巢湖最大入湖河流背角无齿蚌中多环芳烃的含量、来源及风险评价

测定了巢湖最大入湖河流杭埠河及其支流丰乐河中背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)体内16种美国环境保护署(USEPA)优先控制的多环芳烃(PAHs)含量,分析了其来源,并对其生态风险和致癌风险进行评估。结果表明,16种PAHs在背角无齿蚌中均有检出,总质量浓度为707.8~1 614.6ng/g(以干重计)。从PAHs组成来看,低环(2~3环)、中环(4环)和高环(5~6环)的PAHs分别占29.8%、19.5%、50.7%,其中茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘浓度最高。来源分析表明,杭埠河及其支流丰乐河中背角无齿蚌体内的PAHs主要来源于草、木、煤等燃料的燃烧。PAHs的生态风险和致癌风险评价结果显示,杭埠河及其支流丰乐河中背角无齿蚌体内的PAHs具有一定的风险,应当引起重视。     

台州湾五种海洋生物体内多环芳烃的浓度、富集特征及环境效应

对台州湾近海5种不同生活习性的生物体内15种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析,研究不同生物体对PAHs的富集规律,探讨生物体PAHs的积累量与栖息环境的关系.结果表明,蓝圆鲹(Decapterusmaruadsi)、红点圆趾蟹(Ovalipes punctatus)、海鳗(Muraenesox cinereus)、日本沙蚕(Nereis japomixaj)和棱鲻(Liza carimatus)体内15种PAHs的总质量浓度(∑PAHs)平均值分别为74.02、127.30、128.50、150.32、224.30 ng/g,棱鲻∑PAHs是蓝圆鲹∑PAHs的3倍,5种生物体内2环PAHs占∑PAHs的17.19%～28.89%,3环占31.74%～39.17%,4环占33.47%～44.52%,5环占1.99%～4.05%,6环占0.78%～2.50%,其中3环和4环所占的比例较高,6环最低.蓝圆鲹、棱鲻、海鳗、日本沙蚕、红点圆趾蟹对PAHs的富集系数分别为20.49、54.93、0.68、0.79、0.67,对PAHs富集系数最大的是棱鲻,最小的是红点圆趾蟹.底栖生物对高毒性的PAHs具有极强的富集能力,台州湾近海生物体内PAHs的积累量不仅与生物体自身的生活习性有关,还与其栖息环境密切相关.     

南宁市城市近郊型地下河表层沉积物多环芳烃污染特征及来源解析

为研究西南岩溶地区城市近郊型地下河沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征及来源,选择南宁市清水泉地下河进行分析,沿地下河流动方向共采集8个表层沉积物样品,并检测16种PAHs的含量。结果表明,地下河表层沉积物中总PAHs为257.7～609.5ng/g(基于表层沉积物干质量计算),整体浓度处于中等污染水平;从PAHs组成来看,16种PAHs均被检出,且含量表现为4环PAHs5～6环PAHs2～3环PAHs;空间分布规律呈下游中游上游的趋势,且2～3环PAHs占比先增大后降低,而4～6环PAHs占比变化则相反;不同区域的PAHs来源各不相同,上游地区PAHs为燃烧来源,中游地区PAHs为石油来源,下游地区为混合来源,燃烧来源、石油来源与混合来源对PAHs的贡献率分别为28.4%、16.5%和55.1%。     

京郊灌渠水体和底泥中多环芳烃污染特征

以美国环境保护署(USEPA)公布的16种优先控制多环芳烃(PAHs)作为目标污染物,对通州区和大兴区灌渠水体和底泥中PAHs种类、浓度进行研究,并进行源解析,以了解京郊灌渠水体和底泥中PAHs的污染现状和主要污染来源,为农业环境保护和农产品质量安全提供科学依据和数据支持。结果表明:通州区灌渠水体和底泥中16种PAHs全部检出,水体和底泥中总PAHs分别为2.19~83.02 ng/L、52.61~785.22μg/kg;大兴区灌渠水体中检出15种PAHs,底泥中检出13种PAHs,水体和底泥中总PAHs分别为2.72~36.56 ng/L、2.69~39.20μg/kg。灌渠水体中以2~3环PAHs为主,底泥中以4~6环PAHs为主。     

燕山地球关键带多环境介质中多环芳烃分布特征

多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)作为环境中常见的持久性有机污染物,因其致癌、致突变、致畸和难降解的特性备受关注。地球关键带是维系地球生态系统功能和人类生存的关键区域,选取燕山地球关键带的雁栖湖站点,对地表水、表层土壤(0～10 cm)和地下水3种环境介质进行调查研究,旨在探索16种PAHs的分布情况。结果表明：1)地表水、土壤、地下水中的16种PAHs含量范围分别为9.78～2 221.3 ng·L^-1、76.21～285.03μg·kg^-1、21.45～1 521.13 ng·L^-1,均值分别为548.42 ng·L^-1、195.77μg·kg^-1、492.54 ng·L^-1,地表水中的平均浓度高于地下水;2) 3种环境介质中PAHs分子质量分布呈现大体相似特征,具体表现为单体PAH中萘(Nap)占主导地位,2～3环低分子量PAHs占比大于4环,5～6环最低;3)地表水和地下水的PAHs质量分数占比基...     

进水方式对序批式人工湿地处理效能的影响

序批式人工湿地具有较高的脱氮效能,研究考察了序批式人工湿地间歇和连续2种进水方式对其处理效能的影响。研究表明,进水方式对TN去除效能影响显著,对COD、NH4＋-N去除影响不显著。在水温18～25℃,负荷38 gCOD/（m2.d）条件下,采用＂进水10 min-反应12 h-排水10 min-排空闲置4 h＂的间歇进水方式时,可使进水COD、NH4＋-N和TN分别为306、65和73 mg/L的生活污水,出水分别为45、7和19 mg/L,去除率分别为85%、89%和74%,与＂进水反应12 h-排水10 min-排空闲置4 h＂的连续进水方式相比,COD和TN的去除率分别提高4%和32%。     

西安大气气相中的多环芳烃

利用PUF被动采样器于2008年8月—2009年7月采集了西安大气样品,研究了大气气相中多环芳烃（PAHs）的含量和季节分布特征。结果表明,西安大气气相中16种美国EPA优控的PAHs（Σ16PAHs）质量浓度为10.9-489.6 ng/m3（平均为143.4 ng/m3）,四季具有明显的季节差异,依次为夏季（62.5 ng/m3）〈春季（80.1 ng/m3）〈秋季（175.8 ng/m3）〈冬季（255.2 ng/m3）。气相中PAHs主要以3-4环为主,占总量的86.5%-94.1%。利用主成分分析法判断四季气相中PAHs的污染来源类型,主要为燃煤和机动车尾气及生物质燃烧的复合源。     

四川绵阳大气多环芳烃垂直分布特征及健康风险评价

为探究四川绵阳山区与城市大气多环芳烃(PAHs)的垂直分布特征,2021年9月16日至12月31日用大气被动采样器在观雾山6个海拔高度与绵阳电视塔5个海拔高度上开展了PAHs样品采集,并对其含量与组成进行了分析。结果表明：(1)绵阳山区与城市大气中16种PAHs的平均质量浓度分别为3.38、26.59 ng/m³。大气PAHs浓度在山区基本随海拔(682～1 680 m)升高而降低,在城市则随海拔升高先降再升又再降。(2)3环PAHs质量浓度占比最高(51.1%～73.4%),占主导地位。(3)大气中PAHs的来源主要为燃煤和交通排放。(4)绵阳大气PAHs中主要毒性物质为苯并[a]蒽。城市、山区吸入导致的超额致癌风险值分别为1.55×10^-5、2.36×10^-6,且城市为山区的6.57倍。     

北京西三环地区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布

2012年3-8月对北京西三环地区大气颗粒物进行分级采样,利用气相色谱(GC)/质谱(MS)联用仪对颗粒物中多环芳烃(PAHs)含量进行测定.结果表明,检出的16种PAHs总质量浓度(∑16PAHs)平均为46.73ng/m3;苯并[a]蒽(BaA)等6种单体浓度与∑16PAHs呈良好线性关系；PAHs粒径分布特征表明,其更易富集在细颗粒物上；不同环数PAHs分布特征为:3环＞4环＞5环＞6环＞2环,随着颗粒粒径减小,高环数PAHs含量增加.温度、湿度和紫外线(UV)指数与∑16PAHs呈负相关.通过特征化合物比值分析法对PAHs进行源解析发现,采样期间PAHs主要来源为燃烧源,交通源影响微弱.     

植烟土壤中16种多环芳烃的洗脱净化技术及含量测定

为测定植烟土壤中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,建立并优化了土壤样品的洗脱净化方法,比较了不同洗脱剂、净化方法及净化条件的提取效果。结果表明,3种洗脱剂中正己烷-二氯甲烷混合液(体积比1∶1)洗脱效果最好,四通道色谱分离仪法在提取效果、溶剂耗量、操作时间上均优于硅胶柱法。在最佳操作条件下(洗脱剂用量2 m L/次、洗脱时间50 s/次)洗脱5次后采用气相色谱—质谱联用仪对16种PAHs进行检测,16种PAHs均在20~2 000μg/L内呈线性关系(R0.99),仪器检出限为0.72~2.09μg/L,植烟土壤中16种PAHs的加标回收率为80.3%~114.4%,相对标准偏差为4.2%~12.3%。该方法简便、高效,能准确测定出植烟土壤中16种PAHs的含量。     

过量生石灰对污泥含水率和有机物含量的影响

为了研究生石灰(氧化钙,CaO)处理活性污泥对污泥含水率和有机物含量的影响,通过向南京某城市污水处理厂出厂污泥投加过量CaO进行脱水实验,测定投加CaO后污泥的含水率;烘干后的脱水污泥进行热重实验,研究CaO投加量对污泥中有机组分含量的影响.脱水实验表明:随着CaO与污泥质量比的增大,污泥含水率迅速减小,当质量比达到1.5时,污泥达到完全脱水;投加过量CaO的脱水污泥呈干燥的粉末状,粒度均匀,可作为水泥生产的辅料。热重实验表明:投加CaO后单位干泥失重百分比随CaO与污泥质量比增大而逐渐减小,向污泥中投加CaO有利于污泥中有机组分的释放和去除,实现污泥的稳定化。     

Screening Capsicum accessions for capsaicinoids content

Ninety Capsicum accessions selected from the USDA Capsicum germplasm collection were screened for their capsaicinoids content using gas hromatography with nitrogen phosphorus detection (GC/NPD). Fresh fruits of Capsicum chinense, C. frutescens, C. baccatum, C. annuum, and C. pubescens were extracted with methanol and analyzed for capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, and nordihydrocapsaicin. Mass spectrometry of the fruit crude extracts indicated that the molecular ions at m/z 305, 307, and 293, which correspond to capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, and nordihydrocapsaicin, respectively, have a common benzyl cation fragment at m/z 137 that can be used for monitoring capsaicinoids in pepper fruit extracts. Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin were the dominant capsaicinoids detected. Capsaicin concentrations were typically greater than dihydrocapsaicin. Concentrations of total capsaicinoids varied from not detectable to 11.2 mg fruit(-1). Statistical analysis revealed that accession PI-441624 (C. chinense) had the highest capsaicin content (2.9 mg g(-1) fresh fruit) and accession PI-497984 (C. frutescens) had the highest dihydrocapsaicin content (2.3 mg g(-1) fresh fruit). Genebank accessions PI-439522 (C. frutescens) and PI-497984 contained the highest concentrations of total capsaicinoids.     

Particle-bound PAH content in ambient air

Ambient air samples from a traffic intersection, an urban site and a petrochemical-industrial site (PCI) were collected by using several dry deposition plates, two Microorifice uniform deposited impactors (MOUDIs), one Noll Rotary Impactor (NRI) and several PS-1 (General Metal Work) samplers from March 1994 to June 1995 in southern Taiwan, to characterize the atmospheric particle-bound PAH content of these three areas. Twenty-one individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed primarily by using a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). In general, the sub-micron particles have a higher PAH content. This is due to the fact that soot from combustion sources consists primarily of fine particles and has a high PAH content. In addition, a smaller particle has a higher specific surface area and therefore may contain more organic carbon, which allows for more PAH adsorption. For a particle size range between 0.31 and 3.2 microm, both Urban/Traffic and PCI/Traffic ratios of particle-bound total-PAH content have the lowest values, ranging from 0.25 to 0.28 (mean = 0.26) and from 0.07 to 0.13 (mean = 0.10), respectively. This indicates that, during the accumulation process, the PAH mass shifted from a particle phase to a gas phase, or the particles aggregated with lower PAH-content particles, resulting in a reduction in particle-bound PAH content. By using the particle size distribution data, the dry deposition model in this study can provide a good prediction for the PAH content of dry deposition materials. In general, lower molecular weight PAHs had a larger fraction of dry deposition flux contributed by the gas phase; for 2-ring PAH (50.4, 46.3 and 28.4%), 3-ring PAHs (15.2, 15.4 and 11.7%) and 4-ring PAHs (13.0, 3.60 and 5.01%) for the traffic intersection, urban and PCI sites, respectively. For higher molecular weight PAHs-5-ring, 6-ring and 7-ring PAHs-their cumulation fraction (F%) of dry deposition flux contributed by the gas phase was lower than 3.26%. At the traffic intersection, urban and PCI sites, the mass median diameter of dry deposition materials (MMD(F)) of individual PAHs was between 25.3 and 49.6 microm, between 27.6 and 43.9 microm, and between 19.1 and 41.9 microm, respectively. This is due to the fact that PAH dry-deposition primarily resulted from gravitational settling of the coarse particulates (> 10 microm).     

Radionuclide content of Las Vegas Wash sediments

The Las Vegas Wash is an excavated waterway channel which drains all surface water and effluent discharge from sewage-treatment facilitates from the greater Las Vegas Metropolitan Area to Lake Mead. Fine and course sediment samples were collected at 100-m intervals and analyzed to determine the distribution of gamma-emitting radionuclides in the lower 5,500 m of the Las Vegas Wash. Results indicate depletion of long-lived fission products in upstream Wash sediments. However, trace levels of ¹³⁷Cs measured in downstream sediments suggest the resuspension and transport of radioactive fallout within the Wash. Levels of ⁴⁰K, ²³²Th, ²³⁵U, and ²³⁸U found in Wash sediments were consistent with levels typically found in southeast Nevada soils.     

Mineral content in the soil and tree foliage

Seedlings of fir (Abies alba Mill.) and spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) were fumigated with SO(2), O(3) and SO(2) + O(3) in open-top chambers (OTCs) for almost 5 vegetation periods. As background stress, simulated rain of pH 4.0 was applied. Nutrient content of soil, soil solutions, and trees was investigated and balanced. In the upper partition of the soil high concentrations of exchangeable Ca(2+) were found in all chambers. The SO(2) and SO(2) + O(3) treatments led to increased Ca(2+), Mg(2+) and Mn(2+) concentrations in soil solution and the pool of exchangeable protons increased. This response was most evident in the SO(2) and SO(2) + O(3) chambers and less clear in the filtered pH 5.0 control chamber. In the SO(2) treatment increased Mn and S levels were found in the needles. Ca content in the needles showed a decreasing trend. O(3) alone had no consistent effect on needle nutrient content.     

腐殖质含量对填料净化污水效能的影响

掺入与腐殖垃圾级配相同的砂配置腐殖质含量分别为1.09%、0.87%、0.65%、0.44%和0.01%的5种填料，装填0.5 m厚度的试验柱，构建人工快速渗滤系统处理生活污水，并测定饱和水力渗透系数，研究腐殖质含量对填料净化污水效能的影响。结果表明，在相同的水力负荷（1 m/d）和污染负荷下，5种腐殖质填料对COD和TP的平均去除率存在明显差异，腐殖质含量为1.09%、0.87%和0.65%的3种填料对COD的去除率较腐殖质含量为0.01%的填料均高出14%以上。腐殖质含量与TP去除率呈现正相关性。腐殖质含量最高的填料（1#）其初始K值最大达3.23×10^-2 cm/s，约为腐殖质含量最低的填料（5#）的5倍，其稳定运行时间最长。