重金属废水的生物治理技术研究进展

重金属污染水体的修复是目前研究的热点之一,其中生物治理技术尤其得到了广泛关注。利用菌类微生物的表面结构特性及其生化代谢作用,通过吸附法、代谢法、絮凝法等将重金属元素与水体分离或降低其毒性,可达到废水治理的目的。运用藻类细胞壁对重金属离子的化学吸附作用,可从水体中分离出重金属离子,国内外对此进行了广泛研究。种植能富集重金属的水生植物可有效治理受污染的天然水体。基因工程技术在这一领域的应用,加强了菌类和微藻的吸附、代谢、絮凝功能,提高了废水处理能力。固定化技术的应用提高了废水治理的效率及稳定性,有力地推动了重金属废水微生物治理技术的发展。文章综述了近年来国内外在利用微生物及植物技术治理重金属废水方面的研究进展,并对其发展方向进行了展望。     

吸附法处理重金属废水研究进展

对吸附法处理重金属废水的研究进展进行了综述,包括吸附机理、影响吸附的相关因素和常用吸附剂及其应用,同时展望了吸附法处理重金属废水的发展方向。     

处理重金属废水技术的研究进展

如何消除工业废水中重金属对环境和人类健康的危害,并且能够有效地回收废水中的贵重金属离子是环境保护工作者需解决的热点问题之一.详细地介绍了近十几年来国内外,处理重金属废水的技术方法,包括传统方法中的化学沉淀法、电化学法、吸附法和膜分离法,新出现的技术方法如分子印迹法和光催化法,并对以上各种技术方法的机理、研究进展、优点和所面临的主要问题进行了综合评述,同时阐述了处理重金属废水的技术和方法的发展趋势和应用前景.     

生物法处理含硫酸盐重金属废水的研究进展

基于硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)的厌氧生物技术是一项处理酸性含硫酸盐重金属废水极具潜力的技术。文章综述了厌氧生物法处理酸性含硫酸盐重金属废水的机理、重金属对生化系统中微生物及胞外聚合物的影响、生物法对硫酸盐和重金属的协同去除,提出了生物法处理该类废水目前还存在的问题及一些建议。     

处理重金属废水技术的研究进展

如何消除工业废水中重金属对环境和人类健康的危害，并且能够有效地回收废水中的贵重金属离子是环境保护工作者需解决的热点问题之一。详细她介绍了近十几年来国内外，处理重金属废水的技术方法，包括传统方法中的化学沉淀法、电化学法、吸附法和膜分离法，新出现的技术方法如分子印迹法和光催化法，并对以上各种技术方法的机理、研究进展、优点和所面临的主要问题进行了综合评述，同时阐述了处理重金属废水的技术和方法的发展趋势和应用前景。     

活性炭吸附法处理重金属废水研究进展

重金属废水成分复杂、毒性大且难降解,随着国家相关法律政策要求日益严格,使之成为废水治理的重点和难点。目前,活性炭吸附法在重金属废水处理方面也逐步开始工业化应用,取得较好的效果,本文对现有活性炭处理重金属废水技术进行了综述,详细讨论了该技术的各项参数,包括：活性炭的选择及预处理、废水的pH值、停留时间、活性炭用量和吸附柱的运行条件等,并简要介绍了活性炭吸附处理重金属废水的吸附机理。     

重金属废水处理及回收的研究进展

随着现代工业的迅猛发展,重金属废水大量排放。这不仅严重污染环境,还造成资源浪费。文章综述了化学沉淀法、电解法、吸附法、膜分离法、离子交换法、生物法等处理重金属废水的方法,分析了这些方法的特点、研究进展及重金属回收技术的现状,并展望了重金属废水处理的发展前景。     

离子交换技术在重金属废水处理中的应用

重金属废水由于所含重金属对人类和环境的危害,需要对其进行处理。化学沉淀法被广泛应用于重金属废水的处理过程,但采用化学沉淀法处理重金属废水时,会产生大量的重金属污泥,需要妥善处理或处置。离子交换技术处理重金属废水,既可实现废水中重金属的去除,有可回收废水中的重金属,避免化学沉淀法处理重金属废水时产生大量的污泥。离子交换树脂对废水中重金属离子的选择性分离,可以更好的实现废水中重金属离子的处理和重金属离子的回收。     

重金属废水处理技术与发展趋势

重金属废水、废渣、污泥等排于环境,通过土壤、水、空气、特别是食物链的污染,对人类产生很为严重的危害,因此,人们对作为重金属主要污染源的重金属废水的治理日益重视,在行政管理、环境立法和处理技术等方面采取了许多措施。但至今无论是国内还是国外,对重金属废水的治理仍不够完善和彻底,远未能杜绝重金属废水对环境的污染,随着工业的发展,如不认真治理,还会有加剧的趋势。因此,研究和解决重金属废水的有效、实用的处理技术,成为防     

铁氧体法处理电镀废水的应用研究

对铁氧体法处理电镀废水应用技术进行了研究,通过对比试验分析,得出可用常温下生成铁氧体的方法处理电镀废水,实现电镀废水达标排放和消除二次污染的结论。该应用研究对其他重金属废水的治理也有一定的实用价值。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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