稻秸添加对两种水稻土产甲烷古菌及细菌的影响

稻秸还田对水稻土CH4排放有重要影响.本研究通过微宇宙厌氧培养,研究了两种水稻土[江西(JX)和广东雷州半岛(GD)]在稻秸(RS)添加条件下经相对较长时间的厌氧培养后产甲烷古菌及细菌菌群的响应.结果表明,不同RS添加量对JX水稻土产甲烷古菌群落结构有一定的影响,而对GD水稻土产甲烷古菌群落的影响不大. RS添加量与mcr A基因拷贝数之间存在显著正相关关系,JX水稻土的mcr A基因拷贝数变化对RS添加量的响应更敏感.相同RS添加条件下,JX水稻土mcr A基因拷贝数大于GD水稻土.相同稻秸量添加条件下两种水稻土的产甲烷古菌群落结构也有差异. JX水稻土共检测到的产甲烷古菌有Methanosarcinaceae、Methanocellaceae、Methanomicrobiaceae、Methanobacteriaceae以及未知菌群(494 bp). GD水稻土中仅有3大类产甲烷古菌,分别为Methanobacteriaceae、Methanosarcinaceae和Methanocellaceae.对2%RS处理培养第270 d的细菌菌群进行了测序,发现两种水稻土的细菌菌群明显不同,GD水稻土的细菌多样性高于JX水稻土,而其优势细菌数量(共有Longilinea、Acidobacteria/Gp6、Bellilinea及Thermosporothrix)低于JX水稻土(共有Bacillus、Desulfovirgula、Thermosporothrix、Acidobacteria/Gp1、Acidobacteria/Gp3及Ktedonobacter). RS作为底物促进产甲烷古菌的生长.不同类型的水稻土经相对较长时间的厌氧培养后其产甲烷古菌及细菌菌群结构也不同.     

生物炭添加对秸秆还田土壤细菌群落结构和多样性影响

为探讨生物炭对秸秆还田土壤细菌群落结构和多样性的影响,采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术结合克隆测序技术,对未添加(SW)和添加(SBW)生物炭秸秆还田土壤细菌群落结构和多样性进行表征.DGGE谱图和多样性分析结果表明,生物炭添加增加了秸秆还田土壤细菌DGGE图谱条带位置和灰度值及均匀度的变化,但两个处理土壤细菌群落Shannon-Wiener指数和丰富度没有显著差异(p0.05).聚类分析结果表明,SBW处理土壤细菌群落聚为5类,SW处理土壤细菌群落可聚为6类.DGGE条带测序和结构分析结果表明,生物炭添加导致秸秆还田土壤中Actinobacteria、Nitrospira消失和Spirochaetes、Gemmatimonadetes、Chloroflexi、WS3出现,并导致Firmicutes、Proteobacteria所占比例升高和Acidobacteria、Bacteroides所占比例降低,说明生物炭添加促进了秸秆还田土壤细菌群落组成结构变化.     

不同生育期转基因抗虫棉根际土壤细菌群落特征

为深入理解转Bt基因抗虫棉对根际土壤微生物群落的影响,基于大田试验,采用高通量测序技术,研究了不同生育期(播种前期、苗期和吐絮期)转基因抗虫棉和亲本根际土壤微生物群落组成和多样性.结果表明:①转基因抗虫棉及亲本根际土壤优势菌门均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria,相对丰度为0.433 8~0.499 3)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,相对丰度为0.106 0~0.136 6)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria,相对丰度为0.074 9~0.146 4)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes,相对丰度为0.054 2~0.072 3)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria,相对丰度为0.053 8~0.089 9).不同生育期转基因抗虫棉对根际土壤细菌优势菌门相对丰度产生显著影响(P < 0.05).②不同生育期转基因抗虫棉与亲本根际土壤细菌群落的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Sobs指数、PD指数均无显著差异(P>0.05),但PCoA分析发现,苗期和吐絮期转基因抗虫棉和亲本的土壤微生物群落出现空间分异(P < 0.05).③转基因抗虫棉根际土壤Bt蛋白含量在不同生育期具有显著差异(P < 0.05),且苗期和吐絮期转基因抗虫棉根际土壤Bt蛋白含量显著高于亲本(P < 0.05).④根际土壤Bt蛋白含量与细菌优势菌门相对丰度呈显著相关(P < 0.05).研究显示,不同生育期转基因抗虫棉通过根际Bt蛋白对土壤细菌相对丰度及群落结构产生影响,但不影响土壤细菌的alpha多样性.      

转cry1Ab基因水稻中毒蛋白的表达、分泌及其在土壤中的残留

研究了转cry1Ab基因水稻(克螟稻)中Cry1Ab毒蛋白的表达、根系分泌及其在土壤中的残留规律.结果表明,分蘖始期至成熟期,克螟稻地上部和根部中的Cry1Ab毒蛋白的表达量(FW)分别为3.23～8.22 μg/g和0.68～0.89 μg/g.生育期间克螟稻根系分泌的Cry1Ab毒蛋白含量仅为1.66～48.02 ng/(株·d).试验证实,克螟稻根际土中的Cry1Ab毒蛋白残留含量低于检测限(<0.5ng/g 干燥土).生物测定还表明,克螟稻根际土及其提取液对棉铃虫初孵幼虫和3龄幼虫不产生致死性效应.相对于Cry1Ab毒蛋白的根系分泌转移,克螟稻秸秆还田对土壤环境的影响应引起重视.     

碳添加对土壤固碳细菌群落结构及多样性的影响——以松嫩平原盐碱耕地为例

采用高通量测序技术,研究秸秆、生物炭和纳米碳3种碳源添加对盐碱耕地土壤固碳细菌群落结构及多样性的影响,并分析土壤化学性质与固碳细菌群落多样性的关系.结果表明：3种碳源添加均降低土壤固碳细菌群落多样性,其中生物炭和纳米碳添加的土壤固碳细菌的Chao1指数、物种多样性、Shannon指数及系统多样性值均高于秸秆添加的.3种碳源添加均降低土壤固碳细菌群落的物种丰度,其中纳米碳添加的物种丰度大于秸秆和生物炭添加的.在群落组成方面及相对丰度上,3种碳源添加后的优势菌门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）,优势菌纲为γ-变形菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）,均在纳米碳添加后相对丰度最高,分别为90.38%、57.79%.群落组间差异分析结果显示,秸秆和纳米碳添加后土壤固碳细菌群落结构差异显著.冗余分析结果表明,土壤固碳细菌群落结构受土壤pH值、有机碳、全氮、全磷、碱解氮及有效磷的综合影响,其中土壤pH值和有效磷含量是影响土壤固碳细菌群落结构的主要化学性质.综合来看,在盐碱耕地中添加秸秆、生物炭或纳米碳,都抑制了土壤固碳细菌群落的多样性和物种丰度,但纳米碳能够增加土壤固碳细菌群落结构差异.     

沼液施用对麦稻茬口期土壤微生物群落结构特征及功能的影响

为揭示麦稻茬口期沼液施用对土壤微生物群落及功能的影响,通过土柱试验,设置麦秆还田后3种处理［无氮肥（CM）、常规施肥（SN）和添加沼液（SZ）］,采用Illumina高通量测序技术分析了土壤淹水后1 d和21 d土壤细菌及真菌群落的组成、多样性和结构差异,并对其功能进行预测.微生物多样性分析表明,1 d时各处理的真菌α多样性指数均显著高于21 d处理且各处理间无显著差异;21 d时各处理细菌Simpson指数开始出现差异,SZ-21处理的细菌Simpson指数高于SN-21处理,而细菌Chao1指数显著低于SN-21处理;细菌群落结构分析表明,1 d时,SN处理的厚壁菌门、绿弯菌门和放线菌门与其它处理差异较大,而21d时,SZ和SN处理的各细菌菌门相对丰度相似;真菌群落结构分析表明,1 d时,SZ处理中的子囊菌门和接合菌门相对丰度高于SN和CM处理;21 d时,SN和SZ处理的子囊菌门相对丰度均低于CM处理,而接合菌门的相对丰度均高于CM处理.NMDS分析表明,21 d时,SN和SZ处理的细菌和真菌群落组成均有逐渐相似的趋势.PICRUSt功能分析表明,不同时期和不同处理的土壤细菌群落在功能层上表现相似,FUNGuild功能预测反映SZ-21和SN-21处理的真菌功能主要差异体现在腐生营养型和病理营养型上.综上说明茬口期施沼液在一定程度上可以替代化肥平衡土壤养分和维持土壤生态功能,但仍可能存在真菌致病风险.     

碳添加对土壤固碳细菌群落结构及多样性的影响——以松嫩平原盐碱耕地为例

采用高通量测序技术,研究秸秆、生物炭和纳米碳3种碳源添加对盐碱耕地土壤固碳细菌群落结构及多样性的影响,并分析土壤化学性质与固碳细菌群落多样性的关系.结果表明：3种碳源添加均降低土壤固碳细菌群落多样性,其中生物炭和纳米碳添加的土壤固碳细菌的Chao1指数、物种多样性、Shannon指数及系统多样性值均高于秸秆添加的.3种碳源添加均降低土壤固碳细菌群落的物种丰度,其中纳米碳添加的物种丰度大于秸秆和生物炭添加的.在群落组成方面及相对丰度上,3种碳源添加后的优势菌门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）,优势菌纲为γ-变形菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）,均在纳米碳添加后相对丰度最高,分别为90.38%、57.79%.群落组间差异分析结果显示,秸秆和纳米碳添加后土壤固碳细菌群落结构差异显著.冗余分析结果表明,土壤固碳细菌群落结构受土壤pH值、有机碳、全氮、全磷、碱解氮及有效磷的综合影响,其中土壤pH值和有效磷含量是影响土壤固碳细菌群落结构的主要化学性质.综合来看,在盐碱耕地中添加秸秆、生物炭或纳米碳,都抑制了土壤固碳细菌群落的多样性和物种丰度,但纳米碳能够增加土壤固碳细菌群落结构差异.     

高通量测序技术研究典型湖泊岸边陆向深层土壤中厌氧氨氧化细菌的群落结构

为研究具有富营养化特征的白洋淀湖泊岸边陆向深层土壤中厌氧氨氧化细菌的群落结构组成,针对厌氧氨氧化的功能基因hzs B(联氨合成酶关键基因)进行高通量测序.结果显示,白洋淀湖泊岸边陆向深层土壤共8个样品处理后共得到77082条序列,在相似度90%下聚类得到40个OTUs.多样性分析(OTUs水平)表明,在白洋淀湖泊岸边近湖岸交界处,上层土壤中厌氧氨氧化细菌的群落多样性要高于下层,而在远湖岸交界处则相反,下层土壤中厌氧氨氧化细菌的群落多样性要高于上层土壤.PCo A分析(OTUs水平)表明,近湖岸交界处采样点各不同深度土壤层之间的厌氧氨氧化细菌的群落结构更相似,而远湖岸界面处采样点各不同深度之间的厌氧氨氧化细菌的群落结构差异较大.群落结构分析表明,在白洋淀湖泊岸边陆向深层土壤中,序列隶属于Candidatus‘Brocadia anammoxidans’(34.07%)、Candidatus‘Brocadia fulgida’(24.66%)、Candidatus‘Jettenia sp.’(3.00%)、Candidatus‘Kuenenia sp.’(0.22%)、Candidatus‘Scalindua sp.’(0.08%)及与Genbank中已探明的厌氧氨氧化细菌亲缘关系较远的Anammox-like cluster(37.98%).相关性分析(p0.10)表明,在白洋淀湖泊岸边陆向深层土壤中,厌氧氨氧化细菌α-多样性指数中丰富度Chao指数与含水率(MC)呈负相关,多样性Shannon指数与氨氮(NH+4)呈负相关,优势度Simpson指数与NH+4呈正相关;但厌氧氨氧化细菌群落组成中Candidatus‘Brocadia anammoxidans’的富集与总碳(TC)及总硫(TS)含量呈正相关.综上,本文针对厌氧氨氧化功能基因hzs B扩增进行高通量测序,一定程度上揭示了具有富营养化特征的白洋淀湖泊岸边陆向深层土壤中厌氧氨氧化细菌的多样性、群落组成及其与土壤环境因子的关系.     

稻田土壤不同水分条件下硝化/反硝化作用及其功能微生物的变化特征

以湖南桃源县一长期种植水稻的酸性土壤为研究对象,在微宇宙培养条件下设置了4个水分梯度处理,分别为田间持水量(water holding capacity,WHC)的30%、60%、90%和淹水2 cm深.考察了水分条件变化对硝化和反硝化作用影响,并结合定量PCR和限制性末端片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)技术研究了硝化-反硝化微生物的响应特征.结果表明,30%WHC处理土壤无明显的硝化和反硝化作用发生,硝化作用主要发生于60%WHC和90%WHC处理土壤,90%WHC处理土壤硝化作用明显强于60%WHC,并检测到明显的N2O释放,表明该水分条件可能发生了硝化-反硝化耦合作用.淹水处理土壤氧化还原势Eh显著低于非淹水处理土壤,无明显的硝化作用发生,但能检测到N2O释放且释放量小于90%WHC处理土壤.除培养初期(7 d)外,反硝化功能基因nirS和nirK,以及氨氧化细菌(AOB)amoA基因的丰度先随着水分增加而增加,并在淹水处理中小幅下降,三者之间呈明显的正相关关系,且AOB amoA、nirS和nirK基因丰度均在90%WHC处理中最高,与该处理中硝化和反硝化活性最高相一致.T-RFLP结果表明,培养2周后,nirS基因为代表的反硝化微生物群落组成对水分梯度变化产生明显响应,Eh和含水率Cw是影响其群落组成的主要因子.     

3种碳添加对退化农田土壤固碳细菌群落结构多样性的影响

为研究秸秆、生物炭和纳米碳添加对退化农田土壤固碳细菌群落结构多样性的影响,利用高通量测序技术,对3种碳源添加后黑龙江省嫩江县退化农田土壤的固碳细菌群落结构及多样性进行研究.结果表明:①在97%相似度水平下,秸秆、生物炭添加后土壤固碳细菌的Chao1指数、Observed species和Shannon指数高于纳米碳添加后的土壤.②群落组成方面,在门水平上,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为优势菌门,在生物炭添加后的相对丰度最高,为94.35%;在纲水平上,γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)为优势菌纲,在纳米碳添加后的相对丰度最高,为67.45%;在目水平上,着色菌目(Chromatiales)为优势菌目,在纳米碳添加后的相对丰度最高,为50.83%;在科水平上,节外硫红螺菌科(Ectothiorhodospiraceae)为优势菌科,在纳米碳添加后的相对丰度最高,为34.34%;在属水平上,硫碱弧菌(Thioalkalivibrio)、Sulfurifustis、Thiobacillus为优势菌属,分别在生物炭、纳米碳和秸秆添加后的相对丰度最高,相对丰度分别为17.02%、16.40%、13.03%.③层次聚类和主成分分析结果显示,生物炭和纳米碳添加后土壤固碳细菌群落结构差异显著,进一步进行组间差异显著性分析表明,显著差异标记主要富集在生物炭添加的土壤中,主要为硫碱弧菌和硫腺菌(Thiocystis)最为显著.④冗余分析结果表明,土壤固碳细菌群落结构受土壤pH、有机碳、全氮、全磷、碱解氮及有效磷的综合影响,其中,土壤pH和全氮含量是影响土壤固碳细菌群落结构的主要理化性质.上述结果表明,秸秆添加对土壤固碳细菌群落结构及多样性影响较小,生物炭添加可显著提高土壤固碳细菌群落多样性,纳米碳添加对土壤固碳细菌的影响具有一定特异性;土壤固碳细菌群落结构受土壤pH和全氮含量显著影响.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.