptions of seismic risk in Agadir, Morocco where two moderate earthquakes razed the city in 1960 leaving 15,000 dead and 25,000 injured. Most of the deaths were attributed to faulty construction (along with standards and enforcement), inaddition to poor evacuation plans.

During the summer of 2002, more than 250 earthquake survivors and residents were surveyed and interviewed for their knowledge and perception of the disaster forty years before. Surveys were conducted in Arabic, French and English and included questions and Likertscaled responses including extensive interviews in the hopes of obtaining ideas of their potential quake recurrence, seismology, current construction standard policies, and local and regional planning strategies. In addition, reviews the Qur'an, Hadith and classical and contemporary tafasir texts were used to investigate the guiding passages used in Islamic discussions of “al-Zalzala”.

It was found that younger persons (<25yo) were more likely to believed that brick, mortar and cement structures were always safer and stronger during and after a tremor, regardless as to whether they are iron-reinforced or sub-standard (and hazardous) stone or brick infilled. After the 1960 disaster, speedy recovery efforts often undermined concrete construction and reinforcement techniques since such ‘rebar’ was relatively unavailable. Even today, inferior and seismically unstable construction practices are widely used.

It was found that television-watchers considered themselves less knowledgeable about earthquakes, when in fact many aspects of the1960 event and earthquakes in general, were more widely understood by this group, supporting the notion that the medium of televisionis the most widely used, efficient, and fastest mass communication and education tool.

Less-educated respondents in general tended to attribute earthquakes to divine action and retribution. All questions, however, concerning the possibility of quake recurrence frequency or magnitude caused an overwhelming refusal to answer, or with the reply of ‘Allahu a'lam’ or “God is wisest”—implying or directly stating that any attempt at earthquake forecasting, quake-related construction, advanced architectural standards for seismic safety, and/or related education was ‘haram’ or prohibited by Islam.

Further discussions with participants in Agadir indicated that any guess, awareness or prediction was in fact, fortune-telling and therefore an act forbidden by the Qur'an and Hadith.

Finally, the less educated were more likely to say that Allah protected those who were devout and considered scientific assessment as futile, forecasting as forbidden, or new construction technologies as a waste since only the ‘kafir’ (non-Muslim) or ‘munafiq’ (hypocrite) were at risk to death or injury from an earthquake. These conclusions are important toward gaining an insight of perception and risky behavior in a questionably constructed city with now more than 600,000 people 40 years later, and in a region laced by active faulting.     

Resident participation in post-Lushan earthquake housing reconstruction: a multi-stage field research method-based inquiry

In April 2013, a 7.0?Mw earthquake struck in Lushan County, Sichuan Province, China, causing serious housing damage. Housing reconstruction is a crucial part of disaster recovery, and resident participation has been recognized as a key part of reconstruction success. This paper examined housing reconstruction resident participation in the post-Lushan earthquake period as a multi-stage problem based on multi-stakeholder collaborative perspectives, which covered emergency shelter, temporary housing and permanent housing stages. Multi-stage field research was conducted in the affected areas, and the residents were found to be fully involved in the reconstruction with a ‘high – medium – high' distribution across the three stages. Resident participation experiences were summarized in terms of previous earthquake education, NGO participation and community-based organization functions, and the reasons discussed, such as civic awareness and civic rights. Problems regarding improper reconstruction and cultural conflicts were also examined and valuable suggestions given.     

Public participation in NGO-oriented communities for disaster prevention and mitigation (N-CDPM) in the Longmen Shan fault area during the Wenchuan and Lushan earthquake periods

ABSTRACT

The Longmen Shan fault area in southwest China is one of the world’s most active earthquake zones. The epicenters of the two most recent earthquakes, the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (8.0?Ms) and the 2013 Lushan earthquake (7.0?Ms), both of which caused serious losses, were only 85?km apart. Community-based disaster risk reduction is the foundation of the disaster management system pyramid and is critical to the success of ‘sustainable hazard mitigation’. Based on multiple collaborative stakeholder perspectives, this paper examines public participation in an NGO-oriented Community for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation (N-CDPM) in the period between the two earthquakes as a multi-stage problem; N-CDPM establishment, normal operations, disaster testing, and continuous improvement. Multi-stage field research was conducted in the affected areas in the Longmen Shan fault area to examine the collaboration in each stage, after which the differences were compared across the four stages based on eight key indices; scales, core stakeholders, core network stability, mean number of lines, mean collaborative level, governments, and individual and public organization participation. The government participation, individual participation, and public organization participation are then discussed. This paper provides a novel research approach to CDPM in multiple earthquake regions and gives rich insights into the collaboration between the government and the public for N-CDPM.