数据远程监测的非道路工程机械排放治理技术应用

非道路工程机械普遍采用柴油机作为动力总成,其颗粒物排放直接影响大气环境质量。基于数据远程传输和监测技术,文章对3台典型非道路工程机械开展了排放治理技术的应用研究,并对排放治理后的机械实行了颗粒物捕集器(DPF)运行状态评估。结果表明:经排放治理,可有效降低非道路工程机械污染物排放,并可获得持续减排效果。     

冰雪中多环芳烃的研究进展

近年来,冰川中可持续有机污染物的研究已经引起人们越来越多的关注。文章简要介绍了环境中持久性有机污染物研究的科学意义及现状,着重阐述了POPs中PAHs在极地和高海拔高山地区雪冰中的环境化学行为及其研究现状。全文后面我们综述了冰雪中多环芳烃的预处理及分析研究方法。     

北京市大气污染物排放现状分析及治理对策研究

通过对北京市2000—2004年间大气污染物排放情况的考察和研究，着重分析了二氧化硫等大气污染物的排放现状以及大气污染物排放强度指标变化的原因并与国内主要城市及美国大气污染物排放指标进行了对比。结果表明，北京市大气污染物强度在国内处于较低水平，但与发达国家相比，仍有相当的差距，并提出了治理大气污染的对策。     

中美贸易模式变化对中国大气汞排放的影响

在全球贸易体系中,美国是中国大气汞排放的主要外部消费驱动力之一。现有研究多核算国际贸易驱动的大气汞排放,识别主要的贸易驱动关系,缺乏中美贸易模式变化对中国大气汞排放的影响分析。本文基于环境扩展型投入产出模型和结构分解分析方法,计算了1997—2017年中美贸易驱动的中国大气汞排放量,并深入分析了贸易相关的社会经济因素对中国大气汞排放变化的相对贡献。研究结果表明:1997—2007年,中美贸易驱动的中国大气汞排放从13.5 t增至32.8 t,2007年后开始回落,2017年回落至13.6 t。贸易规模扩大是推动大气汞排放增加的最主要因素(62.6 t),排放强度降低是大气汞排放减少的最大驱动因素(-67.0 t)。生产技术水平变化和贸易结构变化的贡献相对较小,近年来逐渐起到促进大气汞排放减少的作用,但其贡献不稳定。根据研究结果,提出了加快产业创新升级,优化、稳定贸易结构,提升产品竞争力等建议。     

ATMOSPHERIC METHANE (CH_4)

凯利尔(Khalil)先生和赖斯穆森(Rasmussen)先生是美国俄勒冈研究生中心化学、生物和环境科学系的两位教授,参加了中国科学院大气物理研究所和和美国能源部有关二氧化碳与气候变化合作研究计划的工作。为让大家更好地了解他们的研究成果,本刊以原文发表他们对大气中甲烷研究的论文。他们的研究表明:近年来大气中甲烷的浓度每年约以1％的速率在不断增加,比一、二百年前大气中甲烷的浓度高出一倍多。甲烷增加的原因是人类各种活动、稻田排放和沼气发生器等的泄漏,另方面大气中氢氧根浓度的降低减少了对甲烷的去除量。这样,在20—100年后,随着大气中甲烷浓度的增加,将对全球的环境产生多种长时期的影响。首先将加速温室效应,使地球表面温度升高,其次使对流层和同温层臭氧的浓度增加,同时使一氧化碳的浓度增加,并导致氢氧根浓度降低。这些干扰将直接影响地球能量的平衡和气候。虽然这是一个长期的过程,不过一旦发生,要使其在短期内逆转是不可能的。文章中还记载了两位教授在中国科学院大气物理研究所和四川省环境保护科研监测所的协助下,今年四月底在灌县农村秧田和沼气池采样的结果。稻田和沼气池甲烷的排放和泄漏在四川具有特别的重要意义,有关采样和分析还在继续进行中。     

大气污染物排放标准制定的法律原则和程序研究

《大气污染防治法》授权国家环境保护主管部门制定大气污染物排放标准,但关于标准的法律规则还不够全面,在一定程度上影响了排放标准的功能发挥,也给标准限值确定带来了困难。当前国家正在对《大气污染防治法》进行修订,为完善相关标准条款,本文在对我国大气污染物排放标准立法现状分析的基础上,借鉴国外相关标准的立法规则和我国标准实践经验,提出了适用于我国的大气污染物排放标准制定的主要法律原则和程序建议。研究认为,制定大气污染物排放标准应考虑污染物对公众健康、空气质量和生态环境的影响,以及可采取的污染控制技术措施等情况,通过技术经济论证确定排放限值和相关技术要求,做到技术可行、经济合理、减排效益突出。标准制定过程要充分听取各方意见,经标准评审委员会审查通过后方可按照部门规章批准发布。     

江西省二(噁)英类POPs污染现状与防治对策

为掌握我省二噁英类POPs排放情况,减轻其污染对人体健康和生态环境的危害,全省环保部门积极联动,深入水泥生产、遗体火化、制浆造纸等多种行业进行调查。本文详细阐述了排放源清单的形成、调查方法、调查对象、污染源现状及存在的问题,提出了若干防治对策。     

国内外工业源颗粒物无组织排放控制标准研究

工业企业颗粒物无组织排放是环境空气中颗粒物的主要来源之一。长期以来,由于我国工业生产粗放型发展,环境管理不够精细,企业重视程度不够,从而导致颗粒物无组织排放问题越发突出,严重影响了我国大气环境质量的根本改善。工业源颗粒物无组织排放控制标准是我国大气污染物排放标准体系的重要组成部分,亦是颗粒物无组织排放管理和执法监管的重要技术依据。了解国内外当前工业源颗粒物无组织排放控制标准的发展现状、体系特点及存在的问题,有助于科学指导我国工业源颗粒物无组织排放控制标准的制定。本文系统研究了中国、美国、德国和日本的工业源颗粒物无组织排放控制法规及标准,通过对比分析,指出了我国工业源颗粒物无组织排放控制标准存在的问题,并提出完善标准的建议,为优化我国现行大气污染物排放标准体系、深化颗粒物污染防治和管理提供参考依据。     

典型石油型城市大气环境质量影响因素的多元统计模型研究——以大庆市为例

为了揭示石油资源型城市大气环境质量变化的影响因素,本文以大庆市为例,以SPSS17.0为分析工具,对影响大气环境质量的工业排放、经济发展、能源消耗、污染防治和气象等众多因素进行主成分分析、相关分析和回归分析,结果证明:大庆市大气环境质量的影响因素主要包括3个因子:污染排放和工业生产影响因子、对大气环境质量有利的(在特定时期内)GDP增长及气象影响因子和对大气环境质量改善有益的环境生产影响因子;并通过回归分析建立了大气环境质量影响因素的回归方程模型,经显著性检验,建立的回归方程具有一定程度的适用性和可信性。本文的研究对促进大庆市大气环境改善和大气环境相关研究具有一定参考价值,对其他城市大气环境的相关研究有一定的促进作用。     

基于AERMOD模型的沙湾县大气污染成因分析

以沙湾县大气污染为研究对象,从自然环境、大气污染物排放年际变化特征、大气污染源排放特征等方面探讨沙湾县空气污染成因,运用AERMOD模型对沙湾县周边企业对大气环境的影响进行预测,探讨沙湾县空气污染成因并提出环境空气污染防治对策。     

Persistent organic pollutants in the environment: chlordane residues in compost

The half-lives of some persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in environmental compartments such as soil and air can be as long as decades. In spite of the hydrophobicity of many POPs, the literature contains reports of their uptake by, and translocation through, a variety of plants. Both these observations prompt the investigation of whether a vegetation-based environmental compartment such as compost contains significant residues of POPs. Previous reports imply that residues of technical chlordane will be found in compost. Due to its physicochemical properties, technical chlordane provides insights into the fate of POPs in the environment, which are not accessible through determinations of other pollutants in this group. Accordingly, we undertook the first comprehensive examination of technical chlordane residues in a variety of composts, specifically, 13 commercial and 39 municipal compost products, to both characterize and quantify the magnitude of this point source of contamination. Using chiral gas chromatography interfaced to ion trap mass spectrometry, the concentration and the compositional and enantiomeric profiles of chlordane components were determined. Of the 13 commercial products, 9 contained detectable chlordane concentrations, ranging from 4.7 to 292 microg/kg (dry wt.), while all 39 municipal products contained chlordane residues ranging from 13.9 to 415 microg/kg (dry wt.). The residue concentrations and profiles suggest possible feedstock sources for the chlordane in the finished compost product. The data also support the conclusion that some composts contribute to anthropogenic cycling of POPs through the biosphere.     

持久性有机污染物(POPs)及其危害

POPs具有环境持久性、生物累积性、半挥发性和高毒性的特点,是对人类健康及环境造成有害影响的化学物质.本文介绍了POPs的定义、特点,分析了POPs的来源及其危害.     

Bottomfast Ice Mapping and the Measurement of Ice Thickness on Tundra Lakes Using C‐Band Synthetic Aperture Radar Remote Sensing1

Abstract: Industrial activity in Canada’s north is increasing, placing demands on the use of water from lakes to build ice roads. Winter water withdrawal from these lakes has the potential to impact overwintering fish. Removal of water from small lakes can decrease oxygen and habitat available to fish. To address this issue, a protocol has been developed by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans outlining water withdrawal thresholds. Bathymetric surveys are the traditional method to determine lake depth, but are costly given the remoteness of northern lakes. This paper investigates the use of satellite C‐band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) remote sensing technology as a potential alternative or complement to traditional survey methods. Previous research has shown that a SAR can detect the transition from grounded to floating ice on lakes, or if a lake is completely frozen. Grounded ice has a dark signature while floating ice appears very bright in contrast. Similar results were observed for the datasets acquired in the study area. This suggests that lakes that freeze completely to the bottom can be identified using SAR. Such water bodies would not be viable fish overwintering habitat and can therefore be used as water sources without thresholds necessary. However, attempts to accurately calculate the depth of the ice at the grounded‐floating ice boundary using bathymetric profiles acquired in the summer and lake ice thickness measurements from a reference lake near Inuvik proved to be unreliable.     

吉东山区总辐射资源的地理空间分布特征

本文以地理纬度、经度和海拔高度为因子,采用二次趋势面函数,建立了描述吉林省东部长白山区年总辐射、5～9月总辐射和日平气温稳定通过10℃期间的总辐射资源的地理空间分布特征的数学模式。采用地理细网格场的分析方法,揭示了该山区总辐射资源的空间分布情况。     

Activated carbon immobilizes residual polychlorinated biphenyls in weathered contaminated soil

Activated carbon (AC) has recently been shown to be effective in sequestering persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from aquatic sediments. Most studies have demonstrated significant reductions of POP concentrations in water and in aquatic organisms; however, limited data exist on the possibility of using AC to immobilize remaining POPs at terrestrial contaminated sites. Under greenhouse conditions, pumpkin ssp cv. Howden) were grown, and red wiggler worms () were exposed to an industrial contaminated soil containing a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), i.e., Aroclors 1254 and 1260) treated with one of four concentrations of AC (0.2, 0.8, 3.1, and 12.5%) for 2 mo. The addition of AC to contaminated soils virtually eliminated the bioavailability of PCBs to the plant and invertebrate species. There were reductions in PCB concentrations of more than 67% in ssp and 95% in . These data suggest that AC could be included as part of comprehensive site closure strategy at PCB-contaminated sites.     

Persistent organic pollutants in source-separated compost and its feedstock materials--a review of field studies

Composting and the application of compost to the soil follow the principle of recycling and sustainability. Compost can also have a positive effect on physical, chemical, and biological soil parameters. However, little is known about the origin, concentration, and transformation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in compost. We therefore compiled literature data on some priority POPs in compost and its main feedstock materials from more than 60 reports. Our data evaluation suggests the following findings. First, median concentrations of Sigma 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Sigma 6 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and Sigma 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs) were higher in green waste (1803, 15.6 microg/kg dry wt., and 2.5 ng international toxicity equivalent [I-TEQ]/kg dry wt.) than in organic household waste (635, 14.6 microg/kg dry wt., and 2.2 ng I-TEQ/kg dry wt.) and kitchen waste (not available [NA], 14.9 microg/kg dry wt., 0.4 ng I-TEQ/kg dry wt.). The POP concentrations in foliage were up to 12 times higher than in other feedstock materials. Second, in contrast, compost from organic household waste and green waste contained similar amounts of Sigma 16 PAHs, Sigma 6 PCBs, and Sigma 17 PCDD/Fs (1915, 39.8 microg/kg dry wt., and 9.5 ng I-TEQ/kg dry wt., and 1715, 30.6 microg/kg dry wt., and 8.5 ng I-TEQ/kg dry wt., respectively). Third, concentrations of three-ring PAHs were reduced during the composting process, whereas five- to six-ring PAHs and Sigma 6 PCBs increased by roughly a factor of two due to mass reduction during composting. Sigma 17 PCDD/Fs had accumulated by up to a factor of 14. Fourth, urban feedstock and compost had higher POP concentrations than rural material. Fifth, the highest concentrations of POPs were usually observed in summer samples. Finally, median compost concentrations of POPs were greater by up to one order of magnitude than in arable soils, as the primary recipients of compost, but were well within the range of many urban soils. In conclusion, this work provides a basis for the further improvement of composting and for future risk assessments of compost application.     

Use of Synthetic Aperture Radar for Selecting Alaskan Lakes for Winter Water Use1

Abstract: Water resources are limited in many areas of the North Slope, Alaska, particularly during winter. Water is used by the oil industry for ice road construction and maintenance, drilling and facility operations, and potable water supplies. The coastal plain between Teshekpuk Lake, in the National Petroleum Reserve‐Alaska (NPR‐A) and the Colville River has numerous shallow lakes, but further south in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range, and east to the Canning River, lakes are fewer. While many oil and gas lease sales have been conducted, or are proposed, access to the leases may be limited because of the lack of available water for ice road construction. Ice roads are the main means by which exploration is conducted in the Arctic, putting a stress on freshwater bodies that do not freeze to the lakebed in winter. Lakes that do not freeze to the lakebed also serve as overwintering habitat for fish. The purpose of this paper is to report on the potential distribution of water bodies that may provide overwinter water in selected areas from Teshekpuk Lake to the Canning River. The project used synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery to search for the presence of water in lakes in March 2006. In the Kuparuk and Canning SAR images, 52 and 61% of lakes were frozen to their beds by March 2006, accounting for 49 and 57% of the lake area in these study regions. Conversely, only 2% of the lakes in the Teshekpuk region were frozen to the bottom by March 2006. Unfrozen water was more available because of deeper and more numerous lakes in the Teshekpuk Lake region (west) than in the Canning River area (east). While only specific SAR tiles were analyzed herein, the method will be a useful tool for land managers who seek to evaluate the potential for ice road construction across the Arctic.     

First principles of the MameLuke multi-actor modelling framework for land use change, illustrated with a Philippine case study

This paper presents the first principles of the MameLuke framework, an agent-based modelling framework for studying environmental issues and land use and cover change (LUCC). The MameLuke framework enhances the understanding of the relationship between societal processes and LUCC by modelling individual and group decisions and human-environment interactions. The framework allows for the transformation of real-life stories into computerised models following a predetermined sequence. By doing so, the framework allows for a truly integrative approach, because it is not bound to any particular scientific discourse. Even better, the framework enables its users to combine scientific discourses regarding human decisions and behaviour on multiple scales and levels. The agents (actors and locations) in the framework are heterogeneous. This heterogeneity of agent behaviour is established by dividing the agents into categories. If an agent is a member of an agent category or combination of categories, it has access to a defined set of implementable actions. The actions are constructed out of potential option paths (POPs) and potential option nodes (PONs). The whole of POPs represent a theoretical construct of agent behaviour and decisions that the framework user wishes to explore. The POP defines a sequence of PONs. The PON is a transaction interface between an initialising agent and a recipient agent where they exchange material and immaterial capital. This paper explains the basic architecture of the MameLuke framework and shows its applicability with a model of a Philippine case study. This case study concerns the dynamics of migration and deforestation. It is part of a larger study on land use change in the San Mariano watershed area at the forest fringe of the Sierra Madre mountains in the Philippines.     

RESPONSE OF NORTH AMERICAN FRESHWATER LAKES TO SIMULATED FUTURE CLIMATES1

ABSTRACT: We apply a physically based lake model to assess the response of North American lakes to future climate conditions as portrayed by the transient trace-gas simulations conducted with the Max Planck Institute (ECHAM4) and the Canadian Climate Center (CGCM1) atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (A/OGCMs). To quantify spatial patterns of lake responses (temperature, mixing, ice cover, evaporation) we ran the lake model for theoretical lakes of specified area, depth, and transparency over a uniformly spaced (50 km) grid. The simulations were conducted for two 10-year periods that represent present climatic conditions and those around the time of CO₂ doubling. Although the climate model output produces simulated lake responses that differ in specific regional details, there is broad agreement with regard to the direction and area of change. In particular, lake temperatures are generally warmer in the future as a result of warmer climatic conditions and a substantial loss (> 100 days/yr) of winter ice cover. Simulated summer lake temperatures are higher than 30°C over the Midwest and south, suggesting the potential for future disturbance of existing aquatic ecosystems. Overall increases in lake evaporation combine with disparate changes in A/OGCM precipitation to produce future changes in net moisture (precipitation minus evaporation) that are of less fidelity than those of lake temperature.     

The Potential Use of Synthetic Aperture Radar for Estimating Methane Ebullition From Arctic Lakes1

Abstract: Arctic lakes are significant emitters of methane (CH₄), a potent greenhouse gas, to the atmosphere; yet no rigorous quantification of the magnitude and variability of pan‐Arctic lake emissions exists. In this study, we demonstrate the potential for a new method using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery to detect methane bubbles in lake ice to scale up whole‐lake measurements of CH₄ ebullition (bubbling) to regional scales. We estimated ebullition from lakes, which is often the dominant mode of lake emissions, by mapping the distribution of bubble clusters frozen in early winter ice across surfaces of seven tundra lakes and one boreal forest lake in Alaska. Applying previously measured ebullition rates associated with four distinct classes of bubble clusters found in lake ice, we estimated whole‐lake emissions from individual lakes. The percent surface area of lake ice covered with bubbles (R² = 0.68) and CH₄ ebullition rates from lakes (R² = 0.59) and were correlated with radar return values from RADARSAT‐1 Standard Beam mode 3 for the tundra lakes, suggesting that with appropriate scaling and consideration for variability in lake‐ice conditions, this technique has the potential to be used for estimating broader‐scale regional and pan‐Arctic lake methane emissions.