BDD电极阳极氧化垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液

实验研究了电化学技术阳极氧化垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液,比较了不同阳极种类、电流密度和极板间距对污染物降解的影响。结果表明,掺硼金刚石(boron-doped diamond,BDD)薄膜电极作为阳极,比钛基镀钌铱(Ti-RuO2-IrO2)和钛基镀铂(Ti-Pt)电极作为阳极时,有机物的矿化更为迅速。选用BDD电极作为阳极,不锈钢电极作为阴极,随着电流密度的增加(10~100 mA/cm2),TOC去除率随之提高,极板间距的改变(2~12 mm)对TOC的降解影响较小。BDD阳极氧化6 h后,浓缩液的TOC去除率达到94%。研究表明,BDD电极阳极氧化技术可有效地处理垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液,可将其应用于高毒性难生物降解的有机废水的处理工艺中。     

基于响应曲面法优化的臭氧/过硫酸盐/四氧化三铁工艺对结晶紫的降解

为有效去除水中结晶紫,利用臭氧/过硫酸盐/四氧化三铁工艺对结晶紫的氧化效果进行研究,设计单因素实验探索臭氧流量、过硫酸盐浓度、四氧化三铁浓度和pH对结晶紫降解的影响,依据响应曲面法的BoxBehnken Design(BBD)实验设计原理,探究臭氧流量、过硫酸盐浓度、四氧化三铁浓度和反应时间对降解效果的影响,并优化工艺参数;使用SEM-EDS、FT-IR和Raman表征了反应前后的四氧化三铁,并用EPR技术直接鉴定出工艺过程中的活性氧。结果表明：此工艺在较宽的pH区间(3～11)都具有较高的结晶紫降解能力,臭氧流量、过硫酸盐浓度和四氧化三铁浓度与结晶紫的降解率成正比;臭氧流量1.000 L·min^-1,过硫酸盐浓度0.968mmol·L^-1,四氧化三铁浓度2.158 mmol·L^-1,反应时间41.702 min为预测的最佳工艺条件;在最佳工艺条件下得到的实际降解率与预测降解率相对偏差仅为-1.12%;催化反应后Fe₃O₄粒径减小,表面变得更加光滑;反应后的Fe₃     

厌氧-跌水充氧接触氧化工艺有机物降解数学模型

厌氧-跌水充氧接触氧化-人工湿地组合工艺是一种新型的污水处理工艺,为优化该工艺在实际工程应用中的参数设计,通过分析研究其工艺流程及有机物降解机理,在借鉴和参考污水处理领域数学模型相关研究的基础上,构建了有机物降解数学模型。结果表明,有机物在不同条件下进行降解时,水温、DO浓度等各种影响因素互相干扰,降解机理复杂。基于人工神经网络的反向传播算法,以COD的初始浓度、DO、温度为输入层,以有机物降解速率常数为输出层,建立确定有机物降解速率常数的神经网络模型,并仿真多因素同时变化时降解速率常数的动力学趋势。验证结果表明,建立的有机物降解模型能够对该工艺的污水处理效果即出水水质进行较好的模拟预测。     

光催化电化学联合降解水中苯酚的研究

采用电化学、光催化联合工艺降解水中苯酚,在对其降解机理、反应动力学进行分析的基础上,考察了电解质浓度、电流密度及溶液pH等控制因素对降解速率的影响。实验结果表明：电化学和光催化同时作用时,产生了协同作用;以氯化钠为电解质可增强协同作用;光电联合工艺降解苯酚符合准一级反应动力学;弱酸性环境有利于降解反应的进行。在电流密度...     

电化学阴极活化掺硼金刚石膜电极

掺硼金刚石膜(BDD)电极是一种理想的用于电化学分析微量重金属离子的非汞电极,选择合适的BDD电极类型和探索简便的活化BDD电极的方法对提高其电分析检测能力和延长其使用寿命具有重要意义。本研究考察了3种硅基掺硼浓度(B原子浓度分别为2×1020/cm3、8×1020/cm3和27×1020/cm3,简写为BDD-2、BDD-8和BDD-27)的BDD电极经历相同的阴极预处理:在0.5 mol/L H2SO4溶液中,阴极恒电位(-3V vs.饱和甘汞电极)极化5、10、20、30和50 min后,以铁氰化钾/亚铁氰化钾为氧化还原探针,用交流阻抗和循环伏安技术表征了阴极极化后的BDD电极的电化学活性,并用阳极溶出伏安法,通过对一系列已知浓度的铅离子的测量试评估了阴极活化的效果。结果表明,电化学阴极预处理能显著提高3种掺硼浓度的BDD电极的表面活性,但阴极活化效果与BDD的掺硼浓度和阴极预处理时间有关,BDD-27和BDD-8的最佳阴极预处理时间分别为30 min和10 min,BDD-2因表面活性太差并不适合用于电分析。     

线-板式介质阻挡放电反应器的优化

研制了一种新型线-板式介质阻挡放电反应器。通过分析V-Q Lissajous图,得出了反应器放电过程的特征,以乙烯的降解率为指标,优化了反应器的结构,并考察了工艺参数(相对湿度、乙烯初始浓度和停留时间)变化对反应器性能的影响。实验结果表明,反应器放电时,输入功率的增加不会使放电电压增大,增加的是放电电流;优化后的反应器以2.5mm厚的陶瓷板做阻挡介质,以间距为0.5 mm的钼丝做电晕极,放电间距3 mm;乙烯的降解效率受湿度的影响小于10%,随初始浓度的增加或停留时间的减小而降低;最佳的工艺参数为湿度24%(298 K)、初始浓度17 mg·m~(-3)、停留时间1 s。与传统的平行板式反应器相比,该反应器起晕电压较低、能量效率较高,适于降解低浓度的乙烯气体。     

不适宜生长条件对混菌降解苯胺的影响

分别从台州和衢州某化工厂的好氧池中分离筛选得到2株苯胺降解菌TZ1和JH1,经16S rDNA测序鉴定为Comamonas sp.TZ1和Pseudomonas sp.JH1,均具有较强的苯胺降解能力,培养24 h后,可使初始浓度为800 mg/L的苯胺去除率达到96.4%~98.4%。在此基础上,按体积比1∶1将2株菌液进行混合构建了混合菌体系,进而对比考察了苯胺初始浓度、pH、盐度和重金属等环境因子对单一菌和混合菌生长量及降解苯胺效果的影响,重点探讨混合菌对不适宜生长环境的适应性及其对苯胺的降解特性。通过单一菌和混合菌对比实验发现,在适宜苯胺初始浓度、pH和盐度条件下,混合菌的生长量略高于单一菌;在不适宜生长的高浓度苯胺、pH和盐度条件下,混合菌也表现出了更强的适应性和苯胺矿化能力。Zn2+和Cr6+耐受实验则表明,对于Cr6+,混合菌表现出了更强的耐受能力,而对于Zn2+并没有表现出更强的耐受能力。     

生化需氧量测定技术的进展

生化需氧量(BOD_5)是目前最常用、最重要的水质有机污染指标之一.它是指水中有饥物在好氧微生物作用下,进行好氧分解过程中所消耗水中溶解氧的量.这一指标自1913年由英国皇家污水处理委员会正式确定以来,得到了广泛应用.除作为一项污染指标外,还可以用来探明废水的可生化降解性、生化处理中所需营养的种类、浓度和生化处理效果;也可作为生化处理废水工艺设计和动力学研究中的一个重要参数.     

UV/O_3降解水样中COD的动力学建模

建立动力学模型可以对UV/O_3降解有机物的过程进行有效的分析和预测,帮助改进水处理工艺以提高有机物的降解效率和降低能源消耗。然而,已有的方法无法满足实际水样中未知有机物降解过程的建模需求。在化学反应机理的基础上,结合对有机物降解生成CO_2浓度演化规律的分析,建立了一种可预测未知有机物降解反应的数学模型。通过改变氧化消解的条件,从理论上检验了该模型的灵敏度;同时,实验采用了含有葡萄糖、尿素和邻苯二甲酸氢钾的混合溶液作为测试水样,考察了模型的准确性,实验值与预测值的趋势一致。     

不适宜生长条件对混茵降解苯胺的影响

分别从台州和衢州某化工厂的好氧池中分离筛选得到2株苯胺降解菌TZl和JH1，经16SrDNA测序鉴定为Comamonassp．TZ1和Pseudomonassp．JH1，均具有较强的苯胺降解能力，培养24h后，可使初始浓度为800mg／L的苯胺去除率达到96．4％～98．4％。在此基础上，按体积比l：1将2株菌液进行混合构建了混合菌体系，进而对比考察了苯胺初始浓度、pH、盐度和重金属等环境因子对单一菌和混合菌生长量及降解苯胺效果的影响，重点探讨混合菌对不适宜生长环境的适应性及其对苯胺的降解特性。通过单一菌和混合菌对比实验发现，在适宜苯胺初始浓度、pH和盐度条件下，混合菌的生长量略高于单一菌；在不适宜生长的高浓度苯胺、pH和盐度条件下，混合菌也表现出了更强的适应性和苯胺矿化能力。Zn2＋和Cr6＋耐受实验则表明，对于Cr6＋混合菌表现出了更强的耐受能力，而对于zn2＋并没有表现出更强的耐受能力。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.