上海郊区小城镇街道灰尘理化性质及重金属时空分布特征

为了解上海郊区不同类型小城镇街道灰尘的基本理化性质和重金属的时空分布特征，分别于2003年7月（夏季）和2004年4月（春季）在枫泾镇、松江新城和朱家角镇采集街道灰尘样品共计90个，分析了样品的pH、粒度、有机质和重金属的含量。结果表明：3个小城镇街道灰尘的理化性质和重金属时空分布特征具有较好的一致性，pH值为841~1137，呈碱性；有机质的平均含量为3413 g/kg；粒度主要呈单峰和双峰分布特征，粒径平均值为1736 μm，以砂粒为主。各重金属的平均含量均高于上海市土壤环境背景值。Cr和Ni含量夏季高于春季，但区域分异不显著。城镇中心区域和镇级公路Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn含量明显大于乡村。Cr Ni，Cu Pb Zn，Fe Mn之间具有极显著的相关性，有机质是街道灰尘重金属的重要载体     

基于机制分解法长江口南汇潮滩悬移质泥沙通量研究

基于实测资料以长江河口南汇潮滩为例，对传统机制分解法进行改进，将机制分解计算中的含沙量项按悬沙粒径进行分组处理，分为63～250、16～63、4～16、05～4 μm 4个粒径组，对各粒径组泥沙的净输移通量分别进行机制分解计算，分析不同粒径组泥沙的各机制分解项对悬沙净输移通量的贡献。研究表明不同粒级的泥沙其控制输沙的潮滩动力因子不同。相当于粘土类（0.5～3.9 μm）和细粉砂类（3.9～16 μm）粒级的悬移质泥沙，平均流项T1+T2及潮泵项T3+T4+T5对其输移起控制作用；相当于粗粉砂类（16～62.5 μm）和细砂类（62.5～250 μm）粒级的悬移质泥沙，潮泵项T3～T5、潮振荡项T6～T8起控制作用。同时，对不同水深条件下同粒级悬沙净输移通量的机制分解项的比较，当悬沙输移过程由深水进入浅水时，潮泵项的贡献急剧减小，且不受大小潮汛、悬沙颗粒粒级粗细的影响     

长江中游城市群PM2.5时空特征及影响因素研究

近年来，伴随着工业化和城市化进程的加快，长江中游城市群灰霾天气持续增多，空气污染问题日益突出。基于2015年1月至2016年2月长江中游城市群189个空气质量监测站点的PM2.5逐时监测数据，采用普通克里金插值、探索性空间数据分析法和相关系数法，从年、季、月尺度上分析了PM2.5的空间分布格局及其影响因素。结果表明：（1）在年尺度上，长江中游城市群PM2.5浓度空间分布总体呈现出明显的北部高南部低，局部地区略有突出的特征，该区PM2.5浓度年均值为55.28 μg/m3，其中湖北省PM2.5的年均值为三省市最高，为68.17 μg/m3；其次为湖南省，年均值为53.66 μg/m3；江西省PM2.5的年均值较小，为44.01 μg/m3。（2）在季节尺度上，长江中游城市群PM2.5浓度表现出冬春季高，夏秋季低的现势性，这与区域内夏季高温多雨、冬季低温少雨的气候条件密切相关。（3）长江中游城市群PM2.5月浓度变化大致呈U形分布，1月份PM2.5浓度最高， 1~6月份，PM2.5浓度呈逐步下降趋势， 6~8月份，区域PM2.5浓度处于“U”字的谷底。（4）NO2、CO是影响PM2.5浓度的两项主控大气污染物，而降水量和相对湿度则是影响PM2.5浓度的两个重要气象因素。 关键词： PM2.5浓度；时空特征；气象因素；长江中游城市群     

南京地区7Be沉降特征

7Be是研究大气科学与地球化学的核元素之一，对研究短期过程的地表土壤颗粒迁移具有较大价值。为了解南京地区利用7Be进行土壤侵蚀示踪研究的合适时机，于2010年1月~2011年12月收集南京地区各月的7Be沉降样品，经实验室化学实验处理和γ谱仪测量，计算7Be沉降通量，并分析7Be大气沉降的季节性变化趋势。结果表明：南京地区平均7Be沉降量为1 62178 Bq/（m2·a），沉降通量为066～1449 Bq/（m2·d），平均沉降通量为444 Bq/（m2·d）；7Be沉降通量的季节变化呈现双峰型趋势，冬末春初和夏季是两个高值区；7Be沉降的а值冬春季较大，夏季最低；降雨量大小与沉降量存在明显的正相关     

淀山湖浮游植物叶绿素a粒径组成及其与水质因子相关性

于2005年6月至2006年5月对淀山湖小型（20～200 μm）、微型（2～20 μm）和微微型（<2 μm）浮游植物叶绿素a和水质因子进行逐月调查研究。结果表明：小型和微型浮游植物是淀山湖水体年均叶绿素a的主要贡献者，二者贡献率之和为7479%。淀山湖叶绿素a粒径组成百分比的季节变动与水体浮游植物群落结构季节演替密切相关：小型浮游植物叶绿素a浓度所占百分比春季最高，而微型、微微型的则分别在秋、冬季最高。相关性分析显示，小型、微型浮游植物叶绿素a浓度百分比与NH3 N含量分别呈显著正、负相关，微微型浮游植物叶绿素a百分比与BOD5呈极显著负相关。对应滤食性鱼类等水生动物的食性粒级，探讨了运用非经典生物操纵技术防治淀山湖富营养化的可行性。〖     

上海市黄浦江水源地重金属铅、镉多介质富集特征分析

上海市黄浦江饮用水源地的水质直接影响到上海市近1 700万居民的日常生活和健康安全，因此通过现场采集及室内分析对上海市主要饮用水源地黄浦江上游干流河段表层水体，表层沉积物及支流表层水体及其周边表层土壤中重金属铅、镉类污染物的含量进行了检验。结果表明：黄浦江干流表层水体铅平均含量为3234 μg/L，镉平均含量为022 μg/L；支流水体中铅平均含量为086 μg/L，镉平均含量为013 μg/L；支流表层沉积物中铅平均含量为327 μg/g，干流平均含量为218 μg/g，周边土壤中铅含量除个别点外稳定在2022~3903 μg/g；沉积物中镉的平均含量为03 μg/g，土壤中镉含量基本在015 μg/g左右。通过分析该区域多介质中重金属铅、镉的富集特征，判断表层沉积物是该区域重金属铅、镉的主要富集介质；该区域铅污染的主要受周边土壤的淋溶冲刷作用影响；2号（斜塘与圆泄泾交汇处），4号（竖潦泾与横潦泾交汇处）采样点区域相对于其他各采样点区域有短期、低浓度的重金属镉输入.     

长江口潮间带湿地涨退潮期N2O的排放通量研究

随着河口区接收上游人为氮排放量的增加,为这一区域氧化亚氮（N2O）的排放增加了很大不确定性。选择长江河口潮间带湿地为研究对象,分别采用原位静态箱法和静态顶空法,从2011年1月至12月对长江口沉积物 大气界面以及涨潮水 大气界面的N2O排放通量进行了为期一年的现场观测和研究。研究结果表明,沉积物 大气界面N2O通量有着显著的时空差异。N2O排放通量在日变化以及季节变化上都表现出明显的源汇转变,就年平均排放通量,光滩带沉积物 大气界面达到了599 μgN2O/(m2〖DK〗·h),而海三棱藨草盐沼带与大气间N2O交换则十分微弱,为060 μgN2O/(m2〖DK〗·h)。对长江口涨退潮期光滩和草滩上覆水体 大气界面N2O排放通量的研究表明,长江口涨退潮期在夏季和秋季,无论是光滩还是草滩均表现为大气N2O的稳定排放源,其中夏季平均253 μgN2O/(m2〖DK〗·h),秋季平均排放通量为207 μgN2O/(m2〖DK〗·h)。作为河口区上游排放氮素的直接接收者,和沉积物 大气界面N2O排放相比,长江口涨潮水 大气界面N2O排放稳定而又显著,是长江口N2O排放的主要贡献者,应成为这一区域N2O排放的关注热点     

基于开源GIS的长江流域晴日辐射反演

以开源GIS软件GRASS为平台，首次通过辐射过程模型r.sun和编程语言Shell实现长江流域500 m分辨率的晴日辐射反演（包括直接辐射、散射辐射和反射辐射），为了解长江流域辐射时空分布规律和相关宏观气候、生态建模奠定基础。结论如下：（1）精度验证表明，晴日辐射反演结果较理想；相关晴日指数的误差指标MPE、MAPE和RMSE分别为37%、75%和64%，r.sun模型可进一步用于中国其它区域；（2）长江流域晴日辐射年均日值为2424±245 MJ/(m2·d)，其各组分差异显著，直接、散射、反射辐射分别占总辐射的842%、156%和02%；（3）晴日辐射空间分布梯度明显，沿三级地形阶梯向东辐射值及变异逐渐减小，海拔变化引起的大气衰减因素在决定晴日辐射分布时起重要作用；（4）晴日辐射季节分布不对称，月际变化总体呈倒“U”形分布；直接辐射和散射辐射变化趋势基本一致，但二者比例随大气浑浊度的变化波动剧烈。     

长江口徐六泾水沙过程对流域的响应研究

以长江口徐六泾断面2009年实测水沙数据为基础，分析了其水沙特征，重点研究了三峡蓄水及长江流域旱情对徐六泾节点径流、潮位和泥沙过程的影响。结果表明：观测期间寸滩站以上流域来水减少、三峡蓄水和中下游干旱共同导致进入河口的径流量减少，各自造成的影响权重分别为38%、13%和49%。与蓄水前相比，蓄水期间徐六泾涨潮历时增加05 h，落潮历时减少05 h，潮差增大约04 m；涨潮平均流速增加35%~126%，落潮平均流速浅滩处基本不变，而深槽处减幅约为22%；蓄水期间涨落潮历时、流速流向等特征由不对称趋于较对称，说明徐六泾的水动力特征对径流减少的响应敏感。伴随径流减少，徐六泾含沙量由蓄水前的0129 kg/m3大幅下降至蓄水期间的0052 3 kg/m3，悬沙中值粒径则由3 μm增大到5 μm。综合得知进入河口徐六泾断面的水沙过程受到流域人类活动和自然条件改变的双重影响     

湖北省丘陵山区风能资源特征分析

利用分布在湖北省丘陵山区的12个70 m（80 m）高测风塔一整年的资料，对我省丘陵山区风能资源的若干特征进行了较为详尽的对比分析，找出其中普遍的规律。结果表明：（1）我省山区风速季节变化为春季大，夏季和秋季较小；风速日变化为夜间大白天小，且变化幅度相对较大的测风塔主要分布在低山和中山区域；（2）有效风速频率在79%～92%，破坏性风速出现少；（3）风向频率较为集中，主要分布在偏南和偏北两个相反的方位；（4）风速随高度变化较复杂，10～30 m高度风速增加幅度较大，部分地区30～80 m高度存在等风层或风速随高度减小的情况；（5）有效风速段、大风及主导风向下的湍流强度均为中等。研究成果对湖北省，甚至是南方山区风能资源的合理开发利用将有所裨益     

Determination of heavy metal concentrations in street dusts in Istanbul E-5 highway

Components and quantity of street dust are environmental pollution indicators especially in big cities. Street dust is generally composed of car exhaust gas originated particles and wind-transported particles. Heavy metals, which are found in street dust, such as Pb, Cu, Mn, Zn, Cd and Ni are significant for environmental pollution. According to the kind of vehicle in traffic, quantity and type of heavy metals vary in street dust. The use of leaded gasoline gives a boost to the importance of lead level especially in street dust even at the start of 21st century. These metals possess bioaccumulation property, and the possibility of the amount of these metals reaching a critical value and threatening human health increases the importance of this issue. In this study, street dusts have been collected from E-5 Highway from Topkapi to Avcilar regions that spans about 18 km in Istanbul, Turkey, and Pb, Cu, Mn, Zn, Cd and Ni concentrations have been detected in street dust. Twenty-two street dust samples were taken from a total of 22 different points at previously decided 14 main areas. Analyses were conducted using Leeds Public Analyst method. According to the results of this study, Pb, Cu and Zn concentrations in E-5 Highway between Topkapi and Avcilar region in Istanbul were higher than maximum concentration levels of these heavy metals in normal soil. This situation indicates that there is heavy metal pollution in the inspected area in E-5 Highway in Istanbul.     

南昌市街道灰尘重金属时空分布特征及健康风险评估

分析了南昌市夏季和冬季街道104个灰尘样品中的V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb含量，并利用地积累指数（Igeo）计算其污染程度，并参考美国国家环保局(US EPA)推荐的健康风险模型评价灰尘重金属暴露的人体致癌和非致癌风险，通过主成分和相关分析识别南昌市灰尘重金属的可能来源。结果表明：南昌市街道灰尘中重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb含量均显著高于江西省土壤背景值，而V、Co和As含量与江西省土壤背景值含量相近。重金属V、Co和As含量无显著季节差异，但冬夏季节含量的空间异质性较高，而Cu在季节和空间分布上均表现出显著的季节差异，其它重金属的高值区均分布在南昌市中心及老工业园附近；Igeo结果表明Cd、Cu、Zn和Cr的污染程度相对较高，而V、As和Co污染程度较轻；重金属3种暴露途径的风险排序为手-口暴露>皮肤接触暴露>呼吸暴露，其中儿童会遭受更大的非致癌风险。除了灰尘As和Cr对儿童的暴露在局部区域HQ和HI值大于1，其它重金属对不同人群的HQ和HI值均小于1。总体而言，南昌市灰尘重金属的致癌风险CR均在安全阈值范围内，大小排序为Cr > As > Co > Ni > Cd。南昌市灰尘重金属的来源广泛，其中As、Co和V主要来源于岩石风化，其它重金属元素主要来源于交通和工业等人类活动。 关键词： 街道灰尘；重金属；时空分布；健康风险；南昌市     

Particle size: A missing factor in risk assessment of human exposure to toxic chemicals in settled indoor dust

For researches on toxic chemicals in settled indoor dust, selection of dust fraction is a critical influencing factor to the accuracy of human exposure risk assessment results. However, analysis of the selection of dust fraction in recent studies revealed that there is no consensus. This study classified and presented researches on distribution of toxic chemicals according to dust particle size and on relationship between dust particle size and human exposure possibility. According to the literature, beyond the fact that there were no consistent conclusions on particle size distribution of adherent fraction, dust with particle size less than 100 μm should be paid more attention and that larger than 250 μm is neither adherent nor proper for human exposure risk assessment. Calculation results based on literature data show that with different selections of dust fractions, analytical results of toxic chemicals would vary up to 10-fold, which means that selecting dust fractions arbitrarily will lead to large errors in risk assessment of human exposure to toxic chemicals in settled dust. Taking into account the influence of dust particle size on risk assessment of human exposure to toxic chemicals, a new methodology for risk assessment of human exposure to toxic chemicals in settled indoor dust is proposed and human exposure parameter systems to settled indoor dust are advised to be established at national and regional scales all over the world.     

上海市崇明岛公路两侧土壤重金属污染研究

采集了上海市崇明岛陈海、北沿公路两侧土壤和灰尘样品270余个,测定了样品的Pb、Cd、Cu、 Zn和Cr重金属含量。结果表明,陈海和北沿公路两侧土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、 Zn和Cr的平均含量达到277、0279、258、918和776 mg/kg,土壤Cd污染较严重。采集的路面灰尘样品Pb、Cd、Cu、 Zn和Cr的平均含量达到512、049、489、209和970 mg/kg,超过土壤背景值2~4倍,是土壤重金属的主要二次污染源。公路防护林体系较差的北沿公路路侧土壤纵向剖面（垂直于公路走向）重金属含量随距路肩距离增加呈指数下降,土壤重金属重污染区在距路肩15 m范围内。防护林体系较完善的陈海公路距路肩15 m范围内土壤重金属污染较小,土壤重金属重污染区出现在距路肩20~50 m范围内。     

Morphology,spatial distribution,and concentration of flame retardants in consumer products and environmental dusts using scanning electron microscopy and Raman micro-spectroscopy

We characterized flame retardant (FR) morphologies and spatial distributions in 7 consumer products and 7 environmental dusts to determine their implications for transfer mechanisms, human exposure, and the reproducibility of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) dust measurements. We characterized individual particles using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and Raman micro-spectroscopy (RMS). Samples were screened for the presence of 3 FR constituents (bromine, phosphorous, non-salt chlorine) and 2 metal synergists (antimony and bismuth). Subsequent analyses of select samples by RMS enabled molecular identification of the FR compounds and matrix materials. The consumer products and dust samples possessed FR elemental weight percents of up to 36% and 31%, respectively. We identified 24 FR-containing particles in the dust samples and classified them into 9 types based on morphology and composition. We observed a broad range of morphologies for these FR-containing particles, suggesting FR transfer to dust via multiple mechanisms. We developed an equation to describe the heterogeneity of FR-containing particles in environmental dust samples. The number of individual FR-containing particles expected in a 1-mg dust sample with a FR concentration of 100 ppm ranged from < 1 to > 1000 particles. The presence of rare, high-concentration bromine particles was correlated with decabromodiphenyl ether concentrations obtained via GC–MS. When FRs are distributed heterogeneously in highly concentrated dust particles, human exposure to FRs may be characterized by high transient exposures interspersed by periods of low exposure, and GC–MS FR concentrations may exhibit large variability in replicate subsamples. Current limitations of this SEM/EDS technique include potential false negatives for volatile and chlorinated FRs and greater quantitation uncertainty for brominated FR in aluminum-rich matrices.     

Aerosol filtration by a cocurrent moving granular bed: Penetration mechanisms

An experimental apparatus has been constructed to investigate aerosol filtration by a cocurrent moving granular bed filter (CMGBF). In a CMGBF, aerosol passes downward through a descending bed of dirty granules while clean granules are added continously at the bed top. The effect of an intergranular dust deposit on penetration in a CMGBF was investigated in a 2⁴ factorial experiment in which the control variables were superficial gas velocity (100 and 250 mm/s), bed depth (130 and 230 mm), granule size (2.1 and 2.7 mm), and the intergranular dust deposit expressed as percent by weight of collected dust in the bed (1% and 5%). All tests were conducted at ambient temperature and pressure using resuspended utility boiler fly ash as the test aerosol.Mass penetration data identified two major penetration mechanisms: (1) straight through penetration and (2) reentrainment due to granular motion. A static, intergranular dust deposit produced high filtration efficiency (>99%) at the low superficial velocity. When the bed was moving, reentrainment of collected dust was significant and accounted for about three-quarters of the penetrating dust. Particle size analyses reveal that the two penetration mechanisms are size dependent. Most particles larger than about one micrometer in diameter that penetrate the CMGBF do so by reentrainment after being collected initially. Virtually no particles smaller than about 0.3 μm in diameter penetrate by reentrainment; when these small particles penetrate, they pass straight through without being collected.     

Radon-222 exhalation from open ground on and around a uranium mine in the wet-dry tropics

Radon-222 exhalation from the ground surface depends upon a number of variables such as the 226Ra activity concentration and its distribution in soil grains; soil grain size; soil porosity, temperature and moisture; atmospheric pressure, rainfall and temperature. In this study, 222Rn exhalation flux density measurements within and around the Ranger uranium mine in northern Australia were performed to investigate the effect of these variables within a tropical region. Measurements were taken at the waste rock dumps, ore stockpiles, mine pits, and at sites where effluent water with elevated 226Ra concentration has been spray irrigated over land, as well as at sites outside the mine. The sites selected represented a variety of geomorphic regions ranging from uranium-bearing rocks to ambient soils. Generally, wet season rains reduced 222Rn exhalation but at a few sites the onset of rains caused a step rise in exhalation flux densities. The results show that parameters such as 226Ra activity concentration, soil grain size and soil porosity have a marked effect on 222Rn flux densities. For similar geomorphic sites, 226Ra activity concentration is a dominant factor, but soil grain size and porosity also influence 222Rn exhalation. Surfaces with vegetation showed higher exhalation flux densities than their barren counterparts, perhaps because the associated root structure increases soil porosity and moisture retention. Repeated measurements over one year at eight sites enabled an analysis of precipitation and soil moisture effects on 222Rn exhalation. Soil moisture depth profiles varied both between seasons and at different times during the wet season, indicating that factors such as duration, intensity and time between precipitation events can influence 222Rn flux densities considerably.     

Mineralogical,chemical and toxicological characterization of urban air particles

Systematic characterization of morphological, mineralogical, chemical and toxicological properties of various size fractions of the atmospheric particulate matter was a main focus of this study together with an assessment of the human health risks they pose. Even though near-ground atmospheric aerosols have been a subject of intensive research in recent years, data integrating chemical composition of particles and health risks are still scarce and the particle size aspect has not been properly addressed yet. Filling this gap, however, is necessary for reliable risk assessment. A high volume ambient air sampler equipped with a multi-stage cascade impactor was used for size specific particle collection, and all 6 fractions were a subject of detailed characterization of chemical (PAHs) and mineralogical composition of the particles, their mass size distribution and genotoxic potential of organic extracts. Finally, the risk level for inhalation exposure associated to the carcinogenic character of the studied PAHs has been assessed. The finest fraction (< 0.45 μm) exhibited the highest mass, highest active surface, highest amount of associated PAHs and also highest direct and indirect genotoxic potentials in our model air sample. Risk assessment of inhalation scenario indicates the significant cancer risk values in PM 1.5 size fraction. This presented new approach proved to be a useful tool for human health risk assessment in the areas with significant levels of air dust concentration.