污水厂超声污泥厌氧消化性能的对比研究

利用超声技术分别对武汉市龙王嘴和汤逊湖两污水处理厂的浓缩污泥进行破解处理.采用半连续流中温厌氧消化实验,研究超声预处理对不同污水处理厂剩余污泥厌氧消化性能的影响.结果表明,与传统污泥消化工艺相比,超声预处理能明显提高污泥厌氧消化的日产气量和消化效率,使污泥产气更加稳定.并且相对于传统消化污泥,超声消化污泥的沉降性更好,...     

Increasing the performance of anaerobic digestion: Pilot scale experimental study for thermal hydrolysis of mixed sludge

The performance of a pilot plant operation combining thermal hydrolysis (170°C, 30 min) and anaerobic digestion (AD) was studied, determining the main properties for samples of fresh mixed sludge, hydrolyzed sludge, and digested sludge, in order to quantify the thermal pretreatment performance (disintegration, solubilisation, and dewaterability) and its impact on the anaerobic digestion performance (biodegradability, volatile solids reduction, and digester rheology) and end product characteristics (dewaterability, sanitation, organic and nitrogen content). The disintegration achieved during the thermal treatment enhances the sludge centrifugation, allowing a 70% higher total solids concentration in the feed to anaerobic digestion. The digestion of this sludge generates 40% more biogas in half the time, due to the higher solids removal compared to a conventional digester. The waste generated can be dewatered by centrifugation to 7% dry solids without polymer addition, and is pathogen free.     

热水解预处理改善污泥的厌氧消化性能

先将污泥进行热水解预处理 ,其后测定生物化学甲烷势(BMP)来研究热水解对污泥厌氧消化性能的影响 .结果表明 ,热水解预处理能加速污泥中固体有机物的溶解 ,溶解后的有机物进一步水解生成低分子物质 ,其中挥发性有机酸占溶解性COD(SCOD)的30%～40% ,从而污泥的厌氧消化性能得到明显改善 .最合适的热水解温度和热水解时间为170℃、30min.此条件下 ,污泥厌氧消化时总COD(TCOD)去除率从预处理前的38.11%提高到56.78% ,污泥中TCOD的沼气产率从16.0mL/g提高到250mL/g .     

剩余污泥热碱处理及其对污泥厌氧消化的强化研究进展

剩余污泥的处理处置已成为污水处理厂面临的一个重大挑战。厌氧消化是一种常用的污泥处理方法。传统的污泥厌氧消化存在许多不足,而污泥热碱处理能使之改善。综述了近年来污泥热碱处理的研究,从热碱处理的机理出发,总结了热碱处理对污泥性质和厌氧消化的影响,分析了影响污泥热碱处理效果的因素,并通过能耗分析讨论了热碱处理强化污泥厌氧消化的可行性,最后指出污泥热碱处理及其强化污泥厌氧消化存在的问题,并提出了建议和展望。     

含固率对超声联合热碱预处理及厌氧消化的影响

含固率是影响污泥预处理效果的重要因素。对含固率为1.5%、5%、10%的污泥进行超声联合热碱预处理及厌氧消化,以探究含固率对污泥破解效果及产气量的影响,发现VSS的减少率和氨氮的增长率随污泥含固率的提高而减小。厌氧消化27d后,经预处理作用后污泥的含固率为1.5%、5%、10%,VSS浓度较原泥依次减少了64.5%、54.6%、20.1%,氨氮浓度较原泥依次增加了97.3%、47.5%、25.6%,厌氧消化产气量较原泥分别增加了32.0%、40.1%、18.9%,且产气量均在第20天之前便达到了原泥30 d的总产气量。综合考虑污泥体积、总减量效果以及产气量,采用含固率5%的污泥进行预处理以及后续的厌氧消化过程更合适。     

醋糟高效厌氧消化体系构建

运用高固态厌氧消化模式,通过提高反应体系均质程度和沼液回流等手段,逐步提升物料负荷,对未经预处理的醋糟进行厌氧消化处理,成功构建了醋糟高效厌氧消化体系.结果表明,在反应体系物料负荷达到6.15 g·(L·d)~(-1)时表现出最佳的厌氧消化性能,单位干物料产沼气量为396 m L·g~(-1),单位干物料产甲烷量为211 m L·g~(-1).该物料负荷下半纤维素降解率达到63.66%,是醋糟厌氧消化性能提高的主要原因.纤维素、木质素的降解率分别为21.46%、24.43%,较低的降解效率主要是由于木质素中的苯环结构难以降解,并阻碍纤维素酶的水解作用,对纤维素降解产生屏蔽效应.     

污泥厌氧消化的强化处理技术

污泥固体的生物可降解性低 ,影响了污泥的厌氧消化 ,提高厌氧消化效率的一个主要途径是促进污泥细胞的分解 ,增强生物可降解性 ,本文综述了强化污泥厌氧消化的几种预处理技术 ,包括热解、碱处理、臭氧氧化和超声处理     

Impact of ozone assisted ultrasonication pre-treatment on anaerobic digestibility of sewage sludge

Impact of ultrasonication(ULS) and ultrasonication–ozonation(ULS-Ozone) pre-treatment on the anaerobic digestibility of sewage sludge was investigated with semi-continuous anaerobic reactors at solid retention time(SRT) of 10 and 20 days. The control, ULS and ULS-Ozone reactors produced 256, 309 and 348 m L biogas/g CODfedand the volatile solid(VS) removals were 35.6%, 38.3% and 42.1%, respectively at SRT of 10 days. At SRT of20 days, the biogas yields reached 313, 337 and 393 m L biogas/g CODfedand the VS removal rates were 37.3%, 40.9% and 45.3% in the control, ULS and ULS-Ozone reactors, respectively.ULS-Ozone pre-treatment increased the residual organic amount in the digested sludge.These soluble residual organics were found to contain macromolecules with molecular weights(MW) larger than 500 k Da and smaller polymeric products with MW around 19.4and 7.7 k Da. These compounds were further characterized to be humic acid-like substances with fluorescent spectroscopy analysis.     

污泥超声处理及其在好氧消化中的应用

污泥好氧消化工艺可以有效实现污泥的稳定和减量,为了进一步提高好氧消化的效率,促进有机质的降解,在对污泥超声处理性能研究的基础上,考察了不同超声辅助处理手段对污泥好氧消化的影响.结果表明,经1.0 W/mL超声处理10 min后,污泥上清液中溶解性COD增加了5.4倍,污泥总悬浮固体减少了16%;而经0.05 W/mL超声处理10 min后,污泥比耗氧速率可提高29%.用这2种超声预处理好氧消化的进泥时,污泥有机质降解率没有明显改变,但用1.0 W/mL超声处理好氧消化的回流污泥时,污泥有机质降解率提高了15%,而且消化污泥的沉降性能良好,上清液中有机质含量增加很少,因此,后者可以用于改善污泥好氧消化工艺.     

去除城市生活污泥中有机络合态金属强化其厌氧生物制气

为提高城市生活污泥厌氧消化沼气产率,本文考察了通过金属络合剂EDTA预处理污泥,以去除城市生活污泥中有机络合态金属,强化其厌氧生物制气的效果.结果表明,经EDTA预处理去除金属后的污泥(实验组)较未预处理的污泥(对照组)的有机络合态金属含量减少[(5.09±0.57)%~(1.37±0.20)%,以TS计],溶解性有机质显著提高(SCOD提升627%),暗示该预处理方法能够极大地去除有机络合态金属并强化污泥有机质的溶出.通过测定污泥有机质溶出表观活化能发现,实验组污泥有机质溶出表观活化能比对照组降低36%,表明预处理能够有效降低有机质溶出反应的能量壁垒.污泥厌氧发酵研究发现,在16d的污泥厌氧产酸实验中,实验组VFAs浓度高于对照组,较对照组最大提升42%;在22 d的污泥厌氧产甲烷测试实验(BMP)中,实验组单位有机质累积甲烷产量比对照组增加48%,表明EDTA预处理对提高污泥厌氧消化产沼气具有重要的作用.通过进一步产沼气动力学研究发现,实验组的产沼气限速步骤在产甲烷阶段,而对照组限制于水解阶段,表明经EDTA预处理能有效地破除城市生活污泥厌氧消化过程的水解限速.     

游离氨调控对污泥高含固厌氧消化反应器性能的影响

污泥高含固厌氧消化系统中,过高的游离氨(free ammonia nitrogen,FAN)浓度被认为是影响其产气性能的主要因素之一.通过降低pH和提高总氨氮(total ammonia nitrogen,TAN)浓度两种方法,考察了进料含固率为15%的中温半连续污泥高含固厌氧消化反应器在这两种游离氨调控措施下的性能表现.结果表明,随着TAN的提高,FAN从(400±174)mg·L~(-1)提升至(526±25)mg·L~(-1),日产沼气量从(11.9±0.3)L·d-1降低到(10.3±0.2)L·d-1,挥发性固体(volatile solid,VS)降解率降低了33.7%;同时,当通过降低pH使得FAN从(330±99)mg·L~(-1)下降至(47±13)mg·L~(-1)时,日沼气产量也从(14.4±1.1)L·d-1下降到(10.8±0.3)L·d-1,VS降解率降低了26.9%,系统性能并没有随着FAN的下降而提升.随着pH调控的停止,游离氨浓度逐步回升至300 mg·L~(-1),系统性能也恢复至调控之前的水平,表明pH调控的过程产生了游离氨浓度控制之外的抑制性作用.最后,通过对细菌和古菌的多样性分析以及甲烷菌的定量PCR分析,可以发现两个反应器系统产气性能的变化都伴随着细菌种群结构的明显变化.污泥高含固厌氧消化系统中过高的FAN(500 mg·L~(-1))使得降解蛋白的细菌的主要种群由Tepidimicrobium和Proteiniborus转变为Anaerobranca.而通过降低pH来控制游离氨浓度之后,一些糖类和蛋白质类发酵细菌的活性也受到影响,并导致这些物质水解效率的下降,进而由于产甲烷菌的基质供给量的不足而削弱系统的产气性能.     

过氧化氢-敏化剂强化污泥微波预处理溶胞效果的研究

提高污泥溶胞效率是强化污泥厌氧处理的关键.为加强污泥微波预处理溶胞效果,本研究分别考察了常压、半封闭条件下二氧化钛颗粒、碳质材料作为敏化剂与过氧化氢联合进行微波污泥预处理的效果.结果表明,碳质材料敏化剂对微波、过氧化氢-微波污泥预处理产生了负作用,降低了污泥的溶胞效果,而二氧化钛能有效增加污泥中营养物质的释放.当二氧化钛颗粒投加量为0.12 g·g~(-1)干污泥时,SCOD、PO_4~(3-)-P的浓度比单独微波处理分别增加了11.86%、61%;当二氧化钛颗粒投加量为0.24 g·g~(-1)干污泥时,NH_4~+-N释放比单独微波处理高出27.78%.微波辐射作用下投加二氧化钛颗粒产生了羟基自由基,强化了过氧化氢-微波对污泥细胞的氧化作用.     

碱辅助条件下的污泥微波热水解特性研究

向污泥中加入NaOH进行微波热水解实验.结果表明,每1 g污泥悬浮固体(SS)添加NaOH 0.1 g时,污泥中的挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)快速水解,170℃的VSS溶解率达到60%以上,热水解后污泥的有机物含量(VSS/SS)降低至25%.80、120、150和170℃热水解5 min的污泥液相COD浓度分别为9.8、12.8、15.1和14.5 g/L,相应SCOD/TCOD为24.0%、31.3%、36.9%和35.6%.随温度的升高和时间的延长热水解污泥pH越低,最低值10.5.在每1 g SS添加0~0.2g NaOH的范围内,当添加量0.05 g时,VSS和SS的溶解率增加幅度降低.分别对NaOH添加量0.05 g热水解5 min和添加量0.1 g热水解1 min的污泥进行BMP厌氧消化实验.结果表明,添加量为0.05 g时热水解污泥的厌氧消化性能提高,经150℃处理污泥的产气量最大,比未处理污泥高28.5%,而在添加量为0.1 g时,污泥的厌氧消化性能受到抑制,产气量低于未处理污泥.     

Structure and activity of thermophilic methanogenic microbial communities exposed to quaternary ammonium sanitizer

Food processing facilities often use antimicrobial quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) sanitizers to maintain cleanliness. These QACs can end up in wastewaters used as feedstock for anaerobic digestion. The aim of this study was to measure the effect of QAC contamination on biogas production and structure of microbial communities in thermophilic digester sludge. Methane production and biogas quality data were analyzed in batch anaerobic digesters containing QAC at 0, 15, 50, 100 and 150 mg/L. Increasing sanitizer concentration in the bioreactors negatively impacted methane production rate and biogas quality. Microbial community composition data was obtained through 16S rRNA gene sequencing from the QAC-contaminated sludges. Sequencing data showed no significant restructuring of the bacterial communities. However, significant restructuring was observed within the archaeal communities as QAC concentration increased. Further studies to confirm these effects on a larger scale and with a longer retention time are necessary.     

黄花和脱水污泥厌氧消化的温室气体减排研究

采用联合国政府间气候委员会(IPCC)推荐的方法,对植物加拿大一枝黄花和污泥生物质厌氧消化产沼气的环境和能量影响进行了评估.环境影响评估重点关注温室气体(GHG)减排,将加拿大一枝黄花和脱水污泥的中温小试厌氧消化的甲烷产率数据运用于GHG减排潜质的计算;能量评估包括污泥贮存及传播、消化液的沼气逃逸,及化学肥料和化学药剂的投加几个过程中的直接和间接的能量输入.结果表明,一枝黄花和脱水污泥联合厌氧消化净GHG排放量随着SRT的缩短和黄花添加比例的增加而逐渐下降,在二者以挥发性固体(VS)比例1:1混合,停留时间为20d时的能量效率较高,GHG减排量较大,与基础方案相比,添加黄花可以实现78%的净GHG减排.     

三种典型的污泥发电工艺

污泥发电是城市污水处理厂进行污泥合理开发利用的技术措施之一,是污泥实行减量化、稳定化、无害化、资源化的良好方法,本文介绍了3种典型的污泥发电工艺：污泥焚烧发电;污泥厌氧消化产生沼气、通过燃气轮机组发电;污泥厌氧消化产生沼气、进而通过改质制造氢气,经燃料电池发电。对污泥合理利用的规范化、科学化有一定的借鉴意义。     

不同类型秸秆对污泥厌氧消化特性及细菌群落结构的影响

为促进污水处理厂污泥及农作物秸秆的资源化利用,探讨不同类型秸秆（玉米、小麦、水稻）对污泥厌氧消化特性、产气效果及细菌群落结构的影响,在中温〔（35±1）℃〕下,研究了污泥与秸秆按不同质量比（1:0、1:0.5、1:1、1:1.5）联合厌氧消化对污泥C/N（碳氮比）和厌氧消化环境中pH、ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（VFAs）（VFAs为挥发性脂肪酸）、日均沼气产量及φ（CH₄）、细菌群落的特征变化,以未添加秸秆的污泥厌氧消化为CK（对照）.结果表明:不同类型秸秆的添加对厌氧消化体系的pH、ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（VFAs）均产生显著影响,秸秆的加入明显提高了厌氧消化体系的产气量.联合厌氧消化可通过优化厌氧消化底物的C/N,从而增加ρ（VFAs）和φ（CH₄）.其中,污泥与玉米秸秆质量比为1:1.5时对厌氧消化的促进作用最为显著;其沼气日产量为2 303.08 mL,比CK（536.15 mL）提高了3倍以上,而沼气中φ（CH₄）最高为54.49%,比CK（37.07%）提高46.99%.此外,不同类型秸秆的添加也可通过改变细菌群落结构从而促进秸秆降解,增加ρ（VFAs）和提高沼气产量,特别是添加秸秆后,Bacteroidetes会逐渐取代Proteobacteria成为主要的产酸菌种,从而导致ρ（VFAs）增加.研究显示,污泥与秸秆联合厌氧消化可改善污泥营养结构,改变细菌群落结构,提高沼气产量.      

Absolute dominance of hydrogenotrophic methanogens in full-scale anaerobic sewage sludge digesters

Anaerobic digestion （AD） is gaining increasing attention due to the ability to covert organic pollutants into energy-rich biogas and, accordingly, growing interest is paid to the microbial ecology of AD systems. Despite extensive efforts, AD microbial ecology is still limitedly understood, especially due to the lack of quantitative information on the structures and dynamics of AD microbial communities. Such knowledge gap is particularly pronounced in sewage sludge AD processes although treating sewage sludge is among the major practical applications of AD. Therefore, we examined the microbial communities in three full-scale sewage sludge digesters using qualitative and quantitative molecular techniques in combination： denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and real-time polymerase chain reaction （PCR）. Eight out of eleven bacterial sequences retrieved from the DGGE analysis were not affiliated to any known species while all eleven archaeal sequences were assigned to known methanogen species. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that, based on the 16S rRNA gene abundance, the hydrogenotrophic order Methanomicrobiales is the most dominant methanogen group （〉 94% of the total methanogen population） in all digesters. This corresponds well to the prevailing occurrence of the DGGE bands related to Methanolinea and Methanospirillum, both belonging to the order Methanomicrobiales, in all sludge samples. It is therefore suggested that hydrogenotrophic methanogens, especially Methanomicrobiales strains, are likely the major players responsible for biogas production in the digesters studied. Our observation is contrary to the conventional understanding that aceticlastic methanogens generally dominate methanogen communities in stable AD environments, suggesting the need for further studies on the dominance relationship in various AD systems.     

污泥生物处理技术在长江大保护中的应用前景

污泥是污水处理的副产物,是污水处理过程的延续和必然要求.截至2017年,长江经济带11省市污泥产量接近2 000×104 t/a,大量污泥没有得到妥善处置,严重制约着“长江水质根本好转”目标的实现.厌氧消化与好氧发酵是两种主流的污泥生物处理技术,都已有广泛的应用案例,但是也存在运营不畅的现象.为识别长江大保护中污泥生物处理项目的问题并提出解决方案,分析了长江经济带的污泥产率及性质,梳理了污泥生物处理技术的发展及适用性.结果表明:长江经济带各省市污泥产量约占全国污泥产量的40%,污泥产率普遍低于全国平均水平,长江经济带各省市污泥有机质含量低于55%,pH为中性、总养分含量超过5.0%、重金属含量存在超过GB 4284—2018《农用污泥污染物控制标准》标准限值的风险;高级厌氧消化、协同厌氧消化和高含固厌氧消化等技术的发展破解了由于长江经济带污泥有机质含量普遍较低而导致的污泥厌氧消化稳定性低的问题,降低了污泥厌氧消化工程的成本;污泥好氧发酵过程重金属钝化技术的发展在一定程度上破解了由于长江经济带污泥重金属含量过高而导致的污泥发酵产物出路不畅的问题.研究显示,污泥生物处理技术仍具有一定的局限性,但通过合适的规划,污泥生物处理技术可与其他污泥处理处置技术高效耦合,具有广泛应用于长江大保护污泥处理处置项目的潜力.      

Combined alkaline and ultrasonic pretreatment of sludge before aerobic digestion

Alkaline and ultrasonic sludge disintegration can both be used as pretreatments of waste activated sludge (WAS) for improving the subsequent anaerobic or aerobic digestion. The pretreatment has been carried out using different combination of these two methods in this study. The effect was evaluated based on the quantity of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) in the pretreated sludge as well as the degradation of organic matter in the following aerobic digestion. For WAS samples with combined pretreatment, the released COD was in high level than those with ultrasonic or alkaline treatment. When combined with the same ultrasonic treatment, NaOH treatment resulted in more solubilization of WAS than Ca(OH)2. For combined NaOH and ultrasonic treatments with different sequences, the released COD were in the order: simultaneous treatment > ultrasonic treatment following NaOH treatment > NaOH treatment following ultrasonic treatment. For simultaneous treatment, low NaOH dosage (100 g/kg dry solid), short duration (30 min) of NaOH treatment, and low ultrasonic specific energy (7 500 kJ/kg dry solid) were beneficial for sludge disintegration. Using combined NaOH and ultrasonic pretreatment with the optimium parameters, the degradation efficiency of organic matter was increased from 38.0% to 50.7%, which is much higher than with ultrasonic (42.5%) or with NaOH pretreatment (43.5%) in the subsequent aerobic digestion at the same retention time.