织物干洗的工业生态研究

正确评价干洗剂对人体的毒副作用，合理地设定干洗过程挥发性有害物质的残留限量，是开发干洗业环境无害技术和绿色服务的先决条件。只有在充分保证环境安全的前提下，通过逐步推行化学清洁产品的总体选择战略，从环境管理和经济发展的结合上来规范企业的环境行为，才能最终实现干洗业的可持续发展。     

A feasibility and cost comparison of perchloroethylene dry cleaning to professional wet cleaning: case study of Silver Hanger Cleaners, Bellingham, Massachusetts

The Toxics Use Reduction Institute (TURI) has been working with the dry cleaning sector for over 10 years - focusing on the ultimate goal of eliminating the use of perchloroethylene in this sector due to the availability of less toxic, feasible alternatives. Professional wet cleaning has been identified as one of these alternatives and has been a focus of the Institute in recent years. In 2008, the Institute provided a matching grant to Silver Hanger Cleaners in Bellingham, Massachusetts to convert their operations from perchloroethylene-based to water-based processes. Two years of data have been collected from the facility, reflecting one year of solvent use and one year of dedicated professional wet cleaning. The analysis of that data is presented here, including capital costs, performance data and associated costs, operational costs, and resource use and associated costs.     

倡导绿色服装是可持续发展的重要组成部分

介绍了服装污染的来源及其对人体和环境的危害 ,以及绿色服装的概念。根据服装业在推进环保方面的成绩和在国际市场竞争中的局面 ,进一步阐明了倡导绿色服装、实行绿色环保对实现可持续发展的重要意义。     

高炉煤气干法布袋除尘技术的应用

高炉煤气干法布袋除尘技术是钢铁行业重要的综合节能环保技术之一,以其煤气净化质量高、节水、节电、投资省、运行费用低、环境污染小等优点,优于传统的湿法洗涤除尘工艺,是国家大力推广的清洁生产技术。本文以承德钢厂1260米3高炉干法布袋除尘技术为例,介绍了该技术的工艺流程及主要参数,对设计过程中要注意的几个问题进行了分析论述,同时对该技术进一步的发展方向提出了见解,并建议国家相关部门应大力推广和使用这一技术,使其在节约能源和环境保护的建设中发挥更大作用。     

Life-cycle assessment of four types of floor covering

Four types of floor covering have been investigated with respect to their environmental impact: linoleum, cushion vinyl, tufted carpet with a woollen pile and tufted carpet with a polyamide pile. The analysis relates to all stages in the life-cycle (from ‘cradle to grave’) and focuses on floor coverings for domestic use. The analysis is performed by means of the method for life-cycle assessment (Dutch approach). Each floor covering is assessed with regard to its environmental impact. This impact can be of various type: depletion of raw materials, cumulative energy requirement, global warming, acidification, tropospheric ozone creation, stratospheric ozone depletion, eutrophication, production of waste and human health. The inventory of environmental interventions (materials, energy requirements, waste and emissions to air, water and soil) was fairly complete. Most interventions relating to the processes that make up the life-cycle of the floor coverings in question could be quantified. A large part of the data is associated with the process energy requirement. In general these data are quite reliable. The results of the impact assessment for linoleum differs considerably from those for other types of floor coverings. Linoleum turns out to be the most environmentally favourable floor covering. It was not possible to differentiate between the environmental impact of cushion vinyl, tufted carpet with a woollen pile and tufted carpet with a polyamide pile.     

膨润土(蒙脱石)在城市环境治理中的应用

现代城市地质环境日益恶化。环境污染日趋严重。粘土矿物因具有特殊的层问域而具有吸附作用、离子交换作用等性质，在治理城市环境污染、净化城市空间等方面发挥着重要的作用。本文对利用膨润土(蒙脱石)在治理城市垃圾产生的渗滤液污染、修复和净化城市污染水体中的研究现状进行了综述。     

植物在环境保护中的作用

随着现代工业和城市的迅速发展,人类活动对环境影响越来越大,环境污染也随之日益加重,因此迫切需要寻求切实可行的环保措施。利用植物、发挥植物在环境中的作用进行保护就是一种直接有效的方法。本文着重从净化环境和监测环境两个方面阐述植物在环境保护中的作用。     

Environmental comparison of MESO-CLAD® process and conventional machining implementing life cycle assessment

CLAD^® process (Direct additive laser manufacturing, Construction Laser Additive Directe in French) allows the direct manufacturing of small parts, and especially in case of complex shapes, giving equivalent properties with traditional processes such as conventional machining or casting techniques. Present environmental considerations are very important for updates in legislation or in order to make economic allowances. A specified mechanical Ti₆Al₄V part is used as a support and SimaPro software allows to perform Life Cycle Assessment. This study suggests that the absence of chips production, which represents up to 80% of the titanium consumption, provides to CLAD^® process an unquestionable advantage. This process requires longer times of execution, which increase additional energy consumptions, and the comparison of this process with conventional machining demonstrates that damages to resources and to human health are highly reduced. In both cases a large part of the environmental impacts are due to the powder elaboration. Finally, CLAD^® process can add shapes on machined/casted parts and it is possible to consider the manufacture of a mechanical part via a hybrid process.     

金属表面涂装行业VOCs排放特征及排放系数

对比了浙江省2014和2018年金属表面涂装企业的有机废气排放及治理情况,分析了该行业涂料及稀释剂的使用、主要污染因子,测算了溶剂型、水性涂料的挥发性有机物（VOCs）产生系数和排放系数.结果表明：2018年VOCs治理水平明显高于2014年,水性涂料使用企业比例由18%上升至36%,纯溶剂型企业由82%下降至64%;金属表面涂装行业的主要排放污染物为二甲苯、丁醇、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、甲苯、丙二醇、乙苯、苯乙烯等8种有机物.溶剂型和水性涂料的VOCs产生系数分别为0.72和0.31kg/kg;溶剂型和水性涂料2014年VOCs排放系数为0.64和0.29kg/kg,2018年为0.48和0.21kg/kg.     

平衡——生态健康之刁——平衡与生态健康之关系

“平衡”是世间万物之本,而生态健康却与自然、社会、政治以及人体平衡等有着千丝万缕的联系。随着人类社会经济的不断发展和人们生活水平的不断提高,生态健康已成为现代化生活的一个重要标志,它直接关系到人们的健康生活。本文提出了“平衡”是生态健康之本,从一个新颖的视角一“平衡”,简明地论述了平衡在人类的生存发展过程中的重要性,以及它与生态健康之间的密切关系。文章中阐述的观点值得思考,对如何理解和审视“生态健康”有着重要的启示作用。     

The design of blanket wash solvents with environmental considerations

The search for new solvents is often driven by (a) the need to replace solvents whose continued use pose a threat to environmental health and safety, (b) the needs of new applications and processing requirements, (c) a response to changing environmental regulations and (d) a response to market demands. For example, many traditional solvents are on the environmental ‘hit list’ and are to be phased out within the next few years. In particular, cleaning solvents, which are used as blanket washes in the lithographic printing industry present a number of environmental concerns including health and safety. To respond to these concerns and more importantly to respond to rapidly changing operational requirements and market forces, there is a need for efficient and systematic strategies for ‘just in time’ optimal design of solvent alternatives. A good strategy has to consider simultaneously, performance objectives, system interactions and environmental constraints. The object of this paper is to identify and discuss the issues in the design of cleaning solvents (blanket washes) in the printing industry and how environmental and health factors can be accounted for. We do this in the context of a framework for product design. As a proof-of-concept, blanket wash solvents are designed.     

环境问题的由来、过程机制、我国现状和环境科学发展趋势

从地球演化的观点,探讨了环境问题是地表环境进入人文时期发生的一种新行星现象,其形成过程归纳为源、流、场、效应的链式机制,考虑到对环境问题的防治,构成了源、流、场、效应和调控的链式关系,并结合中国的环境状况,讨论了我国近期环境科学发展的动向     

Life cycle assessment of spray dried soluble coffee and comparison with alternatives (drip filter and capsule espresso)

This paper aims to evaluate the environmental burdens associated with spray dried soluble coffee over its entire life cycle and compare it with drip filter coffee and capsule espresso coffee. It particularly aims to identify critical environmental issues and responsibilities along the whole life cycle chain of spray dried coffee. This life cycle assessment (LCA) specifically uses foreground data obtained directly from coffee manufacturers and suppliers. Aside from energy consumption and greenhouse gases emissions, water footprint is also studied in detail, including regionalization of water impacts based on the ecological scarcity method 2006. Other impact categories are screened using the IMPACT 2002+ impact assessment method.The overall LCA results for a 1 dl cup of spray dried soluble coffee amounts approximately to 1 MJ of primary non-renewable energy consumption, to emissions of 0.07 kg of CO_2-eq, and between 3 and 10 l of non-turbined water use, depending on whether or not the coffee cultivation is irrigated and wet treated. When considering turbined water, use can be up to 400 l of water per cup. Pouch – and to a lesser extent metal can packaging alternatives – show lower environmental burdens than glass or sticks.On average, about one half of the environmental footprint occurs at a life cycle stage under the control of the coffee producer or its suppliers (i.e., during cultivation, treatment, processing, packaging up to distribution, along with advertising) and the other half at a stage controlled by the user (shopping, appliances manufacturing, use and waste disposal). Key environmental parameters of spray dried soluble coffee are the amount of extra water boiled and the efficiency of cup cleaning during use phase, whether the coffee is irrigated or not, as well as the type and amount of fertilizer used in the coffee field. The packaging contributes to 10% of the overall life cycle impacts.Compared to other coffee alternatives, spray dried soluble coffee uses less energy and has a lower environmental footprint than capsule espresso coffee or drip filter coffee, the latter having the highest environmental impacts on a per cup basis. This study shows that a broad LCA approach is needed to help industry to minimize the environmental burdens directly related to their products. Including all processes of the entire system is necessary i) to get a comprehensive environmental footprint of the product system with respect to sustainable production and consumption, ii) to share stakeholders responsibility along the entire product life cycle, and iii) to avoid problem shifting between different life cycle stages.     

水基钻井固体废物处理处置技术研究进展

随着油气田环保政策趋严,水基钻井固废由于产量大、无害化率低,如何有效地处理处置成为业内亟须攻克的难题。介绍了水基钻井固废的污染特征,在此基础上总结并对比了水基泥浆、水基岩屑/泥饼的常见处理处置技术的特点及优劣,主要包括固化/稳定化、固液分离、微生物处理、焚烧和填埋等;提出了我国目前水基钻井固废处理处置存在的4个问题:重油基轻水基、固废处理设施产能不足、技术规范及标准缺失、部分水基体系处理难度大,并针对这些问题对未来研究方向进行了展望。     

废电路板非金属材料再生木塑产品环境安全性评价

为了评价废电路板非金属材料再生产品使用过程中的环境安全性问题,本文针对非金属材料再生产品的特性,参考相关评价标准,结合目前现有的环境危害评价方法和人体健康风险评价,构建了再生产品在使用过程中环境安全性评价模型.收集A、B两种再生木塑产品进行评价试验,评估其对环境和人体健康的潜在风险和危害.结果显示在不考虑水体稀释作用情况下,两种再生木塑产品对I类地表水均存在极度或重度污染的可能,对于其他类地表水环境风险较小,应避免在源头水等区域使用;对于地下水,产品B污染指数大于1,具有一定的环境风险;但是考虑在稀释情况下（5%）,两种再生产品对于地下水的污染指数均小于1;两种再生木塑产品的非致癌风险指数分别为0.03和0.41,均小于1,对人体健康的危害作用不明显.本文可为非金属材料再生木塑产品环境安全性管理提供评价标准和参考,有利于促进废弃电器电子产品资源化和无害化技术的发展．     

废电路板非金属材料再生木塑产品环境安全性评价

为了评价废电路板非金属材料再生产品使用过程中的环境安全性问题,本文针对非金属材料再生产品的特性,参考相关评价标准,结合目前现有的环境危害评价方法和人体健康风险评价,构建了再生产品在使用过程中环境安全性评价模型.收集A、B两种再生木塑产品进行评价试验,评估其对环境和人体健康的潜在风险和危害.结果显示在不考虑水体稀释作用情况下,两种再生木塑产品对I类地表水均存在极度或重度污染的可能,对于其他类地表水环境风险较小,应避免在源头水等区域使用;对于地下水,产品B污染指数大于1,具有一定的环境风险;但是考虑在稀释情况下（5%）,两种再生产品对于地下水的污染指数均小于1;两种再生木塑产品的非致癌风险指数分别为0.03和0.41,均小于1,对人体健康的危害作用不明显.本文可为非金属材料再生木塑产品环境安全性管理提供评价标准和参考,有利于促进废弃电器电子产品资源化和无害化技术的发展．     

电子信息产品的生命周期评价

电子信息产品的大量生产与使用造成严重的环境污染,影响着人类健康和生态安全。利用生命周期评价技术对电子信息产品的原材料获取、生产、销售运输和使用阶段进行环境影响分析,并得出电子产品在使用阶段的环境影响最为重要。生产商不但要关注生产过程中的环境影响,更应该注重生产低能耗产品。     

水体病原微生物定量风险评价:历史、现状与发展趋势

环境风险评价是成型于1970年代的多学科交叉新兴领域,为环境风险管理提供决策的科学依据.环境风险评价研究的发展经历以意外事故为风险源的事故风险评价,以化学品为风险源和人体健康为风险受体的健康风险评价,以生态系统为风险受体的生态风险评价.以微生物污染为风险源和人体健康为风险受体的定量微生物风险评价(QMRA)也于1990年代开始发展.QMRA确定微生物的摄入量及其对人体产生不良作用概率之间关系的数学描述.作为一种前沿的微生物健康风险评估手段,QMRA为公共卫生政策和标准制定、采取可行的健康干预决策提供有力支撑,已被美国、加拿大、荷兰、澳大利亚等多个国家应用于环境管理.本文梳理了环境风险评价的发展历史,系统详细综述水媒传播病原微生物定量风险评价的研究与应用,同时指出当前QMRA面临的问题并提出针对性的建议.     

世界卫生组织(WHO)颁布环境健康基准的历程及对我国的借鉴

随着我国环境质量的不断改善,预防和控制由环境因素导致的健康风险正在成为环境管理制度的重要内容. 我国在环境基准理论和方法学领域取得了一些研究成果,而环境健康基准研究仍然存在不足,面临诸多挑战. 在回顾WHO启动环境健康基准项目背景,厘清起草、审阅和颁布环境健康基准的程序,系统总结244个环境健康基准核心内容的基础上,提出环境健康基准研究的几点建议:①运用组学和高时空人群精细化暴露评价等技术方法,开展环境致病因素和健康结局因果关系研究;②建立有效评价环境多因素暴露以及社会、经济发展状况相互作用产生健康风险的方法;③加强对影响我国居民健康,以及在环境介质中赋存量高的新型环境污染物健康基准研究;④推动建立符合我国环境质量管理需要的环境健康风险评价技术.      

国内外环境风险评价研究进展

环境风险评价始于20世纪70年代,是环境影响评价与风险评价交叉发展的结果,它的诞生一方面是环境保护的迫切需要,另一方面也是环境科学发展的必然结果,标志着环境保护的一次重要战略转折.随着环境影响评价工作的深入展开,环境风险评价已成为环评工作中的一个重要组成部分.该文简要阐明了环境风险评价的有关概念,并从人体健康风险评价和生态风险评价两方面讨论了国内外环境风险评价的研究进展,最后就我国环境风险评价提出几点展望.