新型铁路救援台车研发成功

过去，内燃、电力机车在运行中因轴承烧损、电机轴承固死等故障导致某个轮对无法转动时，需要另外派救援列车前去救援，不仅耗时四五个小时，而且还会严重影响正常的铁路运输秩序。     

运用简易诊断技术判断锅炉风机故障

结合典型实例介绍了诊断锅炉风机等转动机械故障的基本分析方法和处理方法，对专业人员正确判断及处理故障具有一定指导意义。     

用系统方法判断电气异常故障

在企业生产过程当中，电气自动化设备的稳定运行至关重要，故障停机将影响工艺系统产、质量的平衡，但在电气故障当中，有些并非属于电气设备故障，而是因为生产系统中其它原因造成的电气保护，而故障通过电气设备反映出来，这样的故障有时很难快速判断出故障部位，处理这类故障时，     

洛电实行设备清洁工作票制

4月19日,淮南洛河发电厂安全生产管理的新举措——设备清洁工作票制度正式出台并付诸实施,因进行现场清洁造成的人身安全或设备安全事故将得到有效遏制。长期以来,由于安全防范控制措施不够严密,在进行生产现场清洁时触及设备转动部位造成人身伤害、误动误碰导致设备故障或失常等安全事故,在各类企业时有发生。为有效杜绝此类现象,该制度规定,除检修工作票能够覆盖或者必须办理其他工作票的区域或地点,凡在生产设备及其系统外表、运行转动设备或备用转动设备外壳上进行清洁工作,均需办理设备清洁工作票,并必须在开工前30分钟送交运行值班人…     

锅炉爆炸事故预防

锅炉通常都是在高温和受压的状态下运行。锅炉故障主要是由于操作不当或长期使用，维修保养不良造成的；锅炉在运行中，因锅炉受压部件、安全附件、辅机设备发生故障或损坏，以及工作人员操作失误或违反操作规程，使锅炉受到损伤被迫降低参数运行而引起系统出现设备故障称锅炉事故。加强锅炉设计、制造、监督、检验及运行中的管理和定期检查检修，对锅炉安全运行十分重要。[第一段]     

浅谈机床电气设备的维护与保养

各种机床的电气设备在运行过程中会产生各种各样的故障。引起机床电气设备故障的原因，除一部分是由于机床电器元件的自然老化引起的外，有相当一部分是因为忽视了对机床电气设备的日常维护和保养，以致使小毛病发展成大事故，还有些故障则是由于电气维修人员在处理电气故障时的操作方法不当，或因误判断、误测量而扩大了事故范围所造成。     

造成电除尘器运行故障的安装原因分析

电除尘器运行正常与否,除与设计、制造质量及维护保养有关外,还与安装质量密切相关。由于安装缺陷,致使设备无法投入正常运行的现象屡见不鲜.本文试对导致电除尘器发生运行故障的安装原因及故障处理进行分析和探讨。     

叉车蓄电池的极桩接头联接应可靠

叉车上蓄电池的极桩接头常因路途颠簸或自身氧化腐蚀而松动．使极桩处的电阻值变得很大，当起动机工作时就会产生很大的压降，引起起动机转动无力，接头发烫，这个故障已成常识。但在行驶操作中．接头的轻微松动（手摸时不一定感觉到发烫）．还会引起另外的一些电气故障，就不为众人所知晓，因为这些故障的症状与其它一些常见的电气故障很相似，具有一定的隐蔽性。这些故障的现象一是半导体闪光器突然失效、灯泡闪断、仪表电路板原件损坏：二是汽油发动机的断电器触点容易烧蚀，引起发动机点火系工作不良，转速不稳。造成这些电气故障的原因分析如下：     

一起锅炉正压燃烧故障的原因分析及整改措施

介绍1台SXL4-2．5-AⅡ锅炉正压燃烧的故障处理情况。通过锅炉正压燃烧的原因分析，提出了正确的整改措施，使锅炉恢复了正常运行。     

基于模糊Petri网的有载分接开关故障诊断方法研究*

为解决分接开关故障诊断以主观经验、缺乏系统化流程以及诊断结果与分接开关实际发生故障存在偏差等问题,依据当前分接开关主要故障分类,提出基于模糊Petri网的有载分接开关故障诊断模型,并结合分接开关典型故障案例,验证模型有效性。研究结果表明:基于模糊Petri网的分接开关故障诊断模型能够有效处理故障概率中不确定性因素,具有容错性好、运行效率高等优势,研究结果可为提高分接开关故障诊断的准确性、保障电力系统安全稳定运行提供参考。     

Priority analysis for risk factors of equipment in a hydraulic turbine generator unit

Ensuring the safe operation of hydropower stations is one of the key challenges for electric generation. Clearly the safe operation of such systems can only be archived with proper and effective maintenance scheduling. The objective of this study is to analyze, rank and prioritize the risk factors responsible for equipment failures of a hydraulic turbine generator unit (HTGU) based on operating data and expert elicitation. Here a simple qualitative risk evaluation model is proposed able to consider seven typical failures in HTGU. The proposed tool is applied for the risk prioritization of equipment failures, e.g. shaft torsion, misalignment, rotating fault, axis bend, runner fault, water guide, and wicket gate of a hydropower station in China. The obtained results have been compared against the actual statistics of equipment failures of a hydropower station in China, considered showing good agreement. All of these results provide theoretical guidance for digitalization realization of equipment failures.     

Equipment failures and their contribution to industrial incidents and accidents in the manufacturing industry

Accidental events in manufacturing industries can be caused by many factors, including work methods, lack of training, equipment design, maintenance and reliability. This study is aimed at determining the contribution of failures of commonly used industrial equipment, such as machines, tools and material handling equipment, to the chain of causality of industrial accidents and incidents. Based on a case study which aimed at the analysis of an existing pulp and paper company's accident database, this paper examines the number, type and gravity of the failures involved in these events and their causes. Results from this study show that equipment failures had a major effect on the number and severity of accidents accounted for in the database: 272 out of 773 accidental events were related to equipment failure, where 13 of them had direct human consequences. Failures that contributed directly or indirectly to these events are analyzed.     

Study and application of Reliability-centered Maintenance considering Radical Maintenance

Radical Maintenance (RM) takes the root causes of failures as executive objects to make maintenance decisions. A Root Cause Analysis (RCA) is carried out on the function failure of equipment to perform RM and to create a maintenance plan using the combined methods of Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA), and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA). Evaluation criteria and matrixes of criticality are used to evaluate the criticality level of failure modes. Moreover, Minimum Cut Sets (MCS) and importance calculation are applied to analyze the fault tree quantitatively. Based on our research, the concept and the analysis process of Reliability-centered Maintenance (RCM) considering RM are proposed and then applied to an actual engineering project in the petrochemical industry. The results of the application are presented through a maintenance strategy based on the project analysis by establishing the evaluation criteria and matrixes of criticality for petrochemical rotating machines and a fault tree of compressor vibrations. The direct causes of the induction of vibration faults in rotating machinery are classified according to the fault mechanism and frequency domain features in this paper. The research shows that using RM in the traditional RCM can help assign maintenance resources rationally and improve the quality of maintenance strategies.     

转锥式生物质热解装置中热载体加热方案选择与设计

根据转锥式生物质热解装置中对加热设备的要求,先后分别选择和设计了三种不同的加热方案,在实际应用中逐步了解每套加热设备的优缺点,为加热设备的改进和该项技术的应用推广奠定坚实的基础.     

Analysis of underlying causes of investigated loss of containment incidents in Dutch Seveso plants using the Storybuilder method

In the Netherlands there are around 400 “Seveso” sites that fall under the Dutch Major Hazards Decree (BRZO) 1999. Between 2006 and 2010 the Dutch Labour Inspectorate's Directorate for Major Hazard Control completed investigations of 118 loss of containment incidents involving hazardous substances from this group. On the basis of investigation reports the incidents were entered in a tailor-made tool called Storybuilder developed for the Dutch Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment for identifying the dominant patterns of technical safety barrier failures, barrier task failures and underlying management causes associated with the resulting loss of control events. The model is a bow-tie structure with six lines of defence, three on either side of the central loss of containment event. In the first line of defence, failures in the safety barriers leading to loss of control events were primarily equipment condition failures, pre start-up and safeguarding failures and process deviations such as pressure and flow failures. These deviations, which should have been recovered while still within the safe envelope of operation, were missed primarily because of inadequate indication signals that the deviations have occurred. Through failures of subsequent lines of defence they are developing into serious incidents. Overall, task failures are principally failures to provide adequate technical safety barriers and failures to operate provided barriers appropriately. Underlying management delivery failures were mainly found in equipment specifications and provisions, procedures and competence. The competence delivery system is especially important for identifying equipment condition, equipment isolation for maintenance, pre-start-up status and process deviations. Human errors associated with operating barriers were identified in fifty per cent of cases, were mostly mistakes and feature primarily in failure to prevent deviations and subsequently recover them. Loss of control associated with loss of containment was primarily due to the containment being bypassed (72% of incidents) and less to material strength failures (28%). Transfer pipework, connections in process plant and relief valves are the most frequent release points and the dominant release material is extremely flammable. It is concluded that the analysis of a large number of incidents in Storybuilder can support the quantification of underlying causes and provide evidence of where the weak points exist in major hazard control in the prevention of major accidents.     

Development of a risk-based maintenance (RBM) strategy for a power-generating plant

The unexpected failures, the down time associated with such failures, the loss of production and, the higher maintenance costs are major problems in any process plant. Risk-based maintenance (RBM) approach helps in designing an alternative strategy to minimize the risk resulting from breakdowns or failures. Adapting a risk-based maintenance strategy is essential in developing cost-effective maintenance policies.The RBM methodology is comprised of four modules: identification of the scope, risk assessment, risk evaluation, and maintenance planning. Using this methodology, one is able to estimate risk caused by the unexpected failure as a function of the probability and the consequence of failure. Critical equipment can be identified based on the level of risk and a pre-selected acceptable level of risk. Maintenance of equipment is prioritized based on the risk, which helps in reducing the overall risk of the plant.The case study of a power-generating unit in the Holyrood thermal power generation plant is used to illustrate the methodology. Results indicate that the methodology is successful in identifying the critical equipment and in reducing the risk of resulting from the failure of the equipment. Risk reduction is achieved through the adoption of a maintenance plan which not only increases the reliability of the equipment but also reduces the cost of maintenance including the cost of failure.     

成套装置动态风险管理专家系统

传统的设备管理模式造成设备非计划停机次数较多、故障频繁、可靠性和可用性不高等问题。为了解决上述问题,开发了成套装置动态风险管理专家系统,该系统包括动态风险监控、数据存储、失效模式及损伤机理判别、动态风险评估、风险辅助分析5个流程。该系统通过GIS平台进行展示,使用户可以直观、方便地查找、定位管线和容器位置,实现了高风险设备的风险展示、管道剩余寿命不足报警功能和管道冲蚀图例展示。将该专家系统进行了工程应用,得到容器和管道的潜在损伤机及其风险等级,针对不同风险等级的设备,生成了不同的检维修策略,为工程应用带来了很大的方便。     

转锥式闪速热解反应器结构安全性设计理论研究

本文对转锥式热解反应器结构安全性设计理论进行了初步的探讨 ,主要是对热解装置工作影响较大的两个问题 :高热负荷条件下转锥强度的计算和转轴的临界转速问题进行了研究。     

基于灰色聚类法的地铁运营安全趋势分析

为评估地铁运营安全水平,掌握地铁运营风险变化趋势,采用灰色聚类法对某地铁线路运营一年以来每个月份的安全水平进行了分级评价。选取对地铁日常运营具有重要影响的设备设施故障作为评价指标,评价方法挖掘地铁运营以来的历史数据信息,体现了设备设施故障变化的时间特性,减少了安全评价中的主观性。将地铁运营安全水平分为五个安全等级,选取15%、35%、50%、65%、85%作为各安全等级的累积百分频率特征点,建立白化权函数得到各评价指标的灰类白化值。结合各设备设施的指标权重,得到了地铁线路运营一年来每个月份的安全等级情况。该方法为分析地铁运营安全趋势提供了参考。     

基于马尔可夫方法的水下防喷器可靠性研究

水下防喷器是保障海上钻井安全的关键设备,对其可靠性进行定量评价对井控作业有重要的指导意义.为了弥补现有水下防喷器可靠性评价方法的不足,将水下防喷器的工作状态分为四种,包括无故障可用、关井、井控关键失效及关井时失效.利用Markov方法建立了水下防喷器的Markov模型.通过水下防喷器系统的状态转换图找出了各工作状态的转换关系.通过分析墨西哥湾83口深水井水下防喷器的失效数据,定义了影响水下防喷器可靠性的井控关键失效,并对深水钻井水下防喷器防喷功能的可靠性进行了定量计算.将计算结果与不考虑关井期间的井控关键失效相比较发现,防喷器的防喷失效概率增加了65％.因此传统的定量评价方法可能会得出相对乐观的结论,应在实际生产中给予重视.