环境保护在学习实践科学发展观活动中的地位与作用——从环境哲学角度看学习实践科学发展观活动

环境保护是科学发展观的题中之意，科学发展观关于环境保护的论述，是党的环境保护理论的精髓。学习实践科学发展观活动，是一个哲学内涵非常丰富的课题，是十分难得的研究环境哲学的大好机遇。试点经验显示了环境保护在学习实践科学发展观活动中的重要作用。他们一方面在科学发展中通过转变发展方式，调整经济结构，解决环境难题；一方面坚持环境保护与经济发展并重，在保护环境中求发展，努力实现环境与经济“双赢”。其共性是，注重治本、注重生态、注重政策。深入学习实践科学发展观，关键在实践，要深入一线，深入调研，融人群众的实践，总结来自一线的新鲜经验。要适应新形势，了解新情况，解决新问题。在学习实践科学发展观活动中，不断提高落实科学发展观，在科学发展中，提高解决环境问题的能力，实现环境与发展、环境与经济的“双赢”。     

试论市场经济体制下环境保护中的经济杠杆作用

党的十四大明确提出:我国经济体制改革的目标是建立社会主义市场经济体制.同时将“加强环境保护”列为90年代改革和建设的十大任务之一.社会主义市场经济体制同社会主义基本制度结合在一起,它既不同于过去传统的计划经济体制,又不同于资本主义市场经济体制,是具有中国特色的崭新的体制,它给经济持续、快速、健康发展注入了巨大的生机和活力,也给环境保护事业发展带来了机遇与挑战.     

试论公众参与环境保护的深入与发展

在环境保护问题日益受到关注的今天，公众参与无疑是一项值得肯定和提倡的制度。环境问题的特点决定了公众参与的必要性，公众参与的建立对环境保护起着至关重要的作用。在现今的法律中，已经有诸多关于公众参与的法律法规方面的相关规定；实践中，公众参与在某些地方、某些层面已经实行和落到实处。但是，面对环境“局部好转，总体恶化”的状况，公众参与凸显很多不足，需要在制度、法律等层面加以进一步完善。     

中国农村环境问题的法律思考

改革开放以来，随着中国农村经济的快速发展，农村环境问题也日益突出，严重影响了社会主义新农村建设的“生产发展、生活宽裕、乡风文明、村容整洁、管理民主”目标和要求的实现，阻碍了农村乃至全国经济、社会和环境的协调发展。加强农村环境保护，是新农村建设的当务之急，是全面建设小康社会和构建和谐社会的迫切要求。文中在现有研究的基础上，考察农村环境问题之现状，从法律视角，深入分析农村环境的问题之所在，提出解决农村环境问题的对策，努力探寻一条与中国农村实际相适合的生态环境保护道路。     

江苏环境保护工业的概况与展望

环境保护是我国的一项基本国策.十多年来,特别是党的十一届三中全会以来,国家制定了一系列环境保护政策和法令.抽调大量技术力量从事环保工作,调拨大量财物用来治理“三废”改善环境,通过十多年的努力已取得明显的效果.江苏与全国各地一样,随着对环境保护工作认识的提高和管理     

一次性环保餐具发展现状和实现大规模生产的措施

阐述了可降解一次性餐具的发展状况和它们对环境保护所起的作用，叙述了秸杆、甘蔗渣和淀粉一次性餐具的生产现状；分析了生产成本和生产效率；指出了这类餐具至今不能大规模生产的主要原因，重点介绍了一种新研制的高效自动化生产设备，使秸杆、甘蔗渣和淀粉餐具的生产成本大幅度降低，生产效率可以提高几十倍。     

浙江省环保产业现状和发展对策

环保产业为切实控制环境污染，改善生态环境，促进可持续发展提供技术保障和物质基础。“九五”后两年和下世纪初期，是我国经济和社会发展承前启后、继往开来的关键时期，环境保护事业面临着更高的要求和挑战，同时也给环保产业发展带来新的机遇和动力。本文就浙江省环保产业现状与存在问题、发展浙江省环保产业政策与措施提出一些看法。1环保产业发展基本情况1．1浙江省环保产业发展概况浙江省环保产业经过20多年的发展，已初具规模，整体水平仅次于江苏省，位居全国第二。1997年全省环保产业从业单位共有1097家，固定资产55亿元，从业人…     

明确指导方针建立市场化机制推进环境保护与经济建设双赢

总述了“九五”期间我国环境保护主要成就,并明确指出“十五”期间环境保护的指导方针,指出为实现“十五”环境保护目标,推进环境保护与经济建设双赢,必须建立面向市场的环境保护机制,依靠科技创新,发展绿色经济。     

浙江省人民政府关于表彰“811”环境污染整治工作先进集体和先进个人的决定

“811”环境污染整治行动是浙江省委、省政府贯彻落实科学发展观、加强环境保护、推进生态省建设、着力解决环境污染突出问题作出的重大决策部署。3年来，全省各级各有关部门围绕“两个基本、两个率先”的工作目标，全面推进重点流域、重点区域、重点行业、重点企业的污染整治，全面加强环保基础设施和环境质量监测监控设施建设，环境污染整治工作取得明显成效。     

循环经济在苏州高新区的实践

论述了苏州高新区根据科学发展观的要求，坚定发展循环经济的理念；从企业、企业群和社会三个层面全面开展发展循环经济的实践，建设循环型生态工业园；落实“三个机制”，实施“五大创新”，取得经济与环境的双赢，推动了区域社会、经济与环境的协调发展。     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

底泥修复中温度对微生物活性和污染物释放的影响

通过分析底泥中微生物的酶活性以及污染物的释放规律,探讨了温度对河道底泥生物修复的影响.结果表明,底泥中微生物的脱氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的活性随着温度的升高而显著增大,但温度对纤维素酶的活性影响较小.4 ℃和10 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量和微生物的酶活性均较低,水质较稳定;20～37 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量明显增加,微生物的新陈代谢能力有较大提高,水体的自净能力较强.在各种因素的综合作用下,20～30 ℃是进行底泥生物修复的适宜环境温度.此外,当pH为9.0以及添加葡萄糖时,底泥中微生物均表现出较高的脱氢酶活性.     

The Governance of the Mitigation of the Baltic Sea Eutrophication: Exploring the Challenges of the Formal Governing System

This article focuses on the governing system of the mitigation of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea. Policies and measures of the Baltic Sea coastal countries, the macro--regional (HELCOM) level, and the level of the European Union are described and governance challenges explicated. We found that the main challenges at different governance levels include: differences between coastal countries in terms of environmental conditions including environmental awareness, overlaps of policies between different levels, the lack of adequate spatial and temporal specification of policies, and the lack of policy integration. To help to meet these challenges, we suggest closer involvement of stakeholders and the public, the improvement of the interplay of institutions, and the introduction of a “primus motor” for the governance of the mitigation of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea.     

Industrial plastic on the southern beaches of the Arabian Gulf and the western beaches of the Gulf of Oman

The increasing production and use of plastic in the Arabian Gulf combined with shipping and waste disposal practices, have increased the concentration of plastic particles on the sea's surface and beaches. The objective of this investigation was to provide an assessment of the abundance, distribution, potential sources and significance of industrial plastic on the western beaches of the United Arab Emirates on the Arabian Gulf and on the eastern beaches on the Gulf of Oman. The abundance of stranded plastic pellets was highly uneven. By early 1992 alarming levels of fresh plastic pellets were noticed on the Arabian Gulf beaches of the UAE. Large numbers of 25 kg sacks of white plastic spherules manufactured by (SABIC) in Jubail, Saudi Arabia were washed ashore. When compared to the west coast on the Arabian Gulf, the east coast on the Gulf of Oman exhibited much lower levels of plastic pellets. When compared to other parts of the world, the beaches of the UAE on the Arabian Gulf are considered to be heavily polluted with industrial plastic.     

Effect of the pesticide lindane on the biomass of the microalgae Nannochloris oculata

This study assesses the growth of the microalgae Nannochloris oculata in the presence of lindane and the ability of N. oculata to remove lindane from media. Algal biomass increased with 0.1 and 0.5 mg L^?1 of lindane, and lindane concentrations in the media decreased. N. oculata removed 73% and 68.2% of lindane in the 0.1 and 0.5 mg L^?1 media concentrations, respectively. Algal biomass decreased to the level of the control at lindane concentrations greater than 2.5 mg L^?1, probably due to toxicity. N. oculata removed lindane from the media at concentrations lower than 1.0 mg L^?1. Thus, N. oculata may be useful for lindane bioremediation in contaminated aquatic systems.     

Influence of the application of sewage sludge on the degradation of pesticides in the soil

A study was made of the influence of the application of sewage sludge on the degradation of pesticides in the soil. Two kinds of sludge were used, with different characteristics, one from an urban treatment plant and one from a food processing plant. Three organophosphorus insecticides, fenitrothion, diazinon and dimethoate, were studied. The relative importance was determined of the chemical and biological degradation processes, which involved experiments on soil and sterile soil samples. A comparative study was also made of the degradation of pesticide residues and the evolution of the microbial population. The application of sludge seems to have a complex effect on the degradation of pesticides, determined by the bioavailability and biodegradability of their active ingredient. The biodegradation of pesticide residues brings about alterations in the microorganism population of the soil.     

Assessment of the effects of the carbamazepine on the endogenous endocrine system of Daphnia magna

In the present study, the endocrine activity of the antiepileptic pharmaceutical carbamazepine (CBZ) in the crustacean Daphnia magna was assessed. To assess the hormonal activity of the drug, we exposed maternal daphnids and embryos to environmental relevant concentrations of CBZ (ranging from 10 to 200 μg/L) and to mixtures of CBZ with fenoxycarb (FEN; 1 μg/L). Chronic exposure to CBZ significantly decreased the reproductive output and the number of molts of D. magna at 200 μg/L. This compound induced the production of male offspring (12?±?1.7 %), in a non-concentration-dependent manner, acting as a weak juvenile hormone analog. Results showed that this substance, at tested concentrations, did not antagonize the juvenoid action of FEN. Further, CBZ has shown to be toxic to daphnid embryos through maternal exposure interfering with their normal gastrulation and organogenesis stages but not producing direct embryo toxicity. These findings suggest that CBZ could act as an endocrine disruptor in D. magna as it decreases the reproductive output, interferes with sex determination, and causes development abnormality in offspring. Therefore, CBZ could directly affect the population sustainability.

     

Isolation of the stable fraction (the core) of the humic acid

Humic acid consists of a recalcitrant (unhydrolysed fraction) (the core) and labile (hydrolysable fraction) fraction. Core-humic acid (core-HA) isolation was performed by treating source material with apolar and polar solvents (organic solvents+acid hydrolysis) before alkaline extraction. Leonardite, soil Ah horizont and dry blood were chosen for this study because of their different origin and degree of humification. Chemical analysis (elemental analysis, total acidity, E(4):E(6)), spectroscopic analysis (DRIFT and (1)H NMR), and complete mass balance were used to investigate the effect of purifying humic acids. The results obtained showed that purification produced a slight modification of Leonardite humic acids as was expected for these highly humified organic matrices. On the other hand, about 500 g kg(-1) of soil humic acids were lost by purification. The fractions lost mainly consisted of carbohydrates. Dry blood showed the presence of humic acids that contrasted with its origin, thus indicating the limitations of the common analytical methods used for HA extraction. Nevertheless, in practice, purification caused the complete disappearance (914 g kg(-1) of HA was lost) of these HAs. The results obtained in this work suggest that the HA fraction isolated (named core-HA) effectively represents the HA structure proposed by the existing literature, since the purification proposed was able to eliminate the adsorbed organic molecules (interference materials) coating the HA structure.     

Estimation of the net air-sea flux of ammonia over the southern bight of the North Sea

Measurements of airborne gaseous ammonia and total dissolved ammonium in sea water determined on cruises on the North Sea have been used to calculate net fluxes of ammonia between air and sea. The system is finely balanced with the majority of net fluxes from air to sea, but some periods occur when the sea becomes a net source of ammonia in air. Examination of the field data suggests that the main factor determining the direction of flux is the airborne ammonia concentration, which when elevated causes ammonia deposition to the sea. It is calculated that ammonia deposition to the southern bight of the North Sea (below 56°N) amounts to 7.6 x 103 tonnes N per year, about one-half of an earlier upper limit estimate. Comparison with studies from the Pacific Ocean, in which the sea acts as a source of atmospheric ammonia, reveals that the major differences arise from much higher concentrations of airborne ammonia in the North Sea atmosphere caused by advection from adjacent land.