UV/Fenton法、UV/H_2O_2法和Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液的对比研究

对比研究了UV/Fenton法、UV/H2O2法和Fenton法对垃圾渗滤液的处理特性。结果表明,3种高级氧化技术最佳处理条件为:反应温度25℃、反应时间60min、初始pH 4.0、H2O2初始质量浓度为4 000mg/L,且UV/Fenton法和Fenton法的Fe(Ⅱ)用量均为25 mg/L。在该最佳处理条件下,UV/Fenton法、UV/H2O2法及Fenton法对垃圾渗滤液COD的去除率分别为49.9%、39.8%和38.0%,处理后垃圾渗滤液的可生化性大幅度提高。因此,UV/Fenton法、UV/H2O2法和Fenton法是极具应用前景的垃圾渗滤液预处理技术。     

混凝与Fenton联用处理垃圾渗滤液的效能及成本

为对混凝/Fenton工艺与Fenton/混凝工艺处理垃圾渗滤液的效果和成本进行比较,分别对年轻渗滤液和老龄渗滤液原液按照混凝/Fenton工艺与Fenton/混凝工艺2种技术路线进行处理。实验结果表明,Fenton试剂对年轻垃圾渗滤液和老龄垃圾渗滤液COD去除率最高的反应条件为pH=3.5、H2O2和Fe2+的摩尔比为6、H2O2和渗滤液原液的COD质量比为3、反应时间4 h;在PAC与渗滤液原液的COD质量比为0.6时,PAC混凝对渗滤液原液的COD去除率最高。在对渗滤液COD去除率最高的Fenton反应和PAC混凝反应条件下,混凝/Fenton工艺对年轻渗滤液和老龄渗滤液的COD去除率分别为90.56%和86.56%;Fenton/混凝工艺对年轻渗滤液和老龄渗滤液的COD去除率分别为89.99%和85.99%,2种技术路线对渗滤液COD的去除率相差不大,但先PAC混凝后Fenton氧化工艺比先Fenton后混凝工艺每t节省62.6元,是更优化的渗滤液处理工艺。     

生化-调碱后垃圾渗滤液的Fenton深度处理效果

针对上海老港垃圾填埋场经过厌氧-曝气塘处理后的渗滤液难进一步处理的问题,对其采用厌氧滤池-好氧接触法、氧化钙2种方式预处理,在此预处理基础上,考察了Fenton法深度处理的效果,探讨了H2O2/Fe2+投加比、初始pH、H2O2投加量、反应时间和Fenton试剂投加方式对渗滤液COD去除效果的影响。研究发现:经过生物预处理后,渗滤液的COD和TP分别降低了24%和25%;氧化钙调碱可以进一步使COD和TP去除率分别达到42%和96%;后续Fenton深度氧化的最佳条件为:初始pH为2,H2O2投加量为2.4 g/L,H2O2/Fe2+摩尔比为5∶1,Fenton试剂一次投加,反应时间为2 h。在此条件下,渗滤液的COD从1 340 mg/L降到198 mg/L,总COD去除率达到85%。     

苇浆造纸黑液的Fenton预处理研究

采用Fenton试剂预处理高浓度苇浆造纸黑液,经正交设计得出各因素对黑液COD去除率的影响顺序为:pH＞[H2O2]＞[Fe2 ]＞反应时间.确定最佳操作条件为:初始pH=4、[H2O2]=0.088 mol/L、[Fe2 ]=14.39 mmol/L、反应40 min,此条件下废水COD去除率可达80%以上,色度及浊度去除率达96%.动力学表明:Fenton试剂预处理高浓度苇浆造纸黑液的表观过程近似符合一级反应规律.废水经处理后可生化性指标BOD/COD平均从0.303升高到0.558.     

超声/Fenton联用技术处理垃圾渗滤液中的有机物

详细研究了超声/Fenton联用技术对垃圾渗滤液中有机物的处理效果.研究内容包括:超声波频率对垃圾渗滤液色度和COD去除率的影响,超声波功率对垃圾渗滤液色度和COD去除率的影响以及Fenton试剂用量和pH值对垃圾渗滤液色度去除率和COD去除率的影响.还利用一次正交回归实验确定了超声/Fenton联用技术处理垃圾渗滤液的优化条件,并在优化条件的基础上,对超声波技术、Fenton高级氧化技术和超声/Fenton联用技术对垃圾渗滤液的处理效果进行比较研究.研究结果表明:超声/Fenton联用技术对垃圾渗滤液的色度去除率和COD去除率最高,其色度去除率接近100%,COD去除率达到73.5%.超声/Fenton联用技术处理垃圾渗滤液的优化条件是:超声频率为28 kHz,超声功率为75W,Fe2 浓度为280 mg/L,H2O2浓度为1.29×104 mg/L,pH值为2.5.超声波的频率、功率和Fenton试剂用量之间存在优化匹配值.     

Fenton氧化降解垃圾渗滤液中COD的动力学研究

对絮凝预处理后的垃圾渗滤液进行Fenton氧化处理。通过微分法对Fenton氧化的反应级数进行求解,确定其反应级数为2,并初步建立了Fenton氧化的动力学模型,即1/c=1/c0+kt,由此建立起来的降解的动力学模型与实验数据相吻合;在4个实验基准条件下———初始COD浓度为960 mg/L、pH值4、H2O2投加量0.4 mol/L、nH2O2/nFe2+3∶1,探讨了其中某一变量对反应速率的影响。实验水样为絮凝反应出水,进水COD浓度为912～960 mg/L,出水COD浓度为80～112 mg/L,COD去除率在87%～92%之间,表明Fenton试剂能够有效地处理垃圾渗滤液。     

光助Fenton氧化法降解水中六氯苯的研究

采用光助Fenton氧化法处理六氯苯模拟废水,考察了反应时间、Fe3 与H2O2摩尔比、Fenton试剂用量、初始pH、六氯苯初始浓度、光强对六氯苯降解效果的影响,并初步探讨了六氯苯的降解动力学规律.结果表明.光助Fenton法降解六氯苯的最佳工艺条件为:紫外灯功率为300 W、Fe3 投加量为1.0 mmol/L、H2O2投加量为5.0 mmol/L、反应时间为60 min、初始pH为3,在此条件下,浓度为500μg/L的HCB的去除率可达91.3%.UV辐射与Fenton氧化对HCB的降解具有协同效应.光助Fenton法对HCB的降解符合一级反应动力学方程,表观速率常数为0.04 min-1,与Fenton法相比,提高了近9倍.     

MAP-Fenton法预处理垃圾渗滤液的实验研究

采用MAP-Fenton法对垃圾渗滤液进行预处理研究,以氨氮和COD的去除率为衡量指标,根据单因素实验和正交实验确定其最佳工艺条件。MAP阶段的最佳工艺条件:pH=9.5、Mg2+∶NH+4∶PO3-4(摩尔比)=1.3∶1.0∶1.3、反应时间为25min;Fenton阶段的最佳工艺条件:pH=3.5、30%(质量分数)H2O2投加量20mL/L、H2O2∶FeSO4·7H2O(摩尔比)=5∶1、反应时间为2.0h。在上述最佳工艺条件下,垃圾渗滤液氨氮和COD去除率的平均值分别为93.89%和90.12%。     

铝铁复合淀粉絮凝-微波/H_2O_2氧化协同处理垃圾渗滤液

针对垃圾渗滤液成分复杂、污染物浓度高、可生化性差等特点,采用铝铁复合淀粉(CAFS)絮凝-微波/H2O2联用技术对垃圾渗滤液进行处理,考察了初始p H、絮凝剂投加量、微波辐射反应时间和H2O2投加量等因素对处理水质的影响。结果表明,絮凝最佳反应条件为p H 6.0,投加量13 m L/L;微波/H2O2氧化的最佳反应条件为p H 3.0,30%H2O225m L/L,温度70℃,反应时间5 min。在上述最佳条件下,单独CAFS絮凝、单独微波/H2O2和CAFS絮凝-微波/H2O2联用对垃圾渗滤液COD的去除率分别为32.3%、42.4%和85.7%,CAFS絮凝与微波/H2O2联用,可利用CAFS残余的Fe2+与H2O2构成Fenton氧化体系,实现絮凝与微波催化氧化工艺的耦合,两者起到很好的协同作用。     

Fenton试剂氧化处理火炸药污染土壤淋洗液

采用Fenton试剂对火炸药污染土壤淋洗液进行氧化处理,研究了Fe SO4·7H2O投加量、H2O2投加量、初始pH、反应时间及温度对处理效果的影响,采用发光细菌发评价处理前后水样的急性毒性变化。结果表明,Fenton试剂氧化可有效去除火炸药污染土壤淋洗液的COD,当Fe SO4·7H2O投加量为8.0 g/L,H2O2投加量为64 m L/L,初始pH为3,反应时间120 min及反应温度30℃时,污染土壤淋洗液的COD由4 553.9 mg/L降至800.1 mg/L,COD去除率82.4%,COD的降解符合二级动力学模型。经Fenton氧化处理后,水样的急性毒性降低94.7%,B/C由0.007升至0.22,可生化性得到明显改善。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究

中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染     

活性炭三维电极法对印染废水的处理研究

对三维电极方法处理印染废水进行了实验研究,初步探讨了活性炭三维电极法处理印染废水的机理,对影响处理效果的各种要素,如反应时间、槽电压和pH值等进行了条件实验,得出了活性炭三维电极法处理印染废水的最佳运行条件为:停留时间120-180 min,槽电压25～30 V,进水pH值6.5～7.5。结果表明,该反应器能有效地降低废水色度,有较高的COD去除效率,并能提高印染废水的可生化性。     

红土吸附砷对其动电电位的影响

研究了遵义红土吸附砷对其动电电位的影响 ,从砷酸根浓度和体系pH对红土动电电位影响的角度作了探讨 ,结果表明 ,砷酸根离子浓度越大 ,Zata电位下降幅度越大 ,Zata电位也越低 ;随着体系pH的升高 ,氧化铁胶体动电电位逐渐下降 ,甚至改变了表面电位的符号。由此得出了红土吸附砷属于专性吸附的结论。     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%(质量百分比).反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

Visualisation of the complexity of EUSES

The interdependencies of parameters applied in the models of EUSES are visualised in a directed connectivity graph. The parameters (inputs, defaults, state variables, outputs) are represented by boxes (nodes) and their relations by lines (edges). The visualisation, on the one hand, clarifies the complexity of the models in EUSES and, on the other hand, creates an overview and transparency. The parameters’ relations to each other can be recognised faster, and the models can be better understood. The complexity was quantified by the number (variety), kind (substance parameter, physico-chemical parameter, concentration, other parameters), and depth (dimension) of the parameter and the number of relations (connectivity). The variety of EUSES (without the modelsSimple Treat andSimple Box whose interior structure is not documented and without the effect and risk characterisation) amounts to 466, the connectivity to 961, and the maximal dimension is 21.