Smoke control of a fire in a tunnel with vertical shaft

The aim of this research is to find the optimum smoke extraction rate through the ventilation shaft in case of a fire in a long road tunnel. Furthermore, it is also investigated whether the current emergency ventilation design practice using a vertical shaft can limit the smoke propagation from a fully loaded gasoline tank lorry fire. For this research, scaled model experiments were carried out using a 20 m- long model tunnel with a vertical shaft. A CFD modeling tool was also extensively utilized to investigate the extremely dangerous situation in which a fully loaded gasoline tank lorry is burning inside a long road tunnel.     

纵向风作用下竖井自然排烟对隧道内烟气逆流长度的影响

为了研究纵向风作用下隧道内竖井自然排烟对烟气逆流长度的影响,采用数值模拟的方法,建立了不同竖井高度的全尺寸隧道模型。并选取无竖井排烟的工况作为对照组,模拟不同火源功率下,改变竖井与火源纵向距离时竖井自然排烟对烟气逆流长度的影响和竖井排烟失效临界风速的变化。结果表明:当纵向风风速较小时,竖井对烟气逆流起抑制作用;随着风速增大,烟气逆流被控制在竖井近域范围内,竖井对烟气逆流的抑制作用减弱;当风速足够大时,烟气逆流将被完全限制在竖井下游,此时竖井排烟作用失效,且对纵向通风气流起到分流作用,烟气逆流长度反而变长。在此基础上,提出了竖井排烟失效临界风速的概念,竖井排烟失效临界风速随竖井高度增加而增大。     

纵向排烟与集中排烟下烟气控制效果的对比研究

以某特长公路隧道为研究背景,采用缩尺寸试验测试、数值模拟的方法分别对纵向排烟和集中排烟模式下隧道内火灾烟气的蔓延特性进行了研究,并对比分析了两种排烟系统在火灾工况下对烟气的控制效果。结果表明,纵向排烟模式将火灾烟气控制在火源下游并从隧道出口排出,高温烟气蔓延范围较长;集中排烟模式通过排烟阀将烟气抽离行车道,有效地控制了烟气蔓延和沉降,高温烟气维持在行车道的上部空间,主要通过竖井排出隧道。采用纵向排烟模式的坡度隧道烟气控制受烟囱效应影响较大,而在设置排烟道的坡度隧道中,将排烟阀开启进行自然排烟就能有效地减弱烟囱效应。因此,采用集中排烟模式的防灾安全性能要优于采用纵向排烟模式。     

长大区间隧道抽出式串联通风机排烟能力实验研究

为实现有效通风以降低隧道火灾带来的损失和伤亡,依托青岛市地铁8号线大洋站至青岛北站区间隧道,建立线性比尺为1∶15的隧道通风排烟模型实验系统,针对通风机串联单抽,围绕3种通风机频率匹配组合,测定单机的变频频率值、电功消耗、排烟道与行车道的断面平均风速以及右侧行车道静压。研究结果表明：在相同功率消耗下,不同频率匹配的串联通风机排烟效果存在差异;针对此差异,利用气体挡烟墙性能及其计算欧拉数值比较发现,风井近端的通风机频率较大时,下游对污染气流的抵抗力更强,拥有更好的排烟效果。研究结果可为隧道火灾提供更有效率的防灾救灾数据支持,并从欧拉数方面为研究隧道临界风速提供新角度。     

Using a cluster randomized controlled trial to determine the effects of intervention of battery and hardwired smoke alarms in New South Wales,Australia: Home fire safety checks pilot program

IntroductionIn 2014, Fire & Rescue New South Wales piloted the delivery of its home fire safety checks program (HFSC) aimed at engaging and educating targeted top “at risk” groups to prevent and prepare for fire. This pilot study aimed to assess the effectiveness of smoke alarms using a cluster randomized controlled trial.MethodsSurvey questionnaires were distributed to the households that had participated in the HFSC program (intervention group). A separate survey questionnaire was distributed to the control group that was identified with similar characteristics to the intervention group in the same suburb. To adjust for potential clustering effects, generalized estimation equations with a log link were used.ResultsMultivariable analyses revealed that battery and hardwired smoking alarm usage increased by 9% and 3% respectively among the intervention group compared to the control group. Females were more likely to install battery smoke alarms than males. Respondents who possessed a certificate or diploma (AOR = 1.31, 95% CI 1.00–1.70, P = 0.047) and those who were educated up to years 8–12 (AOR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.06–1.64, P = 0.012) were significantly more likely to install battery smoke alarms than those who completed bachelor degrees. Conversely, holders of a certificate or diploma and people who were educated up to years 8–12 were 31% (AOR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.52–0.93, P = 0.014) and 24% (AOR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.60–0.95, P = 0.015) significantly less likely to install a hardwired smoke alarm compared to those who completed bachelor degrees.ConclusionsThis pilot study provided evidence of the benefit of the HFSC in New South Wales. Practical Applications: Fire safety intervention programs, like HFSC, need to be targeted to male adults with lower level of schooling even when they are aware of their risks.     

地铁隧道排烟口无量纲结构参数与局部阻力研究*

针对现有行业规范中的排烟口结构参数尚不明确的问题,依托过海瓦贵区间隧道,搭建隧道通风排烟模型实验系统。设定11种排烟口面积工况,结合实验与数值模拟,得到排烟口上、下游的静压值和风速。引入动能修正系数,推导出基于上下游能量差的排烟口局部阻力表达式,绘制出无量纲面积比与局部阻力系数曲线族。研究结果表明:排烟口长宽比值较大时,不利于排烟口下方风流流动;在同一风机组合工况下,当排烟口面积缩小时,局部阻力系数会呈现出先减后增的趋势;提出排烟口最优结构长宽比为1.06。研究结果可为相关规范制定提供参考,并为防灾救灾提供理论支持。     

公路隧道内纵向通风对火灾参数影响的试验研究

公路隧道发生火灾时易造成严重后果,纵向通风作为火场排烟降温的常用措施会改变燃烧的火源功率及相关火灾参数,影响公路隧道通风排烟的设计。利用按照弗洛德相似性原理自行设计建造的公路隧道火灾烟气输运特性研究试验台,研究了不同纵向通风风速下燃料火源功率、火焰形状和烟气层高度、距火源2 m人眼高度处一氧化碳体积分数、隧道横截面竖向温度及隧道纵向人眼高度处温度的变化规律。结果表明,所研究的火灾参数与纵向通风之间呈现非线性变化关系,火源功率在纵向通风作用下出现"双驼峰"现象,随风速增大,火源功率、火焰主体长度与亮度的变化规律相似,平均燃烧速度与一氧化碳体积分数、温度变化规律一致。     

某地铁多层车站的防排烟系统设计及模拟研究

在分析地铁车站火灾烟控和乘客疏散要求的基础上,分析了地铁防排烟设计的基本思路和模式,结合某多层结构地下车站,给出了通风排烟系统的设计方案。利用模拟仿真的方法对通风排烟系统火灾事故情况下的运行效果进行了验证评估。计算表明,隧道烟控流速、楼扶梯开口流速、可用安全疏散时间等指标均可达到规范的要求。提出的设计方案和事故运行模式可提供作为一种地下车站通风排烟系统设计的模式。     

地铁车站及隧道全尺寸火灾实验研究(2)——区间隧道火灾

为了研究强制通风情况下地铁区间隧道火灾时的烟气扩散规律,在一实际地铁区间隧道内开展了全尺寸火灾实验。实验改变火源功率,在区间隧道通风排烟系统启动状态下,研究了区间烟气纵向蔓延速度、烟气竖直温度分布和水平温度变化,分析了烟气火焰倾斜角,顶棚烟气温升的纵向指数变化特征。实验结果对于地铁区间隧道火灾烟流控制及防排烟设计提供了数据支持。     

不同火源功率及火源—出口距离对隧道火灾临界风速的影响研究

由于隧道特殊的建筑结构,其发生火灾时的危害性,相比于其他类型的火灾要严重的多。在隧道的消防设计中,运用纵向风排烟是隧道火灾一项重要的消防措施,如何利用纵向风的特性来有效地引导隧道火灾烟气的运动需要进行系统的研究。运用FDS数值模拟的方法进行研究。结果显示,临界风速随着火源功率的增大而增大;并且随着火源与隧道出口距离的增大呈现出线性增长的趋势。对于6.0cm和9.0cm的火灾,临界风速与火源-出口距离关系式分别为 y=0.4+0.14x, y=0.5+0.11x。因此在消防实际应用中,应当充分考虑不同火源功率和火源在隧道中的相对位置对火灾烟气运动的影响,调节不同的排烟风速进行有效、合理的隧道排烟。     

地铁单面坡隧道列车火灾通风模式研究

针对地铁单面坡隧道连续下坡距离长、提升高度大的特点，以国内某城市地铁线路为研究对象，构建列车火灾通风排烟数值计算模型，并采用1:20模型实验对数值计算精确度进行验证，通过考虑列车起火位置、风机开启模式和隧道断面形式等因素，对火灾烟气扩散过程、疏散平台上方烟气温度和气体浓度进行分析。研究结果表明:列车起火后，单洞单线隧道2端车站应各开启2台隧道风机，单洞双线隧道除开启射流风机外，2端车站应各开启4台隧道风机执行相应的排烟和送风模式进行烟气控制；由于单洞双线隧道中热损失和空气卷吸量较大，火灾烟气温度、CO和CO2浓度均低于单洞单线隧道；采用纵向通风控制烟气逆流的同时，下风向区域的烟气沉降作用较为明显，防排烟设计中应充分考虑列车中部火灾下风向车厢区域的危险性，合理确定应急响应模式。     

地铁侧式车站列车火灾排烟模拟研究

利用火灾动力学模拟方法,对地下一层地铁侧式车站列车火灾的烟气蔓延规律和排烟效果进行了模拟研究。首先生成了地铁车站的三维模型,基于通风排烟系统的事故运行方案,对列车火灾烟气扩散过程、气流组织模式和烟气参数进行了计算模拟。模拟表明：排烟系统启动后,中间隧道的两端向内形成了大于5m/s的流速,屏蔽门处流速为站台流入隧道,可有效阻碍烟气进入站台区域,烟气排放主要通过车站轨顶风口排放,烟气在500s左右进入站台,排烟系统有效减缓烟气在站台的下降时间,为列车内乘客疏散提供了可用的安全疏散时间。     

Large scale high pressure jet fires involving natural gas and natural gas/hydrogen mixtures

A series of six large scale high pressure jet fires were conducted using natural gas and natural gas/hydrogen mixtures. Three tests involved natural gas and three involved a mixture of natural gas and hydrogen containing approximately 24% by volume hydrogen. For each fuel, the three tests involved horizontal releases from 20, 35 and 50 mm diameter holes at a gauge pressure of approximately 60 bar. During the experiments, the flame length and the incident radiation field produced around the fire were measured. The fires also engulfed a 1 m diameter horizontal pipe placed across the flow direction and about halfway along the flame. This pipe was instrumented to measure the heat fluxes to the pipe. The data obtained is compared with previous data obtained for various hydrocarbons at large scale.     

障碍物对隧道火灾中竖井自然排烟效果的影响*

为研究障碍物对隧道火灾中竖井自然排烟效果的影响,利用数值模拟方法分析不同的纵向风速和隧道内障碍物所处的不同位置对隧道及竖井内温度场、流场结构的影响,并根据模拟结果计算竖井排出热量。结果表明:随着火源与障碍物纵向距离的改变,在近火源区域,竖井后方会发生吸穿现象;在中间区域,障碍物后方发生边界层分离,烟气层变厚;在近竖井区域,竖井和负压区的耦合作用使烟气层变薄;排出热量随着纵向风速的增大先增加后减少,临界风速为1.5 m/s。     

十字平交通道不同排烟模式烟控效果的数值模拟研究

十字平交通道是主、辅通道在中间位置十字相交的一种较为少见的城市道路形式,火灾情况下烟气运动和通风排烟策略不同于常规意义上的公路隧道。采用FDS模拟软件研究辅通道三种通风排烟模式的烟控效果,综合考虑不同火灾规模、射流风机位置、射流形式等的影响作用。结果表明:辅通道单侧射流、两侧同向射流和两侧相向射流作用均存在最小临界风速。火灾规模为0 MW~30 MW,最小临界风速值随火灾规模变化关系为:Y=Y0+bX。两侧相向射流对应最小临界风速最大,烟气层结构破坏严重,火场温降效果最差;单侧射流和两侧同向射流对应的最小临界风速值较小且差别不大,结合工程实际情况,考虑单侧风机射流模式为较合理优化的烟控方式。     

复杂地下空间交通体系连接匝道烟气控制方案研究

复杂地下空间交通体系作为新型地下交通形式,车流量大且存在多个分合流点,气流组织复杂,防灾排烟难度极大。以杭州某复杂地下空间交通体系连接匝道为研究背景,提出匝道通风排烟设计方法,再选取其中二合一式连接匝道结构,采用FLUENT模拟其两种防灾排烟方案的有效性。模拟结果表明：两个连接匝道末端单独设置排烟口的设计方案可有效保证火源下游车辆和火源上游人员的逃生安全;根据分合流流速分配理论模型,在合流处只设置一个排烟口且排烟量提高40 m³/s时,也可达到同样的防灾排烟效果,从土建成本考虑,推荐此方案,为同类型隧道结构提供借鉴。     

地铁长大区间隧道火灾风机启动方案数值模拟研究

为了研究地铁长大区间隧道火灾烟控模式,以国内某一在建地铁长大区间隧道为研究案例,选取不利起火位置,设置了7种风机启动方案,研究不同风机启动方案下,隧道内顶棚温度,疏散平台人员高度烟气温度、CO浓度、可见度的变化,获得不同风机启动方案情况下排烟效果。研究表明:当开启了火源附近足够数量的送风风机后,额外增加距离火源较远的送风风机并不会显著改善排烟效率;即使开启风机台数一致,开启火源所在区段两端的风机效果明显好于开启其他风机。     

Large scale experiments to study fires following the rupture of high pressure pipelines conveying natural gas and natural gas/hydrogen mixtures

As part of the EC funded Naturalhy project, two large scale experiments were conducted to study the hazard presented by the rupture of high pressure transmission pipelines conveying natural gas or a natural gas/hydrogen mixture containing approximately 22% hydrogen by volume. The experiments involved complete rupture of a 150 mm diameter pipeline pressurised to nominally 70 bar. The released gas was ignited and formed a fireball which rose upwards and then burned out. It was followed by a jet fire which continued to increase in length, reaching a maximum of about 100 m before steadily declining as the pipeline depressurised. During the experiments, the flame length and the incident radiation field produced around the fire were measured. Measurements of the overpressure due to pipeline rupture and gas ignition were also recorded. The results showed that the addition of the hydrogen to the natural gas made little difference to radiative characteristics of the fires. However, the fraction of heat radiated by these pipeline fires was significantly higher than that observed for above ground high pressure jet fires (also conducted as part of the Naturalhy project) which achieved flame lengths up to 50 m. Due to the lower density, the natural gas/hydrogen mixture depressurised more quickly and also had a slightly reduced power. Hence, the pipeline conveying the natural gas/hydrogen mixture resulted in a slightly lower hazard in terms of thermal dose compared to the natural gas pipeline, when operating at the same pressure.     

地铁多线换乘车站火灾模型实验研究-(3)平行换乘车站火灾*

为探究平行换乘车站火灾烟气扩散特性及排烟优化模式，利用1∶10地铁换乘车站模型，在公共站厅、站台、单洞单线隧道、单洞双线隧道中设计多种火灾场景，分析各区域内的顶棚温度分布情况。结果表明:公共站厅不同位置发生火灾时，各区域内的烟气蔓延特性和通风排烟效果不同；站台火灾时，打开屏蔽门能增大补风量，延缓火源上方的升温过程，降低站台内部温升，并且在联合站台及两侧隧道排烟时仅开启火源附近6个屏蔽门有利于提高排烟效率；单洞单线隧道火灾时烟气温度相对较高，单洞双线隧道火灾时，近火源区域内起火隧道和未起火隧道的烟气分布特性不同，烟气可通过打开的屏蔽门蔓延至临近站台，开启隧道排烟及站台送风后能有效减小温升幅度和烟气扩散范围。实验结果可为平行换乘车站中的火灾烟气通风控制方案提供数据支撑。