废弃火炸药的处理与再利用研究

废弃火炸药是特殊的危险品,必须妥善处理。传统的废弃火炸药处理方法和处理过程不仅对环境产生严重的污染,而且没有物尽其用。国内外对于废弃火炸药的处理方法进行了大量的研究,主要有废弃发射药的非含能化处理、转化为一般能源及资源化再利用3类。综述了废弃火炸药处理方法,指出了废弃火炸药的资源化再利用将是未来发展的趋势。     

Homology and phylogeny and their automated inference

The analysis of the ever-increasing amount of biological and biomedical data can be pushed forward by comparing the data within and among species. For example, an integrative analysis of data from the genome sequencing projects for various species traces the evolution of the genomes and identifies conserved and innovative parts. Here, I review the foundations and advantages of this "historical" approach and evaluate recent attempts at automating such analyses. Biological data is comparable if a common origin exists (homology), as is the case for members of a gene family originating via duplication of an ancestral gene. If the family has relatives in other species, we can assume that the ancestral gene was present in the ancestral species from which all the other species evolved. In particular, describing the relationships among the duplicated biological sequences found in the various species is often possible by a phylogeny, which is more informative than homology statements. Detecting and elaborating on common origins may answer how certain biological sequences developed, and predict what sequences are in a particular species and what their function is. Such knowledge transfer from sequences in one species to the homologous sequences of the other is based on the principle of 'my closest relative looks and behaves like I do', often referred to as 'guilt by association'. To enable knowledge transfer on a large scale, several automated 'phylogenomics pipelines' have been developed in recent years, and seven of these will be described and compared. Overall, the examples in this review demonstrate that homology and phylogeny analyses, done on a large (and automated) scale, can give insights into function in biology and biomedicine.     

森林与径流关系——一致性和复杂性

@论文综述国外近一个世纪以来在配对集水区研究方面所取得的结论,从水的自然属性出发,从森林变化对径流(年径流量、洪峰与枯水径流)的影响,径流响应的干扰临界值及水文恢复各方面探讨森林变化与径流关系的一致性与复杂性。森林变化与径流关系的一致性主要表现在由较长时间尺度表达的年径流量上。绝大多数的配对集水区的试验研究表明,采伐森林就会增加年径流量,而在荒地上造林就会减少年径流量。而由较短时间尺度表达的洪峰径流与枯水流量则呈现较大的复杂性和难预估性。综述表明,对径流特别是洪峰与枯水径流的定义及分析方法的不同也是造成森林与径流关系复杂性的重要原因。森林与径流关系的复杂性要求人们在研究及应用其关系时就必须有系统观,必须考虑植被、径流与其它过程(土壤变化、气候变化等)的相互作用。论文还认为尽管配对集水区试验作为一种研究方法为研究者提供了许多可靠的结论,但由于许多研究者只把集水区看作是“黑箱”Q从而对认识森林与径流关系的复杂性有一定的局限性。未来的研究应把配对集水区的试验与其它对过程的研究技术(同位素、GIS等技术)结合起来。     

生物沸石对吡啶、喹啉的降解与吸附作用

探讨了通过生物沸石的降解及吸附作用,解决吡啶、喹啉及转化产物NH 4+-N的污染问题.结果表明,生物沸石中的吡啶降解菌Shinella zoogloeoides BC026及喹啉降解菌Pseudomonas sp.BW003能有效去除吡啶、喹啉,同时转化后的NH 4+-N也能被天然沸石或改性沸石所吸附.尽管改性沸石吸附能力不如天然沸石,但其表面能更有效附着微生物,在实际工程应用上更具前景.     

冲突分析理论方法及其在环境管理中的实例研究

对冲突分析的基本概念和原理做了简要介绍,以环境规划管理的的业务为背景,指出冲突问题的广泛存在和研究冲突分析的必要性,并就＂污染集中治理的投资分摊问题＂进行深入地探讨,提出了5种协商解,通过分析比较,推荐＂不次于N－1方合作收益的协商解＂作为一般问题的解,对于同情弱势方的仲裁者,则推荐＂以不合作为现状点的基于满意度的协商解＂。     

国内外产排污系数开发现状及其启示

通过对国外产排污系数开发应用现状的系统分析,重点研究了美国产排污系数的基本特征、开发方法和途径以及遇到的障碍,结合我国产排污系数的开发现状和存在的问题,得出了对我国该领域研究的启示:建立产排污系数开发和管理的官方常设机构,定期发布最新数据;构建国家产排污系数信息管理平台;细化行业污染源分类,完善污染物种类;深入对产排污系数开发的理论体系和技术方法的研究,建立产排污系数核算方法学.指出了产排污系数不确定性评估研究将是未来重要的研究内容.      

林丹在作物和土壤中的残留及其消解

通过不同施药方法,探讨了林丹在小麦、玉米中的残留水平。结果表明,林丹在作物中的残留量随施药量的增加而递增。采用喷雾,4(a.i.)g/亩,林丹在小麦中的残留为0.0073ppm;土壤处理,100(a.i.)g/亩,林丹在小麦中的残留为0.0134ppm;撒颗粒剂,0.015(a.i.)g/株,林丹在玉米中的残留为0.0600ppm.林丹在土壤中消解很快,当土壤处理[200(a.i.)g/亩],林丹在土壤中的半衰期为23.7～25.2d,消解99％需160d左右。作者认为,在我国部分害虫防治中起用林丹不可能对生态环境构成威胁。      

高校能源消耗建模研究与应用

针对高校能源消耗建模研究与应用问题,文中介绍了高校能耗日益增长现状,给出了高校能耗模型构建,为节约能源必须做好精准能耗预测.建立了灰色径向基函数神经网络高校能耗预测模型,并采用基于排序等分法赌盘规则选择算子的遗传算法对该模型进行全局优化,进一步用实例对比分析评估了模型的有效性.实践表明,优化后的模型能有效预测能耗,与传统单一的建模方式相比,有更好的拟合性、稳定性、预测精度和更快的收敛速度,为节能评估和设计提供了决策依据.     

Time and timing: The astronomical and historical development

The mechanical clock controlled by a mechanical motion that continually repeats itself was invented in the 14th century. It soon led to a craze for great astronomical clocks simulating the motions of the heavenly bodies. These clocks gave rise to the idea that the universe is a clock-like machine. The invention of the much more accurate pendulum clock in the 17th century led to time becoming a fundamental concept in science. As a result, in the 18th and 19th centuries, the mechanical concept of the universe was gradually replaced by the evolutionary concept. Still greater accuracy achieved in the 20th century has led to time standards becoming basic for spatial as well as for temporal measurement.     

黄渤海氮磷营养盐的分布、收支与生态环境效应

基于在黄渤海的综合调查结果,分析了水体和沉积物间隙水中溶解无机氮（DIN）和溶解无机磷（DIP）的分布;结合历史数据构建了黄渤海DIN和DIP的收支模型,并分析了陆源输入变化对研究区域生态环境的影响.结果表明,黄渤海DIN和DIP的含量受季节、河流输入和沉积物界面扩散作用的影响,具有秋季高于春季和近岸高于离岸的时空分布特征.收支模型计算结果表明,底界面扩散是黄渤海水体DIN的主要来源,其次是大气、周边河流、地下水和东海的输入;黄渤海水体DIN的支出主要是通过沉积埋藏和反硝化.黄渤海水体DIP的来源主要是磷酸盐吸附解吸,占91%,底界面扩散和大气输入为其次,河流和地下水的输入贡献较小.DIP的支出主要是通过沉积埋藏和向东海的输出.黄渤海每年有11Gmol的氮在水体积累,并导致其浓度提高约0.6μmol/（L·a）.近些年来陆地向黄渤海输入氮的持续增加,加剧了氮营养盐的积累,导致非硅藻类浮游植物比例以及赤潮发生频率和面积显著增加,同时还提高了水体初级生产力和海洋磷的埋藏量以及加剧了磷限制的趋势,并可能威胁生态系统的稳定.     

全球及区域尺度土地覆盖土地利用遥感研究的现状和展望

９０年代以来,利用遥感进行大面积土地覆盖土地利用的研究取得了一系列重要进展。已建立的全球及区域土地覆盖土地利用数据库正在得到广泛的应用,取得明显的社会效益和经济效益。土地覆盖土地利用及其变化的研究成果也被应用于有关全球环境变化国际公约的执行监督。利用遥感进行大面积土地详查已经逐步摆脱单一制图的传统概念,正在向建立以应用为目的且便于用户使用的综合信息数据库的方向迈进。此外,如何对大面积土地覆盖数据库进行精度评价已引起广泛重视,出现了一些新的理论和研究方法。进入２１世纪,全球和区域土地覆盖土地利用的遥感研究将进一步深化     

隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫的危害及其控制技术

病原微生物对水体的污染以及在饮用水中的存在是一个重要的公共卫生问题.微小隐孢子虫和蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫(简称两虫)被认为是世界上最主要的导致人体腹泻的水源性原生动物寄生虫,隐孢子虫卵囊和贾第鞭毛虫孢囊具有个体微小,致病量低、抵抗环境选择性压力强、易于造成两虫病暴发流行等特点,对公共健康及公共安全具有潜在的风险.饮用水处理中,...     

Emissions and Atmospheric CO2 Stabilization: Long-Term Limits and Paths

The objective of stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations is often envisioned as a monotonic approach to higher constant concentrations. For CO₂ to approach a constant concentration over a finite time, CO₂ emissions must peak and then gradually approach zero over 1,000+ years, regardless of the concentration level. While this intellectual architecture has proved useful, we suggest consideration of a broader range of scenarios, including ones in which net emissions decline to zero over a finite period of time resulting in a maximum CO₂ concentration followed by a long-term decline to a lower level. Carbon cycle model results illustrate these scenarios.     

环境风险全过程评估与管理模式研究及应用

基于环境风险“全过程管理”与“优先管理”的理念,提出了环境风险全过程评估与管理的概念框架和理论体系,涵盖了风险源识别、受体易损性评估、环境风险表征、风险应急控制决策以及风险事故损失后评估等关键步骤.并以某化工园区企业为例,以硝基苯储罐塌陷为初始事件,采用蝴蝶结方法进行风险源识别,得到硝基苯储罐泄漏事件蝴蝶结,通过GIS空间分析方法揭示居民对地表水水源污染易损性的空间分异,分析结果不仅为事故安全防范与应急控制提供关键节点,而且有助于在日常风险管理中增强受体抗风险能力.     

Occupational health and safety and environmental management systems

Integration of occupational health and safety matters into environmental management systems can bring many benefits to industrial companies. They can avoid duplicated measures and find optimal solutions, because the principles of prevention are similar in environmental protection and safety management. However, the methods currently used in environmental management and engineering such as life-cycle assessments, best available technology reports, and the models of industrial production can hinder this integration, because they take into account occupational risks only to a limited extent. People can also consider occupational safety risks more easily than environmental risks as a natural part of their work. This can lead to the situation where occupational risks are underestimated.     

Conceptualizing and operationalizing human wellbeing for ecosystem assessment and management

There is growing interest in assessing the effects of changing environmental conditions and management actions on human wellbeing. A challenge is to translate social science expertise regarding these relationships into terms usable by environmental scientists, policymakers, and managers. Here, we present a comprehensive, structured, and transparent conceptual framework of human wellbeing designed to guide the development of indicators and a complementary social science research agenda for ecosystem-based management. Our framework grew out of an effort to develop social indicators for an integrated ecosystem assessment (IEA) of the California Current large marine ecosystem. Drawing from scholarship in international development, anthropology, geography, and political science, we define human wellbeing as a state of being with others and the environment, which arises when human needs are met, when individuals and communities can act meaningfully to pursue their goals, and when individuals and communities enjoy a satisfactory quality of life. We propose four major social science-based constituents of wellbeing: connections, capabilities, conditions, and cross-cutting domains. The latter includes the domains of equity and justice, security, resilience, and sustainability, which may be assessed through cross-cutting analyses of other constituents. We outline a process for identifying policy-relevant attributes of wellbeing that can guide ecosystem assessments. To operationalize the framework, we provide a detailed table of attributes and a large database of available indicators, which may be used to develop measures suited to a variety of management needs and social goals. Finally, we discuss four guidelines for operationalizing human wellbeing measures in ecosystem assessments, including considerations for context, feasibility, indicators and research, and social difference. Developed for the U.S. west coast, the framework may be adapted for other regions, management needs, and scales with appropriate modifications.     

反食物损失和浪费：日本经验与镜鉴

中国食物浪费问题严重,对粮食安全及资源环境构成重大挑战。新出台的《中华人民共和国反食品浪费法》开启了食物系统节流战略的顶层设计,而具体可操作的落地机制亟待探寻。研究通过政策归纳总结、趋势统计、对比分析等方法,参考日本官方网站发布的第一手资料,从法律演进、政策目标、机构职能、监测体系、国民行动等方面梳理了日本减少食物浪费的做法。研究指出：日本通过扩大生产者责任、制定食物系统节流目标、构建食物损失监测和核算体系、开展多部门协作,形成了较为完善的反食物浪费政策保障体系。基于日本经验的启示,凝练出中国未来反食物损失和浪费的政策路径与对策：食物安全理念应由增产导向转为开源、节流双向发力;增强法律的针对性和约束性;开展跨部门协作机制,全环节减少粮食浪费;构建食物损失和浪费监测核算体系,分行业分对象设计节流目标。     

铅镉胁迫下接种根际细菌和真菌对圆叶无心菜生长和铅镉累积的影响

铅镉胁迫条件下,采用盆栽试验．研究接种云南会泽铅锌矿区Cd超累积植物-圆叶无心菜的根际细菌和真菌,对圆叶无心菜的生长和铅镉累积的影响,结果表明：2株根际真菌（YQ2F-5和YG2F-6）显著增加盆栽圆叶无心菜地上部分的生长,1株根际真菌（YQ2F-5）显著增加盆栽圆叶无心菜的生物量。根际细菌对盆栽圆叶无心莱的生长和生物量没有影响。接种根际细菌和真菌对盆栽圆叶无心菜Pb和Cd的吸收累积没有影响。     

Dysplastic and polycystic kidneys: diagnosis,associations and management

Cystic and bright kidneys can pose a significant diagnostic dilemma when discovered as an incidental finding at the time of a routine fetal ultrasound scan. There are diverse aetiologies with equally variable implications for the prognosis in the affected fetus, and for future pregnancies. Accurate antenatal diagnosis in the absence of any positive family history is often not possible and a team approach to management (to include the fetal medicine specialist, paediatric nephrologist or urologist, geneticists and in some cases, pathologist) is essential. In this review we will attempt to describe the embryology and aetiology of these conditions and suggest an approach to management. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

“挡风抑尘墙”技术研究及其应用

内蒙古天晧水泥有限公司将＂挡风抑尘墙＂技术成功应用在石灰石预均化堆场和煤场,对消减石灰石预均化堆场和煤场风力,抑制石灰石预均化堆场和煤场扬尘起到了很好的作用,解决了大型堆场扬尘治理的一个技术难题。现就＂挡风抑尘墙＂的工作机理、结构特点及其抑尘效果等进行分析介绍,以促进该技术的推广和应用。