An investigation of the relationship between raw coal characteristics and effluent quality of Kedla and Rajrappa Washeries, Jharkhand, India

An attempt was made to investigate the relationship between raw coal characteristics and effluent quality in two coking coal washeries of Central Coalfields Limited, Kedla and Rajrappa in Jharkhand State, India. Coal samples-raw coal feed, washed fine clean coal, washed coarse clean coal, middlings and rejects were collected. Similarly, raw water (intake to washery) and effluent samples generated in the washeries, namely, fine coal jig under water, coarse coal jig under water and slurry pond water were also collected over a period of 6 months. Parameters outlined in Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) Schedule VI Indian standards were determined, both in coal samples and water/washery effluent samples. Apart from the parameters listed in the standard, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphate and chloride found to be present in coal were also determined in coal and water samples. The processing results essentially in production of huge quantities of suspended material, which is beyond the stipulated limit of 100mg/l as specified in the Standard. Lowering of pH was observed in both the washeries. The trace/heavy elements were found to be concentrated in the heavier fractions in rejects produced from the washery. The concentrations of major elements in coal-Na, K, Ca, Mg, and minor elements in coal-Mn; F, SO4 and Cl were found to be higher in process water than in raw water indicating that these elements are transferred from coal to the water in washeries. However, only in the case of Mn, the stipulated limit of the effluent standard was exceeded. Trace elements like As, Se, Hg, Cd, though found to be present in coal, were absent in the process water indicating that these elements are not released by coal during washing.     

Air pollution caused by opencast mining and its abatement measures in India.

Opencast mining dominates coal production in India. A survey was conducted to evaluate its local atmospheric impact. Emissions data were utilised to compute dust generation due to different mining activities. Work zone air quality, ambient air quality and seasonal variations are described revealing high pollution potential due to suspended particulate matter (SPM) and consequent impact on human health. Air pollution control measures involve planning and implementing a series of preventive and suppressive measures in addition to dust extraction systems. Different abatement measures are enumerated. Pollution control by trees, the tolerance of trees to different air pollutants and plant species useful for controlling pollution are also discussed. There is a need for wider application of dust control chemicals on haul roads. Sustainable management of pollution can be achieved by the proper implementation of suggested abatement measures.     

Urban air pollution and atmospheric diffusion research in China

Air pollution has become a serious problem in China as a result of that country's efforts in the last 30 years to become a great industrial power. The burning of coal, which currently provides over 70% of all China's energy needs, is a major source of air pollution. Because Chinese coal is high in sulfur and ash content and because most combustion devices in China have low efficiencies, SO₂ and particulate emissions are a serious problem and are comparable to or exceed those found in many countries that are much more industrialized. Although most coal is burned in North China, acid precipitation is most severe in South China because of the lack of buffering loess dust found in the former region.The Chinese government has already taken major steps to mitigate air pollution, such as relocating polluting industries, supplying coal with lower sulfur content, using gas instead of coal for residential heating, and levying fines on industries that exceed pollution standards. Atmospheric environmental impact assessment (AEIA) is also required for all major new projects. This article describes three types of mathematical diffusion models and field and wind-tunnel experiments that are used in such assessments.The Chinese authorities believe that a range of technological, managerial, locational, and behavioral changes must be effected before the air of Chinese cities can be significantly improved.     

A Review on the Present Scenario of Air Quality Associated with Indian Mining Operations

Compositional changes to air quality from coal mining are not only the most visible impact from these activities on the environment, they can also immediately affect the health of mine professionals and adjoining populations. The presence of gases and suspended solids emitted by mining activities affects the human respiratory system and decreases production in mines. This article summarizes a case study of several Northern Coalfields Limited (NCL) coal mines with an emphasis on particulate matter (PM) to report the status of air quality connected to coal production and overburden removal. The concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NO_x), and suspended particulate matter (SPM) reported in the literature are also summarized in table form to allow comparisons to the permissible standards set by the Indian Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and other standards used around the world. An up‐to‐date status of air quality at coal mines is compared for mines located in different parts of India. Subsequently, all coal mines were divided into different classes in regard to the severity of their emissions. These classes are, in increasing order of severity, green, yellow, red, and black. SPM measurements were tabulated in regard to concentration and composition. Our article concludes with the recommendation that an environmental impact assessment (EIA) to be conducted to better characterize changes in the environment from mining emissions to develop integrated mitigation measures and to identify additional parameters to define air quality at mines.     

长沙市空气自动站周边区域大气污染物排放源清单

以长沙市空气自动站周边3 km为研究对象,基于统计年鉴和实地调查,获得了该地区2015年储存运输源、废弃物处理源、工艺过程源、化石燃料固定燃烧源、农业源、生物质燃烧源、扬尘源、移动源8个源类的活动水平数据。以大气污染物排放源清单编制技术指南为依据,建立了2015年长沙市空气自动站周边3 km区域NH_3、NO_x、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、SO_2、VOCs等6项污染物的源排放清单。结果表明,2015年长沙空气自动站周边3 km内,8类大气污染源排放的NH_3、NO_x、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、VOCs总量分别为53.65t、4 899.35t、1 846.09t、6 257.75t、989.49t、4 383.31t。NH_3、NO_x、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、VOCs排放量最大的源分别是农业源、移动源、扬尘源、扬尘源、化石燃料固定燃烧源和移动源,贡献率分别为98.45%、84.24%、60.82%、85.90%、97.33%、49.88%。优化道路交通、减少燃煤、减少建筑工地扬尘排放可促进长沙市空气自动站周边空气质量改善。     

泸州市主城区2019年3月至2020年2月大气颗粒物污染特征及防治对策研究

为了解泸州市主城区颗粒物污染变化特征及成因,选取2019年3月至2020年2月空气自动监测数据,运用Origin2017等技术手段对PM2.5与PM10的时间变化特征、污染来源方向以及污染物之间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:PM2.5与PM10在不同季节的变化趋势均具有较好的一致性,不同站点污染物相关性特征明显。分析表明:泸州市主城区颗粒物污染成因为工业企业排放、机动车尾气、生物质燃烧、燃煤、扬尘以及不利气象条件等,建议对6类污染排放进行管控。     

浅析大连市空气质量污染日特征及成因

2013年大连市区全年共有污染日75 d,其中86%的首要污染物为PM2.5。在10个国控空气自动监测子站中,2013年1月份出现污染日的样本数最多,出现污染日最多的是甘井子子站（三类功能区）。大连地区空气污染日的出现具有明显的季节性分布特征,空气质量主要受燃煤、机动车尾气排放、雾霾及外来沙尘的影响。     

浅谈乌苏市环境空气质量变化趋势及因素分析

对乌苏市2007-2011年的大气环境质量监测数据进行统计分析,对其各类污染物的时间变化进行分析评价,结果表明：乌苏市空气质量良好,各类污染物浓度表现出采暖期高于非采暖期,属于比较典型的煤烟尘污染。虽然采取了集中供暖措施,但迅速的工业化对环境空气质量具有潜在威胁。     

锅炉烟尘污染与治理

中原油田黄河以北广大地区燃煤锅炉分布广泛,污染物排放量相对较大。为减少大气污染,采取了以下治理措施:提高运行操作水平;选择适宜的燃烧设备;选择效果较好的除尘设施;选择适宜的煤质等。采用上述综合措施后,不仅降低了锅炉的排烟量也降低了锅炉的烟尘排放浓度,锅炉烟尘排放达标。     

Passive Samplers for NOx Monitoring: A Critical Review

Nitrogen oxide is an important gaseous air pollutant. It plays a major role in atmospheric chemistry, particularly in the formation of secondary air pollutants such as ozone, peroxyacyl nitrate (PAN), nitrate aerosols, and contributes to environmental acidification. A comprehensive assessment of NO₂ levels in the atmosphere is required for developing effective strategies for control of air pollution and improvement of air quality. Consequently, spatial NO₂ monitoring has become an important aspect of air quality assessment. Present NO₂ monitoring networks are mostly confined to urban areas, having a limited number of monitoring sites. Wide spatial NO₂ monitoring in India is constrained because of the limited availability of the monitoring equipment, such as continuous chemiluminesence monitors, high volume and handy samplers, which are expensive and need to be imported. Moreover, they require elaborate infrastructure, scientific personnel, technical support and uninterrupted power supply. In an effort to overcome the above shortcomings, passive samplers have been successfully used for large scale monitoring of NO₂ in the ambient environment.In recent years, passive samplers have been gaining increasing attention because they are simple, lightweight and cheap devices, which operate without any power source. Passive samplers have been found to be efficient, cost effective and free from the need for elaborate calibration and maintenance. Hence, they are ideally suited for developing a wide spatial network for NO₂ monitoring. This paper presents a comprehensive review including, historical development and critical assessment of validation studies along with comparison of both badge and tube type passive samplers. An attempt has been also made to highlight advantages and limitations, as well as discussion on the factors affecting the efficiency of passive samplers under field conditions.     

秦皇岛市大气污染成因与防治对策初探

秦皇岛大气环境污染主要源于工业废气、港口煤尘、机动车尾气、施工及道路扬尘、锅炉烟尘和餐饮油烟等,是典型的复合型污染。针对秦皇岛大气污染现状,提出了改变以GDP为评价标准的经济增长模式,调整现有的产业结构,淘汰落后产能;调整能源结构,提高能源有效利用率;强化降尘控烟和脱硫脱硝;加强对交通、道路、施工等扬尘的综合管理;科学绿化;加强环保宣传和执法力度,提高公众环境意识等综合措施。     

The Environmental Pollution Perception of Residents in Coal Mining Areas: A Case Study in the Hancheng Mine Area, Shaanxi Province, China

The environmental behavior of the residents depends on their perception of environmental pollution. Hence, it is important for scientific and policy experts to research on the impact of the environmental pollution perception of local residents. Owing to the richness of natural resources, Hancheng coal mine areas are abound in heavy industries, and environmental pollution is serious and typical in this area, thus, the residents are anxious about their health. Using questionnaires, this paper surveys the perception of residents living in the coal mine area. The influential factors of environmental perception were analyzed by the Rank Sum Test. The results were: (1) the majority of the residents in the coal mine area are not satisfied with their living environment. The perception order of pollution severity is: air pollution?>?noise pollution?>?sanitation?>?water pollution. The residents think that pollution is mainly caused by coal processing. Hence, coal mining is not the main reason of the pollution in the coal mine area. (2) Age and length of residence have significant positive effects on perceptions of air, water, and noise pollutions; whereas education has a significant negative effect on perceptions of water and noise pollutions, as well as sanitation. This phenomenon can be explained by the various cultural groups having varied perceptions on the environmental pollution. In addition, proximity to mine has significant negative effect on perceptions of water and noise pollution. In conclusion, the paper discusses the effects of demographical and social factors on the perception of environmental pollution and gives suggestions on the planning and management of the environment.     

昌黎县大气环境污染分析与防治实践

昌黎县近几年环境空气监测数据显示:大气环境质量有所下降,环境受到轻微污染。污染产生的主要原因为冬季燃煤造成污染物排放增加及风沙、扬尘影响,结合本县采用发展集中供热、改善燃料构成、提升监管力度、严格环境管理、加大资金投入、开展末端治理等防治实践进行探讨。     

秦皇岛港东港区煤尘污染与气象特征关系分析

本文分析了秦皇岛港东港区煤尘污染与气象条件的关系,分析结果表明,表征煤尘污染的因子总悬浮颗粒物及降尘与自然降水、大风等气象因子具有明显的相关性,并依据分析提出了相应的管理建议。     

秦皇岛市空气质量现状及大气污染防治对策研究

造成秦皇岛市空气环境状况越来越差,空气质量优良天数递减的主要原因为：不利的气象条件,污染源控制不完善,汽车尾气排放超标,港口扬尘严重,法规不健全及公众环保意识薄弱。建议通过加快产业升级与调整,推行清洁生产方式,搞好城市绿化工作,控制机动车尾气排放,加强环境科普教育的方法对秦皇岛市空气状况进行改善。     

侯马市环境空气状况探析

根据2006年以来的环境空气质量监测数据,对侯马市空气质量状况进行了月际浓度趋势和年际浓度趋势分析评价,指出了燃料燃烧、交通运输、城市建设、气象因素、外来污染等大气污染物的来源及特征,提出了深入治理煤烟污染、积极推广新能源使用、控制机动车尾气污染、加大治理城市扬尘污染、强化工业污染源治理等改善大气环境质量的对策建议。     

西宁市环境空气中TSP和PM10来源解析研究

在西宁市7个采样点分别采集了环境空气中的总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和可吸入颗粒物(PM10),用化学质量平衡(CMB)受体模型和二重源解析技术解析了TSP和PM10的来源。结果表明:扬尘、煤烟尘和土壤风沙尘是造成该市TSP和PM10污染的主要源类。扬尘是造成该市颗粒物污染的首要因素,控制城市扬尘污染是城市环境空气颗粒物达标的关键。     

京津冀地区重点耗煤行业大气污染物排放清单研究

本研究通过京津冀地区各行业的年度煤炭消费量确定火电行业、钢铁行业和焦化行业为重点耗煤行业,以在线监测数据、污染源调查(现场调研、环评、验收)数据、排放因子数据为基础,自下而上建立了2013年京津冀地区重点耗煤行业大气污染物排放清单,分析研究了SO_2、NO_x和PM_(10)的排放量与污染贡献分布情况,掌握了京津冀地区重点耗煤行业大气污染物排放现状,为大气污染物减排提供数据基础。研究表明,2013年京津冀火电、钢铁焦化行业共排放SO_2 72.35万t、NO_x 131.99万t、PM_(10) 30.36万t。     

中国煤炭消费对PM2.5污染的影响研究

国务院颁布的《大气污染防治行动计划》明确提出制定国家煤炭消费总量中长期控制目标,到2017年,煤炭占能源消费总量比重降低到65%以下,然而煤炭消费对PM_(2.5)污染的贡献到底多大,这是当前亟待研究的科学问题。为定量分析煤炭消费对我国PM_(2.5)污染的影响,本研究首先计算了2012年煤炭消费产生的大气污染物排量,然后利用CAMx空气质量模型,分别采用组分分析法和情景模拟法两种方法研究了煤炭消费对全国PM_(2.5)污染的影响。组分分析法研究表明,煤炭消费对全国PM_(2.5)年均浓度的贡献率约为61%,其中煤炭直接燃烧、煤炭相关行业的贡献率分别约为37%、24%;情景模拟法研究表明,煤炭消费对全国PM_(2.5)年均浓度的贡献率约为56%。因此,我国由于煤炭消费对全国PM_(2.5)年均浓度的贡献率为56%~61%。     

Dust deposition in a sub-tropical opencast coalmine area, India

This paper provides baseline information about the total annual dust fall, and its constituents and seasonal variation, from a sub-tropical opencast coalmine area in Bina, India. Dust samples were collected monthly for 2 years (June 2002-May 2004) from five sampling sites in the region and analyzed in the laboratory for water-soluble and -insoluble matter. Water-insoluble components constituted the major fraction of the total annual dust fall. Two-way ANOVA indicated significant variations in dust fall at different sites, over the months and in their interactions. The dust deposition rate was highest during summer (March-June), followed by winter (November-February) and lowest in the rainy season (July-October). Maximum dust fall was observed near the coal handling plant (at site 2) followed by the receiving pit of the coal handling plant (site 3), near the main sub-station (site 4), Jawahar colony (site 1) and Gharasari village (site 5). An inverse and significant relation was observed between dust fall and precipitation. Our studies have shown that the main residential areas are experiencing higher levels of dust fall which makes them unsuitable for living. We suggest that residential areas should be moved farther away from the mining area in the opposite direction of prevalent winds.