大气对流层臭氧浓度升高下AM真菌对小麦生长的影响

利用中国唯一的开放式空气组分增高(free-air component enrichment,FACE)稻麦轮作试验平台,研究大气对流层O3浓度升高条件下接种外源AM真菌对小麦生长及土壤微生物生物量的影响.结果发现,O3浓度升高处理小麦苗期AM真菌侵染率有升高趋势,而从孕穗期起逐渐显示出对小麦生长的不利影响,收获时植株地上部生物量、株产与千粒重均显著下降(p0.05),分别降低22%、29%和9%,土壤微生物生物量N也下降了37%,但籽粒全N含量从2.2%显著提高到2.6%(p0.05).O3浓度升高条件下接种外源AM菌剂对小麦根系AM真菌侵染具有促进作用,孕穗期AM真菌侵染率与植株地上部生物量均显著高于不接种对照(p0.05),收获时植株受灾程度降低了50%,土壤微生物生物量N也显著升高(p0.05),虽然小麦产量没有提高,但籽粒全N含量下降到与当前O3浓度处理没有显著差异的水平上.结果表明,O3胁迫下小麦通过提高苗期AM真菌侵染来增强其抗胁迫能力,接种外源AM真菌可以促进小麦营养生长,并可通过改善根系分泌物等来提高土壤微生物生物量.     

CO2和O3浓度倍增及复合效应对大豆生长和产量的影响

利用OTC-1型农田开顶式气室,模拟研究了大气中CO₂、O₃浓度倍增及其复合效应对大豆生长、根瘤和产量形成的影响.结果表明,CO₂浓度倍增促进根系生长,固氮能力增强,植株高度和基部粗度增加,对发育期、绿叶数和绿叶面积影响不大.O₃浓度倍增抑制大豆根系和茎的生长,固氮能力下降,叶片伤害使绿叶数和绿叶面积显著下降, 衰老提前.在CO₂和O₃的复合试验中,CO₂浓度增加明显缓解O₃浓度增加对大豆伤害和抑制作用,CO₂、O₃浓度持续倍增处理下大豆生长和固氮能力与CK的数量差异明显小于单一O₃浓度倍增与CK 的数量差异,逐渐增加CO₂、O₃浓度的刺激作用和剂量效应使大豆生长后期伤害加重,绿叶数、绿叶面积显著下降,而根系固氮能力有所提高.     

Large variability in ambient ozone sensitivity across 19 ethylenediurea-treated Chinese cultivars of soybean is driven by total ascorbate

The sensitivity of Chinese soybean cultivars to ambient ozone(O3) in the field is unknown,although soybean is a major staple food in China. Using ethylenediurea(EDU) as an O3 protectant, we tested the gas exchange, pigments, antioxidants and biomass of 19 cultivars exposed to 28 ppm·hr AOT40(accumulated O3 over an hourly concentration threshold of40 ppb) over the growing season at a field site in China. By comparing the average biomass with and without EDU, we estimated the cultivar-specific sensitivity to O3 and ranked the cultivars from very tolerant( 10% change) to highly sensitive( 45% change), which helps in choosing the best-suited cultivars for local cultivation. Higher lipid peroxidation and activity of the ascorbate peroxidase enzyme were major responses to O3 damage, which eventually translated into lower biomass production. The constitutional level of total ascorbate in the leaves was the most important parameter explaining O3 sensitivity among these cultivars. Surprisingly, the role of stomatal conductance was insignificant. These results will guide future breeding efforts towards more O3-tolerant cultivars in China, while strategies for implementing control measures of regional O3 pollution are being implemented. Overall, these results suggest that present ambient O3 pollution is a serious concern for soybean in China, which highlights the urgent need for policy-making actions to protect this critical staple food.     

Functional traits of poplar leaves and fine roots responses to ozone pollution under soil nitrogen addition

Concurrent ground-level ozone（O₃） pollution and anthropogenic nitrogen（N） deposition can markedly influence dynamics and productivity in forests.Most studies evaluating the functional traits responses of rapid-turnover organs to O₃ have specifically examined leaves,despite fine roots are another major source of soil carbon and nutrient input in forest ecosystems.How elevated O₃ levels impact fine root biomass and biochemistry remains to be resolved.This study was...     

土壤添加亚砷酸钠对大豆生长和植株氮、磷、钾含量的影响

利用土壤盆栽实验,研究了0、5、10、30、50、100mg·kg^-1的土壤加砷水平对大豆生长和氮、磷、钾养分含量的影响.结果表明,当土壤加砷水平达到50mg·kg^-1时,大豆出现中毒症状,叶片皱缩,叶色变暗,叶缘焦枯,植株矮化,成熟延迟.大豆株高随加砷水平的提高而降低,并呈极显著的负指数相关关系.土壤加砷达到10...     

大气O3浓度升高对2种基因型矮菜豆根际微生物的影响

在模拟的大气臭氧浓度升高环境中,用磷脂脂肪酸方法（PLFA）分析大气臭氧浓度升高和接种丛枝菌根（AM）真菌对臭氧敏感性不同的2种基因型矮菜豆（臭氧敏感性：S156;臭氧耐受性：R123）根际和菌丝际微生物量及群落结构的影响,旨在明确大气臭氧浓度变化对植物根际微生物的影响,为全面评价臭氧浓度升高对土壤-植物生态系统的影响...     

臭氧污染对水稻生长、产量及矿质金属元素含量的影响

地表臭氧(O_3)浓度升高造成的空气污染是日渐关注的重要环境问题,既直接危害人体健康,也影响农业生态系统,威胁农作物的生长发育和农产品品质,其中矿质金属元素含量由于同时涉及微量营养元素和有害重金属而尤为重要.本研究开展了O_3浓度升高处理(维持100 nL·L~(-1))的开顶箱(OTC)田间试验,通过2个水稻品种的作物生长监测和采样分析比较,探讨了O_3污染对水稻生长、产量及籽粒矿质金属元素含量的影响.结果表明,高浓度O_3抑制了南粳5055和扬稻6号两种水稻叶片的光合作用并降低了叶绿素含量和叶面积指数,进而导致稻谷产量下降,与自然空气对照相比分别减产45.5%和28.6%;但收获籽粒的糙米和颖壳中大部分矿质金属元素含量升高,与对照相比增幅分别达3.6%～19.8%和3.9%～36.0%,因而由此导致的微量元素缺乏或重金属污染等相关粮食品质安全影响需要综合评价.     

Aphid and episodic O3 injury in arugula plants (Eruca sativa Mill) grown in open-top field chambers

Aphid attacks and tropospheric ozone (O₃) cause stress and considerable damage in both wild and cultivated plants. Induced defense responses to aphid attacks and O₃ exposure share signaling pathways with common points. We investigated the plant–aphid interaction under O₃ exposure using open-top O₃ chambers. Ozone leaf injury was lower in aphid-infested plants than in aphid-free plants, although herbivore damage was not evident. Aphid population growth was strongly affected by previous exposure to O₃ but no direct effect of O₃ was observed. The possibility that during O₃ episodes, herbivores may reduce O₃ damage on host plants and that the offspring of the exposed aphids have lower population growth rates opens new and intriguing questions about potential effects of future increased tropospheric O₃ levels on plant–insect interactions.     

An economic assessment of the health effects and crop yield losses caused by air pollution in mainland China

Air pollution is severe in China, and pollutants such as PM_(2.5) and surface O_3 may cause major damage to human health and crops, respectively. Few studies have considered the health effects of PM_(2.5) or the loss of crop yields due to surface O_3 using model-simulated air pollution data in China. We used gridded outputs from the WRF-Chem model, high resolution population data, and crop yield data to evaluate the effects on human health and crop yield in mainland China. Our results showed that outdoor PM_(2.5) pollution was responsible for 1.70–1.99 million cases of all-cause mortality in 2006. The economic costs of these health effects were estimated to be 151.1–176.9 billion USD, of which 90% were attributed to mortality. The estimated crop yield losses for wheat, rice, maize, and soybean were approximately 9, 4.6, 0.44, and 0.34 million tons, respectively, resulting in economic losses of 3.4 billion USD. The total economic losses due to ambient air pollution were estimated to be 154.5–180.3 billion USD, accounting for approximately 5.7%–6.6% of the total GDP of China in 2006. Our results show that both population health and staple crop yields in China have been significantly affected by exposure to air pollution. Measures should be taken to reduce emissions, improve air quality, and mitigate the economic loss.     

Protecting the photosynthetic performance of snap bean under free air ozone exposure

Tropospheric ozone(O_3) is a major air pollutant and causes serious injury to vegetation. To protect sensitive plants from O_3 damage, several agrochemicals have been assessed,including cytokinin(e.g., kinetin, KIN) and ethylenediurea(EDU) with cytokinin-like activity.In higher plant, leaves are primarily injured by O_3 and protective agrochemicals are often applied by leaf spraying. To our knowledge, the mitigating abilities of EDU and KIN have not been compared directly in a realistic setup. In the present research, impacts of elevated O3(2 × ambient O_3, 24 hr per day, for 8 days) on an O_3 sensitive line(S156) of snap bean(Phaseolus vulgaris), which is often used for biomonitoring O_3 pollution, were studied in a free air controlled exposure system. The day before starting the O_3 exposure, plants were sprayed with a solution of EDU(300 ppm), KIN(1 mmol/L) or distilled water, to compare their protective abilities. The results demonstrated that 2 × ambient O_3 inhibited net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance, increased the minimal fluorescence yield of the dark-adapted state, decreased the maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, and led to visible injury. KIN and EDU alleviated the reduction of the photosynthetic performance, and visible injury under O_3 fumigation. The plants sprayed with EDU showed greater ability to mitigate the O_3 damage than those sprayed with KIN. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging may have detected more precisely the differences in O_3 response across the leaf than the conventional fluorometer.     

O3浓度升高对南方城市绿化树种氮素的影响

近地层臭氧(O3)浓度升高会降低树木的光合速率,抑制Rubisco酶的活性,势必会间接影响树木N素的吸收与分配.本研究利用开顶式气室研究过滤大气(CF,<20 nL·L-1)与O3浓度升高(E-O3,约150 nL·L-1)对10种南方城市常用绿化树种幼苗N素吸收和分配的影响.结果表明,与CF相比,E-O3使枫香叶生物量和马褂木茎生物量分别显著降低了20.9%和21.4%,使枫香和马褂木的根生物量显著降低了24.2%和32.5%.O3对被测树种茎中N素含量影响显著,而对叶和根中N素含量无显著影响.O3对被测树种整株树N素吸收总量(Ntu)、叶片N素吸收量及根的N素吸收量存在显著影响,而对茎N素吸收量无显著影响.与CF相比,E-O3使马褂木与木荷的Ntu分别显著降低了28.4%与22.7%,而使舟山新木姜子Ntu显著增加了15.5%.O3浓度升高对各树种N素吸收量在各器官中的分配无显著影响.     

SO2暴露方式与油松生长的关系

苗龄为87d的油松(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.)于2002-07-01～08-29在3个处理组进行SO₂暴露实验60昼夜,处理1和处理2在24h中SO₂浓度分别为0.1 mg·m^-3和0.2 mg·m^-3,处理3每日6h SO₂浓度为0.5 mg·m^-3,18h SO2浓度为0.1mg·m^-3.经SO₂暴露后,处理1油松针叶气孔保卫细胞、针叶颜色未见异常;叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率、单株干重、相对生长速率与对照组无显著差异;但针叶含硫量比对照增加17%,从针叶渗出的钾离子量比对照增加22%.处理2油松气孔保卫细胞、针叶颜色未见异常;叶绿素含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率与对照组无显著差异;类胡萝卜素含量下降5%,针叶含硫量增加92%,从针叶渗出的钾离子量比对照增加67%,单株干重下降4.5%,相对生长速率下降0.6mg·(g·d)^-1.处理3油松气孔保卫细胞、针叶颜色发现异常;叶绿素含量与对照组相似,但类胡萝卜素含量下降21%,含硫量增加104%,从针叶渗出的钾离子量比对照增加89%,光合速率下降5%,蒸腾速率增加8%,单株干重下降7.6%,相对生长速率下降1.3mg·(g·d)^-1.     

酸雨和SO2对蔬菜生长和产量的影响

应用开顶式熏气装置,以油菜和白菜为材料,分别将其暴露于模拟酸雨(pH2.8—5.6)和模拟酸雨与0.1ppmSO_2环境中,测定单独污染与复合污染对蔬菜生长反应和产量的影响。结果表明,酸雨(pH2.8)和酸雨(pH4.6)与0.1ppmSO_2复合处理均对LAR有明显抑制,LAR最多可减少37.5%。模拟酸雨(pH2.8,3.6)使蔬菜减产1.4—8.7%,而模拟酸雨与SO_2复合污染可使蔬菜产量减少7.9—28.9%(P<0.05)。     

大气O3浓度升高对2种基因型矮菜豆丛枝菌根(AM)结构及球囊霉素蛋白产生的影响

以臭氧敏感性不同的2种基因型(O3敏感型:S156;O3耐受型:R123)矮菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)为宿主植物,在模拟的大气臭氧浓度升高环境中研究臭氧胁迫对2种基因型植物的AM结构和球囊霉素蛋白产生的影响,旨在了解大气臭氧浓度升高对AM真菌生长和AM结构形成的影响.结果表明,与自然大气臭氧水平(20 nL.L-1)相比,臭氧浓度升高(70nL.L-1)显著降低了S156和R123植物的菌根侵染率,特别是S156植物,下降了43.6%.臭氧浓度升高明显影响了2种基因型植物的AM结构组成,表现在根室和菌丝室外生菌丝量、单位根长丛枝数的大幅下降,以及根室和菌丝室孢子数的显著增加,特别是S156植物变化更为明显;但2种基因型植物的单位根长泡囊数随臭氧浓度变化不显著.臭氧浓度升高对2种基因型植物的菌根际和菌丝际总球囊霉素蛋白量影响不显著,但导致菌根际和菌丝际的易提取球囊霉素蛋白量大幅增加;不过2种基因型植物间差异不显著.本研究表明,大气臭氧浓度升高显著影响植物菌根侵染率、AM结构形成和易提取球囊霉素蛋白的产生,特别是对臭氧敏感型植物影响更大.     

A gas exchange system to study the effects of leaf surface wetness on the deposition of ozone

A leaf chamber system has been developed for measuring the uptake of ozone (O₃) by whole plant leaves artificially wetted with dew or raindrops. Tests showed negligible amounts of O₃ being lost on internal walls of the chamber, and good heat and mass transfer characteristics without the use of internal mixing fans. The system enables easy and accurate determination of pollutant uptake by wet and dry foliage.Measurements of O₃ fluxes to individual leaves indicate that leaf surface wetness, either in the form of a dew layer or raindrops, on the adaxial surface of hypostomatous red maple leaves, enhances the deposition of O₃. The increased O₃ deposition is ascribed mainly to the presence of compounds in aqueous form that readily scavenge O₃, with a lesser additional contribution from decreased stomatal resistance to O₃ diffusion.     

臭氧污染对不同品种小麦养分吸收与分配的影响

近地层臭氧(O3)污染会危害植物生长,势必间接影响氮素吸收利用.本研究利用开放式臭氧污染(Free-air O3 concentration enrichment,O3FACE)研究平台,研究了大气O3浓度增加(比周围大气高50％)对长江三角洲地区5个冬小麦(Tritcium aestivum L.)主栽品种(扬麦15、扬麦16、烟农19、扬幅麦2号和嘉兴002)的物质积累、氮素吸收与分配的影响.结果显示,O3浓度升高对秸秆和籽粒的影响远大于根系.烟农19、嘉兴002和扬麦16的产量因O3浓度升高而减少,而扬麦15和扬幅麦2号产量则变化不大.扬幅麦2号与嘉兴002的秸秆干物重因O3浓度升高而显著增加,扬麦15与烟农19分别呈增大与降低趋势,而扬麦16则无变化表明O3污染对小麦干物质积累与分配的影响存在品种差异.O3浓度升高影响氮素在小麦根、秸秆和籽粒中的含量与分配趋势,但影响程度因品种而异.O3浓度升高导致扬幅麦2号的总吸氮量显著增加30.6％及烟农19的总吸氮量呈增加趋势,并使嘉兴002的总吸氮量显著降低34.8％及扬麦16总吸氮量呈降低趋势,但扬麦15的总吸氮量则不受影响.除扬麦15外,O3浓度升高具有减少籽粒氮占总氮比例的趋势,表明小麦响应O3污染对氮素吸收与分配调整机制存在品种差异.扬麦16、烟农19和嘉兴002的氮肥偏生产力因O3浓度升高而显著降低,而扬麦15和扬幅麦2号则无明显变化.扬麦16和嘉兴002的氮肥利用率因O3浓度升高显著降低,而扬幅麦2号呈增加趋势,扬麦15、烟农19呈降低趋势.综合来看,小麦扬麦15抗O3污染能力强于其它品种,而嘉兴002则最易遭受臭氧污染危害.评价O3污染对小麦干物质与产量的形成与分配、氮素在植物-土壤系统周转的影响应综合考虑品种差异.     

Structure and function of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil microbial community respond differently to elevated ozone in field-planted wheat

To assess the responses of the soil microbial community to chronic ozone(O_3), wheat seedlings(Triticum aestivum Linn.) were planted in the field and exposed to elevated O_3(e O_3)concentration. Three treatments were employed:(1) Control treatment(CK), AOT40 = 0;(2) O_3-1, AOT40 = 1.59 ppm·h;(3) O_3-2, AOT40 = 9.17 ppm·h. Soil samples were collected for the assessment of microbial biomass C, community-level physiological profiles(CLPPs), and phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs). EO_3 concentration significantly reduced soil microbial carbon and changed microbial CLPPs in rhizosphere soil, but not in non-rhizosphere soil.The results of the PLFAs showed that e O_3 concentrations had significant effects on soil community structure in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils. The relative abundances of fungal and actinomycetous indicator PLFAs decreased in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, while those of bacterial PLFAs increased. Thus the results proved that e O_3 concentration significantly changed the soil microbial community function and composition, which would influence the soil nutrient supply and carbon dynamics under O_3 exposure.     

氚水在大豆土壤系统中的迁移与分布

采用模拟污染物的同位素示踪技术研究氚水在大豆-土壤模拟生态系统中的迁移、分布规律.通过为期50d的模拟试验,测定了植物和土壤样品中2种形态氚(自由水氚和结合态氚)的比活度.结果表明:引入土壤中的氚水,不仅在系统各分室间转移和分配,而且迅速向系统外散逸;氚水中的氚以自由水氚和结合态氚形态存在于大豆植株和土壤中;大豆植株中的自由水氚比活度于6h时即达最大值(根19.4Bq·g^-1;茎叶12.3Bq·g^-1),随后便逐渐下降,而结合态氚呈缓慢增加;大豆根中的总氚比活度开始时高于茎叶中的比活度,而后趋于平衡,表层土中2种形态氚基本呈逐渐下降.运用示踪动力学分室模型原理对实验数据拟合得:土壤中的比活度C_s=88.37e^-11.847t+7.38e^-0030t;大豆植株中的比活度C_b=10.30(e^-0.030t-e^-11.847t).     

Photosynthesis and biochemical responses to elevated O3 in Plantago major and Sonchus oleraceus growing in a lowland habitat of northern China

A field experiment was carried out to compare the responses to ozone(O_3) in two common herbaceous plant species, Plantago major L. and Sonchus oleraceus L., by building open-top growth chambers in situ to simulate O_3stress(+ O_3, 85 ± 5 ppb, 9 hr/day for 30 days) in a lowland habitat in Inner Mongolia, Northern China. Responses to O_3 of gas exchange,chlorophyll a fluorescence, leaf pigment content, antioxidant capability, soluble protein content, membrane lipid peroxidation and dark respiration(R_d) were analyzed. Results showed that elevated O_3 exposure significantly reduced the light-saturated net photosynthesis(P_(Nsat)), stomatal conductance(g_s) and transpiration rate(E) in both species. Although non-significant interactive effect between species and O_3 on P_(Nsat) was analyzed, the reduction in P_(Nsat) in S. oleraceus might be due primarily to the higher fraction of close PSII reaction centers and impaired activities of plant mesophyll cells as evidences by decreased maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry after dark adapted state(F_v/F_m) and unchanged intercellular CO_2concentration(C_i). Besides, biochemical analysis showed that S. oleraceus had lower antioxidant ability compared to P. major. As a result, S. oleraceus was damaged to the larger extent in terms of lipid peroxidation and visible O_3 injury, indicating that S. oleraceus was more sensitive to O_3 than P. major. Our results indicated that wild herbaceous plant species growing in a lowland habitat in sandy grassland were sensitive to O_3 stress and S. oleraceus can be considered as one of the bio-indicators for high O_3 concentration in semi-arid grassland of northern China.     

Structure and function of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil microbial community respond differently to elevated ozone in field-planted wheat

To assess the responses of the soil microbial community to chronic ozone (O₃), wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum Linn.) were planted in the field and exposed to elevated O₃ (eO₃) concentration. Three treatments were employed: (1) Control treatment (CK), AOT40 = 0; (2) O₃-1, AOT40 = 1.59 ppm•h; (3) O₃-2, AOT40 = 9.17 ppm•h. Soil samples were collected for the assessment of microbial biomass C, community-level physiological profiles (CLPPs), and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs). EO₃ concentration significantly reduced soil microbial carbon and changed microbial CLPPs in rhizosphere soil, but not in non-rhizosphere soil. The results of the PLFAs showed that eO₃ concentrations had significant effects on soil community structure in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils. The relative abundances of fungal and actinomycetous indicator PLFAs decreased in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, while those of bacterial PLFAs increased. Thus the results proved that eO₃ concentration significantly changed the soil microbial community function and composition, which would influence the soil nutrient supply and carbon dynamics under O₃ exposure.