微生物在苏州河生态系统中的地位及作用

苏州河是上海的母亲河，但近年来随着上海经济的发展，苏州河的污染越来越严重。这不仅损害了上海市民的生活质量和身体健康。而且与上海国际大都市的形象格格不入。20世纪80年代，上海市政府开始治理苏州河，但从未从生态学的角度治理过苏州河。微生物作为生态系统重要组成部分－分解者，对维持苏州河生态系统的平衡起着极其重要的作用。微生物不仅能降解苏州河水体和底泥中的有机物，而且可作为水体污染程度及受污后治理恢复状况的指示指标。本文主要选取有代表性的指示微生物，通过对苏州河上海市区段8个采样段面处底泥（主要是表层底泥）中微生物指标的定量测试及代表性河段的耗氧速率测定，来了解目前苏州河的污染状况及微生物在整个生态系统中的地位和作用，从而为苏州河的综合治理提供依据。     

上海城市水环境质量改善历程与面临的挑战

上海市排污总量大,污染负荷重.历史上,黄浦江曾经黑臭,苏州河则在20世纪70～90年代终年黑臭,地表水污染一度成为困扰上海环境的一个主要问题.20世纪80年代以来,上海加大了对城市受污染河流的治理力度,开展了一系列工作,其中苏州河修复是最具代表性的一项.苏州河治理耗资157亿元,历时20年.在实施了苏州河污水合流一期、苏州河环境综合整治一、二、三期项目后,苏州河黑臭现象消失,水质持续改善,滨河风貌明显改观,受到各方面高度评价.与此同时,上海城市水环境质量总体趋好,而要进一步稳定和持续改善全市水环境质量,深化整治势在必行,水环境工作者面临新的挑战.     

污染河流底泥释放有机物的模拟研究

本文对上海苏州河污染底混中KTN、BOD5、CODor的释放进行了研究。释放后悬浮液中浓度双清液稍高，但相差不悬殊。应用释放与悬浮的规律，推导出悬浮释放方程，其计算值与实测值的误差不大于40%。此外，还提出了底泥的污染类型分级，为底污染程度的评价提供依据。     

我国底泥重金属污染防治

重金属在大气、水体、土壤、生物体中广泛分布，而底泥往往是重金属的储存库和最后的归宿。当环境变化时，底泥中的重金属形态将发生转化并释放造成污染。重金属不能被生物降解，但具有生物累积特性，可以直接威胁高等生物包括人类，因此，底泥重金属污染问题日益受到人们的重视。作者综述了我国底泥重金属的污染状况、存在形态、释放规律和治理措施，并提出了需要深入研究的问题。     

生态修复综合技术在杭州虾龙圩河的应用

杭州虾龙圩河由于多年污染，河道水质严重黑臭，自净能力遭到破坏。本研究通过综合利用底泥污染物削减、生物接触氧化水质净化、造流曝气及水生生态系统修复等技术对虾龙圩河进行治理。结果显示，此项综合技术对城市河流污水具有良好的污染物去除性能，COD、NH3-N和TP的去除率分别可达到73．3％、80．1％和81．7％。通过1年的运行与养护，虾龙圩河治理段的水质、生态环境等有了明显改善，没有发生过水华及黑臭现象，河道水体具备了较强的自净能力。     

清潩河许昌段表层沉积物污染评价

为了解水质污染对沉积物质量的影响,在清潩河许昌段河道内采集10个代表性点位处的沉积物样品,对pH、有机质、总氮、总磷、Cu、Zn、As、Cr和Pb含量进行分析,根据环境背景值或生态风险阈值对各指标及各点位的污染状况进行评价,与文献中报道的其他流域沉积物中污染物含量进行了对比,并对清潩河河道沉积物的污染原因进行分析。结果表明,清潩河河道表层沉积物整体处于污染状态,部分河道为重污染;与其他流域相比,清潩河河道表层沉积物中有机质、总氮和总磷的污染程度比较严重,尤其总氮的污染尤为突出。水资源匮乏、造纸厂及城镇污水处理厂的排污是造成上述结果的主要原因。     

着生藻类在苏州河黄浦江水质监测中的应用

对苏州河和黄浦江两条河流7个样点着生藻类进行了1年的动态研究,比较分析了2条河流着生藻类种类、数量、密度、多样性指数和优势种的变化情况,并且采用Palmer提出的20属耐受污染藻类的污染指数值求出水体的总污染指数。分析结果表明,苏州河和黄浦江的着生藻类主要为硅藻,各月各样点藻类的总污染指数分别为29、32,水质状况均是重度有机污染。     

水源保护纵横谈(四)

全国15条污染比较严重的河流中,尽管苏州河受污染的资历最深,而且早已成了一条“死河”,但是我国的地域辽阔,区区的苏州河还远远排不上队! 全国27条主要河流中,除了只有滩声似旧时,几乎都已受到不同程度的污染。水源     

本期推荐

<正>随着我国城市化、工业化进程的加快,城市污水排放量不断增加,许多城市河段受到不同程度的污染;与此同时,城市环境基础设施日渐不足及老城区改造困难,使得大量污染物未经处理直接排放到河道中;加之垃圾入河、底泥污染严重,从而造成城市水体出现季节性或终年黑臭现象。黑臭水体不仅破坏了河流生态系统,也严重影     

底泥对河流的二次污染浅析

根据底冲中污染物质累积和释放过程和底泥对河流二次污染的机理,运用适用的模式和苏州河的实测资料,可得到二次污染ＢＯＤ和ＣＯＤ的年释放量,以及增加上覆河上的ＢＯＤ和ＣＯＤ浓度。由此认为,对于底泥污染严重的河流,疏浚是必不可少的,其目的在于清除或隔绝黑富集层上覆河上的二次污染。     

上海河流氮负荷的年际变化及其水体富营养化的原因探讨

利用1990-2002年水质监测数据,分析了上海河流水体中氮负荷(总氮和氨氮)的年际变化特征：从整体上来看,上海河流水体氮负荷较大,氮污染严重:苏州河、黄浦江下游河段氮负荷明显高于上游河段,市区河流氮负荷明显高于郊区河流;从年际变化上看,苏州河、黄浦江、市区河流(除龙华港)水体历年氮含量有降低趋势,郊区河流水体历年氮含量有增长趋势。在此基础上,从六个方面讨论了造成上海河流水体富营养化的原因,以期为上海市河流综合整治的规划决策提供重要的科学依据。     

综合调水对苏州河周边水系水质影响的数值模拟

进行长期有效的水资源综合调度是实现2010年苏州河河水变清的综合整治目标的一项重要措施。为进一步论证该项措施对周边水系的水质影响,为综合调水提供科学的决策依据,利用MIKE11模型系统建立了上海市苏州河水系的水动力、水质模型,进行苏州河综合调水对黄浦江以及蕴藻浜水质的影响作用的数值模拟。分析表明,苏州河综合调水对松浦大桥取水口水质基本没有影响,并可以在一定程度上改善黄浦江干流中下游河段的水质;东引北排初期会增加蕴藻浜干流的污染负荷,持续调水6d后蕴藻浜干流河段的水质将得到改善。     

论合理施肥与土壤环境的可持续性发展

文中论述了合理施肥对提高作物产量、改善品质以及净化与保护生态环境、实现农业可持续性发展的重要性与不可替代性,而施肥不当或滥用肥料不仅对土壤、植物养分平衡失调,作物产量与品质构成威胁,而且更重要的是作物吸收后所残留的肥料随着灌水或降水而产生径流、淋溶或侧渗,其累积效应对土壤和地表水、地下水易于造成污染,从而影响土壤环境与农业生态系统的稳定性、可持续性发展。为此,本文在肯定施肥对农业生产重要作用的基础上,重点探讨了施肥不当或滥用化肥,以城市生活垃圾、污水等为肥源所可能导致的土壤环境污染、对生态系统的危害性及其有效防治措施。     

农药对藻类的生态毒理学研究Ⅱ:毒性机理及其富集和降解

随着对农药污染认识的深入,农药对生态系统的初级生产者———藻类毒性以及毒性机制的研究不断增多。农药对藻类的毒性在于破坏藻类生物膜的结构和功能、影响藻类的光合作用、改变呼吸作用以及固氮作用,影响藻类的生理进程并改变其生化组分。开展农药对藻类毒性机理的研究,揭示农药结构—活性关系,对农药的研制和应用,评价农药的生态风险,减少农药对藻类的毒害是重要的。在自然环境中还发现藻能富集和降解农药。因此,对于这些藻来说,农药对藻类的毒害作用和藻类对农药的富集和降解作用可能同时存在。本文综述了农药对藻类的毒性机理以及藻类对农药的富集和降解作用。     

Development of a Concept for Non-monetary Assessment of Urban Ecosystem Services at the Site Level

Determining the performance of ecosystem services at the city or regional level cannot accurately take into account the fine differences between green or gray structures. The supply of regulating ecosystem services in, for instance, parks can differ as parks vary in their land cover composition. A comprehensive ecosystem service assessment approach also needs to reflect land use to consider the demands placed on ecosystem services, which are mostly neglected by current research yet important for urban planning. For instance, if a sealed surface is no longer used, it could be unsealed to improve ecosystem service supply. Because of these scientific shortcomings, this article argues for a conceptual framework for the non-monetary assessment of urban ecosystem services at the site scale. This paper introduces a standardized method for selecting representative sites and evaluating their supply of and demand on ecosystem services. The conceptual design is supplemented by examples of Salzburg, Austria.     

The mutagenic potentials of tap water samples in Shanghai

The tap water samples were collected from the users' ends in several areas of Shanghai, which is located in Taihu Lake basin, Eastern China. Source water samples were also collected from two municipal source water facilities at the same time. Samples were assayed by three different short-term mutagenicity test systems: Salmonella/microsome assay (Ames test), the Arabinose resistance test (Ara test) and the SOS/umu test. The data showed that two source water samples did not display direct mutagenic potentials. Two tap water samples from city north, which were directly from Yangtze River, were also not mutagenic. Water samples from city south and middle which used source water originating from Taihu Lake were proved to be contaminated with mutagenic potentials by three different assay techniques. The boiled water displayed an even stronger mutagenic potential compared to its original tap water. The molecular mechanism of mutagenicity was associated with a reading frame-shifting potential. GC-MS analysis of tap water extracts from city middle and corresponding source water was compared. Qualitatively similar spectra were observed except for the peaks of three chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, which existed only in the tap water. Since the water source has been polluted, raw water was heavily chlorinated in order to sterilize. More toxic compounds, including mutagens, might form during the multi-chlorination. Caution about the possibility of elevated cancer risks in the population that consumes heavily chlorinated water should be kept in mind. A cohort study in the residents of Shanghai is required.     

Temporal variations of surface water quality in urban, suburban and rural areas during rapid urbanization in Shanghai, China

As the economic and financial center of China, Shanghai has experienced an extensive urban expansion since the early 1980s, with an attendant cost in environmental degradation. We use an integrated pollution index to study the temporal variations of surface water quality in urban, suburban and rural areas between 1982 and 2005. Data on monitored cross-sections were collected from the Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center. The results indicated that the spatial pattern of surface water quality was determined by the level of urbanization. Surface water qualities in urban and suburban areas were improved by strengthening the environmental policies and management, but were worsening in rural areas. The relationship between economic growth and surface water quality in Shanghai showed an inversed-U-shaped curve, which reflected a similar pattern in most developed countries. This research suggests that decision makers and city officials should be more aware of the recent pollution increases in Shanghai.     

Effects of complex waste mixtures on hepatic monooxygenase activities in brown bullheads (Ictalurus nebulosus)

Hepatic MFO components (cytochrome P-450, cytochrome b(5), and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase, EROD) were measured in brown bullheads (Ictalurus nebulosus) inhabiting a creek receiving a complex mixture of organics and trace metals. The activities of these same enzymes were also measured in bullheads from an uncontaminated reference site to assess the relative ability of MFO parameters to serve as a biomarker of aquatic pollution. Bullheads analyzed from the polluted site had lower hepatic microsomal P-450 (p < 0.01) concentrations and similar EROD activities per mg protein as compared to bullheads from the reference site. However, analysis of enzyme turnover ratios revealed greater EROD activity per mg cytochrome P-450 (p < 0.05) in the fish from the polluted site. No difference in cytochrome b(5) activities were observed between the two groups. As compared to the reference site, bullheads collected from the polluted creek had an increased occurrence of lip and lower jaw lesions and liver damage, including elevated liver/body weight ratios. Accordingly, the monooxygenase activities measured in this study were not reliable indicators of chemical pollution or contaminant stress in bullheads in the polluted creek. Further research is needed concerning contaminant interactions, particularly among organic pollutants and metals and their effects on monooxygenase activities.