垃圾处理的“还原型”生态经济产业途径及循环经济模式

污染的主要来源是资源的不合理利用以及生态经济的自然循环链锁关系被人为地割裂后产生污染的循环环节所致。由于所有的产品经过消费以后都会变成垃圾，而代表着人类社会现阶段资源不可持续资源利用模式的垃圾的现行处理模式，将直接导致资源的耗竭。比较生态系统和经济系统的结构后发现，经济系统中的“还原”环节被弱化是导致目前人类生态经济灾难的症结所在。因此，在此基础上探讨建立垃圾处理生态经济可持续发展的“还原型”高科技产业途径及循环经济模式的一系列问题。     

迪庆藏族自治州生态状况调查研究

迪庆藏族稍自治州地处生态系统极不稳定的亚高山生态脆弱带。保护好原始森林和天然草场，是迪庆州生态保护的必由之路。实现迪庆州生态保护战略的根本途径是调整产业结构和生产力布局，在力发展“绿色产业”和“无烟工业”以资源利用方式的转变促进经济增长方式的转变最终实现本地区生态，经济、社会的可持续发展。     

对生态经济学基本理论问题的探讨——全国生态经济科学讨论会基本理论组观点综述

<正> 一、关于生态经济科学的研究对象概括起来主要有“角度论”“点面论”和“客体论”三种观点。也有人提出了一些其它看法。“角度论”主要有以下几种认识。其一认为,生态经济学是研究一定社会生产方式条件下人类社会与生态系统间相互关系的科学,是经济科学的一个分支,它必然是从经济学角度进行研究。其物质内容是人类(经济系统)和环境(生态系统)之间物质、能量交换关系;其经济内容则表现为两个系统的价值交换关系。上面的这种观点可以概括为从经济学的角度研究生态经济学。其二认为,从经济学角度来研究由经济系统和生态系统复合而成的经济生态系统的结构和功能的     

生态经济系统的能值研究——以攀枝花市生态经济系统为例

生态经济系统是一种最广泛阐述生态系统与经济系统之间关系的体系,重点探讨人类社会的经济行为与其所引起的资源和环境嬗变之间的关系,它是生态系统与经济系统相互交叉具有边缘性质的研究领域。生态经济系统研究的对象是复杂的生态经济巨系统,其目的是研究人类经济活动与生态环境关系及其规律,指出了人类社会子系统的存在必须依赖于生态经济系统的平衡和自调节机制。目前具有多种生态经济系统研究的方法,本文选用美国著名生态学家H.T.Odum于20世纪80年代创立的能值分析（emergy analysis）理论和方法对区域的可持续发展进行度量和评估。利用各种资源的能值转换率（transformity）,将其以太阳能焦耳（Solaremjoules）为统一尺度,解决了不同类型能量之间无法进行核算问题,为我们提供了一种新的能量分析理论。     

区域可持续发展的生态支持——江苏省邳州市生态示范区建设研究

从生态学、生态经济学角度看，区域是融自然-社会-经济为一体的复合生物系统，是生产要素与生态要素(自然、人为)相互整合的结果。该复合生态系统物质、能量的“整体、协调、循环、自生”是实现社会、经济与环境协调发展、达到三个效益统一目标的基本条件。     

中国生态一经济协同发展实证研究——基于复合系统协调度模型

基于复合系统协调度模型,利用中国2001-2015年生态与经济发展情况的面板数据进行实证分析,结果表明中国生态一经济复合系统协同程度虽然逐步提升,但整体水平偏低,其主要原因是生态系统内部发展存在不协调。在此摇础上,提出推进经济系统持续发展、提高生态系统内部协调度和实现生态一经济协同发展的政策建议,强调政策制定应当具备适应性和延续性,政策实施应当加强监察力度,以期为中国生态经济的协同发展提供科学方法与决策参考。     

城市生态规划的理论与方法

综述城市土地利用生态规划和城市生态系统对策规划的状况，分析并提出了城市生态规划的两种类型，即生态规划方法和城市生态系统水平上进行的生态对策规划，并对这两种生态规划的发展进行了探讨。     

矿区土地复垦与生态重建效益演变与配置研究

矿区复合生态系统的重建是对未来空间系统结构和功能的超前安排,其效益的演变极大地受到自然、社会、经济的影响。论文从资源经济、生态经济角度,讨论了矿区土地复垦与生态重建效益的概念和内涵,分析了矿区生态系统演变、矿区生态重建目标、矿区生态系统类型、矿区生态重建措施及矿产资源综合利用对矿区生态系统“三大效益”配置的影响;并以平朔安太堡露天煤矿1985～2015年土地复垦与生态重建过程中的土地资源利用结构动态演变为实例,初步揭示矿区生态重建过程中“三大效益”的有序配置和高度统一问题;为优化矿区土地资源利用结构和建立矿区复合生态系统重建的效益评价指标体系提供理论基础。     

生态环境影响评价中经济评价方法研究

随着中国生态环境影响评价的开展,中国正在积极推进生态经济评价预测层次上的环评,对其评价方法提出了更高的要求。当前国内外所用生态价值评价方法缺乏环境与经济相联系起来和在决策中体现生态环评结果的方法,缺乏量化评价指标体系及评价方法,没有从系统的角度考虑一个动态的、复杂系统的环境影响因素。在系统分析生态环境影响评价中经济评价方法的基础上,对吉林省三岔子林业局天然林生态系统中保持水土、涵养水源、调节气候、净化大气等生态价值进行生态环境影响经济分析、预测、评价,首先建立该区天然林生态系统服务价值评估指标体系,并结合野外调查测量及实地数据分析,初步对天然林生态系统价值进行测算;其次利用灰色系统预测分析,对2009年-2028年三岔子林业局天然林生态系统价值进行预测,最后计算出天然林生态系统带来的经济效益。     

努力实现泰安山城旅游生态经济的持续发展

努力实现泰安山城旅游生态经济的持续发展泰安市人民政府城市旅游生态经济是城市旅游经济系统与相应的生态系统有机结合、协调运动的复合经济体系。它的发展是以生态理论和旅游经济理论为指导，正确处理旅游经济活动与生态环境的关系，力求做到旅游经济效益、生态环境效益...     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.