浙江省上石炭统-中二叠统生物地层划分进展

本文划分论述了浙江省上石炭统—中二叠统16条化石带（其中11条为新建化石带）,对比研究结果表明它们分布于老虎洞组、黄龙组、船山组、梁山组、栖霞组、孤峰组、龙潭组下部的地层,可分别与滑石板阶、达拉阶、逍遥阶、紫松阶、隆林阶、栖霞阶、祥播阶、茅口阶、冷坞阶等9个阶对比。探讨研究了上石炭统底界、下二叠统底界和中二叠统底界;指出上石炭统未见底,缺失罗苏期的沉积;下二叠统底界位于Sphaeroschwagerina subrotunda带之底,以Sphaeroschwagerina属的始现作为底界的标准;石炭—二叠系界线位于Triticites subcrassulu筵带与Sphaeroschwagerina subrotund筵带之间;中二叠统的底界位于Orthotichia chekiangensis腕足组合带之底,以Orthotichia chekiangensis的始现作为中二叠统底界的标准。进一步论证了船山组是一个跨越石炭—二叠系界线的岩石地层单位,下部归属上石炭统逍遥阶,中部归属下二叠统紫松阶和上部归属下二叠统隆林阶。     

苏皖地区石炭纪牙形剌

本文对苏皖地区石炭纪牙形刺化石作概要介绍。金陵组以Siphondellaisosticha(Cooper),S.cooperi Hass,Polygnathus inornatus E.R.Branson,P.bischoffi Rhodes,Austin&Druce为主,可建立Siphonodella isosticha-S.cooperi带,与我国西南地区岩关阶最上部的牙形刺带相当,其时代应属岩关晚期。老虎洞组以Gnathodus bilineatus Roundy为主,可建Gnathodus blinetus带,与西南地区Gnathodus bilineatus bilineatus带也可对比,其时代为大塘晚期。黄龙组底部白云岩段以Idiognathoides sinuatus(Harris & Hollingsworth),Declinognathcduslateralis(Higgins & Bouckacrt)为主,这些牙形刺为晚石炭世早期的标准分子,可建ldiognathoides sinuatus带。黄龙组纯灰岩段有ldiognathodus delicatus Gunell,I.claviformis Gunell,I.antique Stauffer & Plummer,面貌与华北地区本溪组相似。船山组有Streptognathodus elongatus Gunell,Sweetognathus whitei(Rhodes).Streptognathodus elongatus为华北太原组上部的牙形刺带化石,在北美见于Pennsylvanian系Missourian-Virgillian阶,并延续到下二叠统狼营组。Sweet-ognathus whitei于Sphaeroschwagerina带,被当作早二叠世开始的代表分子。     

长江中下游地区晚石炭世的(竹蜓)类

通过区内(竹蜓)类化石资料的整理研究,在黄龙组建(?)带三带五亚带,船山组两个带,并简述其分布规律及与国内外相应地层(?)带的对比。     

南京吕家山中生代层地及Lobatannularia植物化石的发现

一、前言 南京附近吕家山一带出露的一套中生代地层,李毓尧等(1935)曾将其中的砂岩层划为侏罗系象山层,而将其南侧之紫红色砂页岩、灰岩误划为下石炭统高骊山系及中石炭统船山灰岩。1964年,南京大学地质系在测制1:5万南京,汤山、上党幅区测报告中,将上述石炭纪地层改划为下一中三叠统青龙群及上三叠统黄马青组。1977年,安徽省区测队在1:20万南京幅区调报告中,又将上述地层改划为中三叠统徐家山组。 1985年,杨松生,蔺雨时发表“南京附近的高骊山组”一文,复将上述紫红色砂页岩划为下石炭统高骊山组,并在上部的灰色砂泥岩中采得一些植物化石,定其为古生代之属种:Suble pidodendron sp., Archaeocalamites sp., Calamites sp., Sphenophyllum sp., Loncho pteris sp., Rhodeas sp., Pecopteris cf. plumosa,Mario-     

赣西北地区石炭系研究的新进展

在赣西北地区石炭纪沉积学及生物地层学研究中取得如下新进展.1.上石炭统原黄龙组顶部首次:采获船山组标准化石,(?)Eoparafusulina sp.,证实了本区有晚石炭世马平期沉积一船山组的存在。2.黄龙组下部白云岩段,发现牙形刺:Idiognathoides sinuatus-Idiognathodus delicatus 动物群 及(?)类:Verella cf.prolixa,Ozawainella pseudorhomboidalis等,为白云岩段时代归属威宁期提供了化石依据。3.作者认为本区黄龙组底部零至三十余米的一套碎屑岩主要为石炭纪威宁期始时海侵初期的滨海相或浅海滞留沉积,与其上白云岩为连续沉积。     

从矿石结构构造看马坑式铁矿的成因

马坑式铁矿以福建龙岩马坑铁矿为代表,包括闽西南—粤东地区一系列主要赋存于小下石炭统的大、中、小型铁矿床。其含矿层位包括黄龙组,下界可跨到林地组上部,上界可跨到船山组下部,个别矿区可到栖霞组。关于这类矿床的成因,近年来众说纷云,莫衷一是。本文试从铁矿石结构构造特征的分析入手,浅谈马坑式铁矿的成因。     

粤北228铀矿床U-Pb同位素体系演化特征及成矿模式探讨

<正> 本矿床为产在石炭、二迭系碳酸盐沉积建造中的一个铀矿床,属于碳-硅-泥岩类型。铀矿化严格受层位和构造破碎带的联合控制,主要赋存在下石炭统梓门桥段下亚段(C_1dZ~α)和上二迭统龙潭组中段(P_2L~2)地层中。含矿层的沉积(音页)律表现为粉砂岩—页岩—含泥炭质灰岩(及白云岩)—页岩—粉砂岩,为氧化-还原交替变化的沉积环境。同时,铀的富集与破碎带的宽度和破碎程度密切相关。     

江西高安船山组的(竹蜓)类

赣中地区晚石炭世地层以高安鸡公岭一带出露最好,厚度较大,含有丰富的(竹蜓)类。船山组为一套浅灰、灰白色厚层灰岩夹白云岩,总厚342米,与下伏黄龙组及上覆下二叠统栖霞组均为整合接触。1979年江西省地质局902地质队在该区进行1∶5万区域地质测量过程中,在鸡公岭详细测制了剖面,系统采集了化石。经笔者研究的船山组中(竹蜓)类计12个属及亚属。     

焦作煤矿水中有益矿物质成分调查与利用途径探讨

1 煤矿水来源与利用现状焦作矿区位于河南省北部,太行山南麓,开采石炭二迭系煤层。焦作市区北部山区至山西境内为1400多平方公里的奥陶系石灰岩裸露区,矿区内地面海拔标高在 100 m左右,而北部山区山西境内地面海拔标高在 600- 1200 m,由于受这一特殊地理环境的控制,地下水呈北方岩溶管道型自北向南运动,终受武陟沉降带的阻隔,使焦作矿区成为北部山区岩溶水的集中汇集盆     

扬子地体船山组碳酸盐岩中的核形石

扬子地体上石炭统船山组内核形石极为丰富,按照内部结构和构造可分五种纹层类型、二种壳层构造和四种核心结构。核形石并非过去所认为的单一的“葛万藻核形石”,而可以根据形态和壳层中的生物组合划分为十种基本类型,其沉积环境有滩、潮下低能带和泻湖等。 石炭纪晚期,由于全球的气候发生强烈分异,从而在低纬度地区产生大量分泌粘液的缠绕生物(藻类为主),核形石就是由这种缠绕生物捕集沉积质点围绕核心而成,其形成过程有四个阶段—核心形成阶段,壳层形成阶段、沉积搬运阶段和成岩后生阶段。 在成岩后生阶段,核形石岩可以产生大量的核间和核内溶孔,这对于油气、矿液的储集和运移是十分有利的。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.