好氧/除磷颗粒对亚硝化颗粒污泥启动的影响

在室温下,采用R1、R2、R3三组相同的SBR反应器接种污水厂回流污泥,比较了添加好氧颗粒、除磷颗粒对亚硝化颗粒污泥启动及稳定运行的影响.结果表明,在S1(0~22 d)阶段,R1、R2、R3均用了19 d启动亚硝化.在S2阶段(23~56d),R1不添加颗粒污泥,R2、R3分别添加20%好氧颗粒和20%除磷颗粒诱导亚硝化絮状污泥颗粒化,R1、R2和R3分别在76、42 d和56 d平均粒径达到412、468、400μm,均成功实现颗粒化.在S3阶段(57~108 d),进水氨氮负荷和COD负荷分别由0.4 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)提高到0.5 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)和0.2 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)提高到0.5 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),R1、R2反应器中颗粒粒径增加明显,但R3发生了污泥膨胀.在运行末期(108 d),R1和R2的平均粒径分别达到689μm和893μm.接种好氧颗粒和除磷颗粒均能快速实现亚硝化污泥的颗粒化,并且接种好氧颗粒的亚硝化颗粒污泥系统能适应较高C/N比进水,耐冲击负荷,能长期稳定运行.     

除磷亚硝化颗粒工艺启动及性能恢复

针对生活污水低碳氮比的水质特点,采用SBR反应器接种低温储存的强化生物除磷颗粒污泥,来启动除磷亚硝化颗粒工艺,通过控制曝气强度及污泥龄实现除磷亚硝化的稳定运行,为后置CANON或厌氧氨氧化工艺(ANAMMOX)提供进水.污泥龄为30 d的条件下实现了出水TP小于0. 5 mg·L~(-1),COD浓度小于50 mg·L~(-1),亚硝酸盐氮积累率达到了90%以上.实验还得出,过高的曝气强度使除磷亚硝化性能恶化,可采用降低曝气强度和减小污泥龄的方式来改善除磷性能.污泥龄为40 d可以实现生活污水除磷亚硝化中的亚硝化性能进一步恢复,最终实现出水磷浓度保持在0. 5 mg·L~(-1)以下,COD及TP去除率分别稳定在80%及95%,亚硝酸盐积累率保持在90%以上,SVI值从初始的63 m L·g~(-1)降低到35 m L·g~(-1),颗粒污泥沉降性能良好,颗粒粒径在整个运行过程中保持在1 000μm以上.     

全自养硝化污泥的颗粒化过程研究

利用SBR反应器,以浓度(以N计,下同)120～650 mg/L的自配氨氮废水,在0.48～3.60 kg/(m3.d)的氨氮负荷下,探讨了自养硝化颗粒污泥的形成过程.结果表明,以硝化污泥接种,氨氮负荷为0.48 kg/(m3.d),温度为30℃±2℃,逐渐缩短沉淀时间至10 min的条件下,硝化颗粒可以在第22 d形成,并在第43 d进入相对稳定期,平均粒径达到500μm左右.颗粒污泥的平均粒径变化经历了迟滞期、快速增长期和稳定期3个阶段.污泥平均粒径由接种污泥的127μm增长到稳定期的500μm左右.在快速增长期,平均粒径增长速度可达12μm/d.成熟颗粒污泥的形状规则、分界清晰,分布有大量杆菌,粒径300μm的颗粒污泥所占比例达74.6%,污泥相中已基本没有絮状污泥.污泥在颗粒化过程中,颜色由接种污泥的灰褐色转变为颗粒污泥的黄红色.硝化颗粒污泥表面分布有大量杆菌和块状的EPS结构.     

低浓度氨氮废水单级自养脱氮EGSB反应器的快速启动

将单级自养脱氮生物膜污泥作为种泥接种于膨胀颗粒污泥床反应器中,并对该反应器进行启动.在温度为(30±2)℃,p H值为7.8~8.2,DO为0.2~1.1 mg·L~(-1),上升流速为2.0~4.0 m·h~(-1)的条件下,进行了低浓度氨氮(60~100 mg·L~(-1))废水的单级自养脱氮工艺快速启动研究.结果表明,经过83 d的运行,反应器历经适应期、提高期和稳定期后,稳定运行阶段NH_4~+-N、TN去除率分别达到99.4%和80.7%.通过控制回流比和提高进水氨氮负荷维持了稳定的低DO状态,有效抑制了硝化细菌的生长,而部分亚硝化反应和厌氧氨氧化反应为主导反应并能保持高效、稳定的脱氮效果,成功实现了在膨胀颗粒污泥床反应器中单级自养脱氮过程的启动.颗粒污泥平均粒径从174μm增大到296μm.扫描电镜显示颗粒污泥表面光滑,微生物以球菌、短杆菌为主.FISH结果显示亚硝化细菌分布在颗粒污泥表面,厌氧氨氧化菌分布在颗粒污泥内部.反应器中构建了稳定的自养脱氮颗粒污泥系统.     

CSTR中亚硝化颗粒污泥的变化过程研究

在连续全混反应器(CSTR)中接种SBR培养成熟的亚硝化颗粒污泥,考察反应器构型对亚硝化颗粒污泥生长和运行的影响特性.结果表明,反应器构型和进水模式变化初期部分颗粒污泥解体,污泥平均沉速下降;但随着反应器的进一步运行,CSTR中实现了亚硝化絮体污泥的快速颗粒化过程;整个研究过程中,虽颗粒粒径分布存较大变化,如粒径>2.5 mm颗粒的减少和粒径<0.3 mm颗粒的增加,但颗粒态污泥始终是CSTR中占优势的污泥形态.另外,研究表明反应器构型和进水模式的改变对出水中亚硝酸盐累积率(保持在85%左右)无显著影响,并且新生的小粒径颗粒污泥比大粒径颗粒具有更高的比反应活性,此CSTR中污泥的平均活性亦高于接种污泥平均活性.     

接种好氧颗粒污泥快速启动硝化工艺的过程研究

中温(28～30℃)条件下,以自配无机氨氮废水为研究对象,在柱形SBR反应器中接种好氧颗粒污泥,通过逐步提升进水NH4+-N浓度(100～1 000 mg·L-1)和缩短水力停留时间(8～4 h),快速启动硝化颗粒污泥工艺.系统运行约30 d时,进水NH4+-N负荷达3.9 kg·(m3.d)-1,NH4+-N平均去除率在95%以上;后续高负荷运行阶段,氨氧化速率达5.0 kg·(m3.d)-1左右;反应器中出现亚硝酸盐持续积累的现象,25～70 d期间,NO2--N积累速率达2～4.5 kg·(m3.d)-1;尽管进水组分发生变化(COD/N),且进水负荷波动频繁,但整个运行过程中污泥始终保持良好的颗粒结构,SVI为30～40 mL·g-1,36 d时粒径大于0.21 mm的颗粒污泥约占污泥的93%(质量分数);颗粒污泥由接种时的浅黄色逐渐变为棕黄色,部分变为棕色.结果表明,以好氧颗粒污泥接种是快速启动硝化工艺和形成硝化颗粒污泥的关键.     

缺氧-好氧连续流亚硝化颗粒污泥反应器的启动及稳定运行

在室温下(17~19℃),通过接种成熟的亚硝化颗粒污泥于缺氧-好氧连续流反应器中,研究连续流亚硝化颗粒污泥的启动及稳定运行.结果表明,在启动阶段,颗粒污泥系统的亚硝态氮积累率(NAR)平均超过95%,成功启动了缺氧-好氧连续流亚硝化颗粒污泥系统.将好氧区溶解氧(DO)由(3±0.2) mg·L~(-1)提高到(4.5±0.2) mg·L~(-1),探究DO对于该连续流系统的影响.结果表明,在较高DO下,缺氧-好氧连续流亚硝化颗粒污泥系统仍能保持良好的亚硝化性能,平均NAR大于95%.另外,通过改变进水的水力停留时间(HRT),探究HRT对于该连续流系统的影响.较短的水力停留时间(8.4 h)会加快污泥颗粒在系统中的循环,使破碎的颗粒污泥不能及时重组,致使污泥颗粒沉淀性变差,造成污泥颗粒的流失.HRT增加到12.2h时,颗粒污泥系统得到了恢复,并且可以稳定运行.在运行末(166 d),氨氮去除率和NAR分别为86.7%和96.2%.     

利用好氧颗粒污泥持续增殖启动高性能亚硝化反应器

为了考察亚硝化颗粒污泥(NGS)的持续增殖能力,向柱状序批式反应器(SBR)内接种极少量种污泥,在130 d内,将氨氮容积负荷(NLR)从0.74 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)提高到6.66 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),成功使反应器内污泥浓度(MLSS)从0.1 g·L~(-1)增长至11.8 g·L~(-1),对应的亚硝态氮累积负荷从0.4 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)升至4.9 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).当NLR低于4.44 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)时,反应器内粒径200μm的污泥数量明显增多,颗粒平均粒径大幅减小.当NLR继续提高时,颗粒平均粒径的增长过程遵循修正的Logistic模型,其比增长速率k值约为0.022 9 d-1.在运行期间,较高的游离氨(FA)和游离亚硝酸(FNA)浓度能够对亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)起到联合抑制作用,这使得出水中亚硝态氮累积率(NAR)始终高于80%.上述实验结果将为工业化高效NGS反应器的启动操作提供重要参考.     

短程硝化颗粒污泥的快速培养与硝化特性研究

以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为种泥,以2 min沉淀时间为选择压,在序批式反应器(SBR)中快速培养出好氧颗粒污泥。经过60个周期(20 d),反应器内出现砂粒状颗粒,并持续稳定运行120 d。成熟的颗粒污泥平均粒径856.56μm,具有良好的硝化性能。SBR反应器以固定曝气时间方式运行,亚硝酸盐积累率达80%以上,实现了稳定短程硝化。试验结果表明:絮体污泥(即接种污泥)与颗粒污泥的硝化过程相似但略有差异。二者差别在于,氨氮氧化结束后,继续曝气120 min,絮体污泥将亚硝酸盐完全转化为硝酸盐,而颗粒污泥仅将部分亚硝酸盐转化且过程比较缓慢。     

ABR耦合CSTR一体化工艺好氧颗粒污泥亚硝化性能调控及稳态研究

本研究将厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)末端两隔室分别改为曝气池与沉淀池,使其成为厌氧耦合好氧一体化工艺,探索连续流条件下好氧颗粒污泥亚硝化实现条件.分别在厌氧区和好氧区接种厌氧颗粒污泥和好氧颗粒污泥,控制好氧区沉淀时间为1 h,好氧区C/N比由1逐渐降低至0.4,并逐步提高进水氨氮容积负荷[由0.89 kg·(m3·d)-1提高至2.23 kg·(m3·d)-1].经45 d的运行,在好氧区成功培养出成熟的亚硝化颗粒污泥,其外观呈黄色,结构密实、边缘清晰,出水亚硝酸盐积累率稳定在80%左右.游离氨(FA)和游离亚硝酸(FNA)共同抑制作用是实现稳定亚硝酸盐积累的关键因素.运行初期部分好氧颗粒污泥出现解体现象,好氧区产生大量絮体;但后期絮体逐步转化为小粒径颗粒污泥,表明一定数量的有机碳源有利于絮体颗粒化,而大量富集慢速生长的硝化细菌对颗粒的稳定维持起重要作用.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.