我国丹顶鹤自然保护区网络设计

针对原有丹顶鹤保护区规划缺乏系统设计思想，保护区面lf缶严重的生境安全这一问题，根据维持生态系统地域完整性和生态过程完整性的原则，采用迭代法和整数规划2种方法，以高、中适宜性湿地面积占各自湿地类型总面积70％和60％为保护目标，研究了丹顶鹤自然保护区的网络设计，提出了丹顶鹤自然保护区网络的设计方案。     

江苏盐城自然保护区湿地景观格局空间优化模拟

江苏盐城自然保护区是中国最大的海岸带保护区,主要保护对象为丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)等珍稀鸟类和滩涂湿地生态系统。如何协调生物多样性保护与资源利用的矛盾,保护丹顶鹤赖以生存的湿地生境,是保护区管理者急需解决的问题。设计了3种考虑保护区协调丹顶鹤生境保护和经济发展的情景模式,并采用土地利用空间优化(LUPO)模型,模拟实现了各情景模式下的保护区湿地景观格局空间优化配置。模拟结果表明:情景A将保护区大面积的光滩和米草滩转换为碱蓬滩,实现了使丹顶鹤适宜生境面积增加80%以上的生态目标,但区域年经济效益显著下降。情景B将大面积的光滩、农田和米草滩转换为养殖塘,实现了使区域年经济效益增长40%以上的经济目标,但付出了丹顶鹤适宜生境面积减少的代价。情景C通过将米草滩和芦苇滩转换为碱蓬滩,将农田和光滩等转换为养殖塘,既实现了使丹顶鹤适宜生境面积增加40%以上,又使区域年经济效益增长20%以上的情景目标,是一种双赢的情景方案。     

世界保护区研究的新进展

20世纪 80年代以来 ,国家公园和自然保护区的思想和实践进入一个新的发展时期。本文从保护区文化价值观、经费、居民、科学基础和规划 5个方面分析当今世界保护区研究的新进展 ,指出维护和保持生态系统完整性是自然生态系统类保护区建设和研究的新方向     

世界保护区研究的新进展

20世纪80年代以来，国家公园和自然保护区的思想和实践进入一个新的发展时期。本文从保护区文化价值观、经费、居民、科学基础和规划5个方面分析当今世界保护区研究的新进展，指出维护和保持生态系统完整性是自然生态系统类保护区建设和研究的新方向。     

基于MAXENT模型的丹顶鹤越冬生境变化分析:以盐城保护区为例

盐城保护区是全球野生丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)迁徙种群主要的越冬栖息地之一。近年来,丹顶鹤越冬生境变化显著。应用MAXENT模型,结合丹顶鹤野外调查数据和主要环境特征变量,对2000—2013年盐城保护区丹顶鹤越冬生境变化和主要原因进行分析。模型分析结果表明,到道路距离、到养殖塘距离和到米草滩距离,以及到芦苇滩距离和到碱蓬滩距离分别是2000和2013年影响丹顶鹤分布的主要环境因子。2000—2013年期间,盐城保护区内丹顶鹤适宜生境面积持续减少,由94 571 hm2减少为22 365 hm2;适宜生境破碎化程度不断加剧,分布格局由连续分布变为集中分布在核心区周围区域。丹顶鹤适宜生境丧失与保护区内碱蓬滩、泥滩、盐田面积大幅减少,养殖塘面积大幅增加有关。建议保护区在丹顶鹤越冬生境保护中做好以下工作:(1)加强核心区湿地生境保护和恢复;(2)加强实验区和缓冲区人工湿地管护;(3)加强对保护区内人为干扰活动的监督和管理。     

盐城自然保护区人工湿地对水鸟分布的影响

通过定位观察，进行了人工湿地内鸟类的种类鉴别和数量统计。结果表明，２２０ｈｍ~２人工湿地先后招引了包括丹顶鹤在内的５５种水鸟前来栖息。并通过与人工湿地建立以前调查结果的分析比较，阐述了建立人工湿地对整个保护区生态系统功能的调节和补充作用。     

盐城自然保护区人工湿地对水鸟分布的影响

通过定位观察，进行了人工湿地内鸟类的种类鉴别和数量统计。结果表明，２２０ｈｍ＾２人工湿地先后招引了包括丹顶鹤在内的５５种水鸟前来栖息。并通过与人工湿地建立以前调查结果的分析比较，阐述了建立人工湿地对整个保护区生态系统功能的调节和补充作用。     

滨海湿地类自然保护区的成本效益研究——以江苏盐城湿地珍禽国家级自然保护区为例

以江苏盐城湿地珍禽国家级自然保护区为例,分析了滨海湿地生态系统所提供的生态系统服务及保护该系统所产生的成本。采用市场价值法、影子工程法和专家评估法估算了保护区内滨海湿地生态系统服务价值。2010年盐城保护区内滨海湿地生态系统产生的保护成本为8.18×109元,其中管理成本为1.95×107元,机会成本为8.16×109元;保护区产生的效益为1.83×1010元。结果表明,盐城保护区获得的效益远大于其付出的成本,盐城保护区的存在具有经济学上的收益优势。因此,在盐城滨海湿地建立自然保护区具有巨大的生态效益,这种优势更多地体现为长期的综合效益,且难以用货币形式直接兑现。对待自然保护区建设与管理应形成整体、长期的理念,不能因短期利益和局部利益而牺牲自然保护区,真正做到对保护区的永久保护和持续利用。     

滨海湿地类自然保护区的成本-效益研究——以江苏盐城湿地珍禽国家级自然保护区为例

以江苏盐城湿地珍禽国家级自然保护区为例,分析了滨海湿地生态系统所提供的生态系统服务及保护该系统所产生的成本.采用市场价值法、影子工程法和专家评估法估算了保护区内滨海湿地生态系统服务价值.2010年盐城保护区内滨海湿地生态系统产生的保护成本为8.18× 109元,其中管理成本为1.95× 107元,机会成本为8.16× 109元;保护区产生的效益为1.83× 1010元.结果表明,盐城保护区获得的效益远大于其付出的成本,盐城保护区的存在具有经济学上的收益优势.因此,在盐城滨海湿地建立自然保护区具有巨大的生态效益,这种优势更多地体现为长期的综合效益,且难以用货币形式直接兑现.对待自然保护区建设与管理应形成整体、长期的理念,不能因短期利益和局部利益而牺牲自然保护区,真正做到对保护区的永久保护和持续利用.     

江苏泗洪洪泽湖湿地自然保护区生态服务功能价值评估

在野外实际调查基础上,运用市场价值、影子工程、旅行费用等方法对江苏泗洪洪泽湖湿地自然保护区生态服务功能进行价值评估.结果显示,该保护区生态服务功能年均总价值约为13.97亿元,占泗洪县2005年国民生产总值的20.82%.重要物种栖息地、水分调节以及大气调节生态服务功能价值分别占总价值的27.49%、25.27%、19.33%,是该保护区的主要核心服务功能.泗洪湿地单位面积生态服务功能价值为28 299元·hm-2·a-1,分别为全球和中国湿地平均单位价值的4.09倍、4.85倍.在发展当地经济过程中,必须从该保护区湿地生态系统的基本特征出发,科学合理地保护、开发湿地资源.     

基于IUCN保护区分类系统的中国自然保护区分类标准研究

在总结实施我国自然保护区分类标准的经验和问题的基础上,依据中国自然保护区建设的现状和特点,借鉴IUCN保护区分类系统,提出了中国新的自然保护区分类标准,并据此对已建自然保护区进行了重新分类,以期促进我国自然保护区建设管理工作以及国内外的信息交流。     

西藏自治区自然保护区事业的现状和展望

介绍了西藏自治区保护区事业的发展概况和现状，指出了目前保护区建设与管理中存在的主要问题，对今后保护区的规划与发展提出了意见和建议。     

自然保护区管理有效性评价指标分析

根据154个国家级自然保护区的问卷调查结果,运用主成分分析法对26项管理评价指标进行分析,确定了影响保护区管理有效性的6个主要指标类体系。其结果表明:对管理有效性产生较大影响的主成分包括:物资保障、监控管理、经济开发收益、管理权归属、行政执法和交流合作。6个主成分对于管理有效性的贡献率比较分散,累计贡献率为68.671%;其中物资保障主成分贡献率最大,达26.011%。     

IUCN保护区分类系统与中国自然保护区分类标准的比较

通过对世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)和我国分类系统的比较,提出应该根据我国生物多样性、自然及其相关文化资源保护和维持的现状及特点,参照IUCN保护区分类系统,尽快制定出我国新的保护区分类系统。新分类系统应该以保护区主要管理目标为基本依据,同时综合考虑保护对象的特点及人类干扰程度来确定保护区类型,从而促进保护区的规范管理和进一步发展,实现自然保护与可持续发展的双重目标。     

Pastoralism,nature conservation and ecological sustainability in Western Australia's southern shrubland rangelands

Two major issues are discussed in this paper. The first is the commitment of Federal and State Governments to the maintenance of biodiversity and nature conservation through their endorsement of conservation strategies. Based on a rangeland biophysical resource inventory survey (Pringle et al., 1994) it is contended that existing nature conservation reserves are not representative of the biological diversity in the region. In 1990, less than 1% of the survey area was under nature reservation. Whilst 13 of 17 land types are present in reserves, most of the reserves consist of land types least suitable for pastoralism (but not necessarily lacking conservation value). The land types most subject to preferential grazing and most threatened from a nature conservation perspective are poorly (three types) or not (four types) represented, and certainly not replicated, in nature reserves of the survey area, which exceeds 100 000 km2. Of the 23 priority plant species for nature conservation occurring in the survey area, 21 are not known to occur in nature reserves. Nature conservation in the area needs to improve because of the unrepresentativeness of the existing nature reserves and the absence of numerous priority plant species for nature conservation from these areas. We should recognize that reservation is but one nature conservation strategy. Viewed as a land tenure issue, this paper presents a case for a more representative nature reserve system, and substantial changes in outlook towards off-reserve nature conservation. First, an integrated appraisal of findings from rangeland and biological surveys is required. Together they provide a strong foundation for nature conservation planning, from which a more representative nature reserve system can be planned. Given that off-reserve nature conservation values are still likely to be substantial, partly as a result of compromise with existing land uses, new approaches to land management, sensitive to these values, may be required.The second major issue concerns the success of maintaining regional biological diversity in the arid shrubland rangelands of Western Australia, which will be strongly influenced by the use of the semi-natural matrix of lands under pastoral management. In six suggested opportunities, this paper addresses how this use may be achieved. Central to the ideas is a regional approach in which all stakeholders can contribute to, and have ownership of, regional environmental management plans. This paper emphasizes the role that conservative pastoral management might be able to play and some approaches to encourage more widespread participation of pastoralists in nature conservation management.     

自然保护区生态旅游开发与规划研究

在论述生态旅游定义、本质特征以及自然保护区概念与建立意义基础上,探讨了自然保护区生态旅游开发程序及规划内容。认为:生态安全原则是自然保护区生态旅游开发的首要原则,生态安全影响评价是自然保护区生态旅游开发的重要环节,社区参与、主管部门的监管以及有关专家的指导是自然保护区生态旅游成功开发的保证;功能分区、生态旅游容量确定、生态旅游项目规划、解说教育系统规划、生态化旅游基础设施规划、社区参与规划是自然保护区生态旅游规划的关键内容。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

Occurrence and distribution of micro- and mesoplastics in the high-latitude nature reserve,northern China

• The first study on micro(meso)plastics (MMPs) in the Liaohe River Reserve is reported. • Diverse MMP were detected in surface water and sediment at all 32 sites. • The abundance of MMPs decreased in the course of the river. • The MMPs abundance in water is significant association with the county population. Microplastics pollution has received growing attention worldwide in recent years. However, data on microplastics in the freshwater environment are still limited, especially in high-latitude nature reserves in Northern China. The first study on microplastic pollution in the Liaohe River Reserve in Northern China is reported here, and mesoplastics were also incorporated. Surface water and sediment samples were collected from 32 sites along the nature reserve. The abundance, type, shape, color, and size of micro- and mesoplastics were measured using density extraction, optical microscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy. The data showed that diverse micro- and mesoplastics were found widespread in the 32 sites, and the average abundance of these plastics was 0.11±0.04 10⁻² items/L in surface water and 62.29±54.30 items/kg in sediment. Moreover, 70% and 66% were smaller than 2000 μm in surface water and sediment, respectively. Fiber accounted for 91.86% in surface water and 43.48% in sediment, indicating that the major source of micro- and mesoplastics in the Liaohe River Reserve may be domestic sewage and aquaculture. A total of 16 and 27 polymers were identified in surface water and sediment, respectively, and mostly consisted of rayon, polyester, polystyrene, and poly(ethylene terephthalate). Moreover, both the risk index and the pollution load index demonstrated a low risk of micro- and mesoplastics in surface water and sediment in the Liaohe River Reserve.     

中国自然保护区投资现状及其分析

经费问题是多年来－直困扰我国自然保护区建设与管理的难题。笔者在对４０多个自然保护区调查的基础上，阐述了目前我国自然保护区的经费渠道和投资水平，分析了全国自然保护区投资现状和特点，探讨了开辟自然保护区经费渠道的举措。