环境规制、省际产业转移对污染迁移的空间溢出效应

目前我国正在积极地探寻经济增长高质量发展,生态环境与经济持续、稳定的和谐发展至关重要。虽然政府制定了相关的环境治理政策,但我国环境治理整体效果仍然欠佳。自从分税制改革以来,地方政府为了获得较高经济效益,会放松对环境管理,导致环境治理高投入低成效。同时,由于区域经济发展不平衡导致政府在制定相关环境治理政策时带有区域性特点,迫使高污染高能耗企业迁移至环境规制相对薄弱的地区,由此产生污染迁移的现象。基于此,对2003—2017年30个省区市(港澳台和西藏除外)环境污染总指数的空间溢出效应进行探讨,构建动态空间杜宾模型研究环境规制、省际产业转移对污染迁移的影响。研究结果表明:①环境规制总体上对环境污染具有显著直接效应且存在正向空间溢出效应,当某省环境规制强度增加,环境污染总指数会降低,从而引起污染向相邻省份转移,造成相邻省份的环境污染总指数上升。②省际产业转移整体上对环境污染具有显著直接效应且存在负向空间溢出效应,当某省的产业转移到相邻省份时,会缓解本省环境污染,却加重相邻省份的环境污染程度。这就需要中央政府加强对于各省区市的环境管控,统筹各区域的联防联治机制。产业转移承接省份在招商引资的过程中不仅要考虑本省环境承载能力和环境治理能力,还要考虑入驻企业自身污染排放处理能力,并将污染排放指数纳入筛选条件。同时,产业转移承接省份要引入企业的生产工艺、技术、研发团队等,运用技术溢出效应提升区域环境治理水平。     

相对环境规制、高污染产业转移与污染集聚

近年来中国高污染产业逐渐由东部发达地区向中西部欠发达地区转移,各地区相应进行一定的环境规制,但中西部地区的污染仍急剧上升。探讨地区间的环境规制差异和高污染性的产业转移对环境污染集聚带来的影响,对我国的环境治理和实现绿色可持续发展具有重要而深远的意义。文章利用我国2006—2015年的省际面板数据,通过计算高污染产业动态集聚指数,环境污染集聚指数和相对环境规制强度指数,利用GMM广义估计法进行全样本、区域异质性、时期异质性回归分析。子样本回归分析中分别按我国东部地区和中西部地区进行区域异质性分组,按我国2006—2010年和2011—2015年进行时期异质性分组,得出的子样本回归结果与全样本回归结果大体上是相吻合的。结果表明:我国相对环境规制与环境污染集聚呈现"倒U型"关系;高污染产业转移所带来的主要是工业废水污染和工业废气污染的集聚程度的加深;由转移所带来工业固体废物污染集聚不十分明显;工业化程度的加深使得地区环境污染集聚加剧; EKC曲线在我国确实存在,但并不显著;劳动力成本和质量的提高会使得环境污染集聚下降。高污染产业转入地在承接转出地产业转移的同时,应该努力提高能源效率,引进绿色排污工具,从而促进转入地和转出地实现经济可持续发展。同时,各地区应依据资源优化配置原则和有效利用原则,充分考虑环境保护的要求,逐渐由分散治理向集中控制转化,力求从地区源头解决污染问题,以实现最大程度的经济发展与环境保护双赢的局面。地方政府应该综合考虑产业结构、地区生产总值、要素成本、资源禀赋等因素,通过建立地区之间的产业链,实现区域之间的协调发展。     

中国区域间产业转移的污染天堂效应检验

本文将作为区域特征的环境规制和作为产业特征的污染排放密度加入到区域特征与产业特征交互作用模型中,来研究环境规制对我国产业区位选择的影响,检验中国区域间的"污染天堂"效应。结果表明,各地区环境规制强度的不同对污染产业的区位选择产生了影响,污染密集型产业向环境规制强度较弱的中西部地区进行了转移。     

环境规制能否倒逼产业结构调整——基于中国省际面板数据的实证检验

本文从理论上分析了环境规制导致污染型生产的要素价格上升所带来企业行为的调整,当环境规制达到门槛值会驱动污染产业的转移和结构的本地升级,有效倒逼产业结构朝着低碳化方向调整。利用中国省际面板数据进行了实证检验,结果表明:首先,环境规制与地区产业转移、结构升级均呈现U型关系,只有越过环境规制的门槛值,才能促进产业结构调整;其次,根据这两个门槛值可将产业结构变迁划分为外延式、半内涵式、内涵式发展三个阶段,而中国现阶段仍处于半内涵式发展阶段,即环境规制可以推动产业转移但不可以促进结构升级,其中,东、中部地区处于半内涵式阶段,西部地区则处于外延式发展阶段;最后,不同类型的环境规制对于产业转移和结构升级的影响具有显著差异,针对企业"源头治理"的环保投资推动产业结构调整的效果更明显。因此,加强地区环境规制强度,采取因地制宜的环境规制政策,推动环保措施从"末端治理"向"源头治理"转变,充分发挥环境规制对于产业结构调整的倒逼效应,对于实现环境保护与结构转型的双赢具有重要意义。     

环境规制与我国制造业绿色全要素生产率——基于国际垂直专业化视角的实证

在中国企业参与国际垂直专业化分工的过程中,存在污染工序的转移问题,但鲜见有学者基于这一新型国际分工背景探讨环境规制会对绿色全要素生产率带来何种影响。为了对此进行研究,本文利用SBM模型测算了中国2002-2010年27个制造行业的绿色全要素生产率,并以面板数据实证检验了国际垂直专业化过程中加强环境规制对绿色全要素生产率的影响,最后考察了环境规制影响绿色全要素生产率的行业差异性。研究结果表明:①环境规制强度与制造业绿色全要素生产率整体上符合"U"型关系,即环境规制强度由弱变强,将对绿色全要素生产率产生先削弱后提升的影响;②环境规制强度对绿色全要素生产率的影响在清洁型部门与污染密集型部门存在一定的差异性。因此,适度加强环境规制强度,采取灵活多样的环境规制形式,不仅有利于保护环境,而且利于促进技术创新,提升制造企业的绿色全要素生产率。     

环境税对绿色创新的空间溢出效应——基于政府环境监管调节作用的分析

地区差异化环境税政策为污染企业通过跨区转移回避环境成本提供了空间,由此带来了污染与绿色技术创新的空间溢出。显然这种空间溢出效应增加了环境税激励绿色技术创新的难度。不仅如此,地方政府环境监管强度也会影响环境税的绿色创新效应,忽略政府环境监管因素,有可能对污染减排政策与技术创新之间关系作出不恰当的推断。文章构建政府环境监管、环境税与地区绿色创新的理论分析框架,利用2005—2019年省际面板数据,运用空间面板杜宾模型实证分析环境税对绿色创新的空间溢出效应及政府环境监管的调节作用,并进一步考察了环境税对邻地绿色创新的影响机制。研究发现：环境税的“本地-邻地”绿色创新效应均呈现倒“U”型特征,且政府环境监管通过提升环境税的创新补偿效应、降低政府官员的环境规制俘获概率,进一步增强了环境税对绿色创新的影响;环境税绿色创新效应的地区异质性明显,本地环境税绿色创新的非线性特征及环境监管调节作用只适用于东部地区。而邻地效应中,政府环境监管调节作用只在中部地区显著,而且显著增强了环境税的绿色创新效果;人力资本跨区流动与污染产业跨区转移是造成环境税“本地-邻地”绿色创新效应空间特征的重要因素。环境税高税率地...     

产业转移对中国中部地区的环境影响研究

我国实施中部崛起发展战略后,中部地区相继出台了自己的发展战略,积极承接东部沿海省份的产业转移。东部沿海省份的产业结构升级需求和中部崛起战略的实施,不可避免地带来了产业的梯度转移,在产业的区际转移过程中,究竟有没有伴随着污染的转移?因此,在对于外商直接投资、国际贸易引起的国家之间污染转移的污染避难所问题进行研究的同时,对于我国国内地区之间的产业转移所产生的环境污染问题也必须引起足够的重视。本文基于Becker和Henderson对污染密集型产业的分类方法,采用以区位商的构建机理为基础的产业竞争力系数,以及重污染行业产值的全国占比等指标,利用我国中部地区山西、安徽、江西、河南、湖北和湖南六个省份2000-2010年的面板数据,分析了中部地区污染密集型产业的转入情况,并进一步实证检验了这种产业转移对中部地区污染转移的影响。研究发现,在2004年后,也就是中部崛起战略实施后,各种污染密集型产业向中部转移的趋势越来越明显。有色金属矿采选业,非金属矿采选业,农副食品加工业,食品制造业,饮料制造业,纺织业,造纸及纸制品业,石油加工、炼焦及核燃料加工业,化学原料及化学制品制造业,非金属矿物制品业,黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业,电力、热力的生产和供应业等污染密集型行业向中部地区的转入,造成了废水、二氧化硫和烟尘等污染物的排放向中部地区的转入。文章最后对中部地区在实施招商引资政策、积极承接东部沿海省份等发达地区的产业转移和环境保护方面提出了相应的对策建议。     

环境司法专门化促进了企业环境治理吗?——来自专门环境法庭设置的准自然实验

环境司法是进行环境保护的必要手段,我国从2002年开始在部分地区设置专门环境法庭,这一外生事件为准自然实验提供了研究场景。本文以我国重污染行业上市公司2006—2016年共4 340个观测值为研究样本,采用倾向得分匹配和双重差分方法(PSMDID)检验环境司法专门化对企业环境治理影响的异质性及其经济后果。研究发现:环境司法专门化能够有效地促进该地区企业进行环境治理,而且企业是通过扩大整体资本投资的方式进行环境治理,但是企业环境治理投资抑制了生产性资本投向。通过进一步研究发现:首先,与中西部地区相比,东部地区的环境法庭设置更能有效地促进企业进行环境治理;其次,与市场化程度较低的地区相比,市场化程度越高的地区,其所在地区的环境法庭设置能有效地促进企业进行环境治理;然后,与环保纳入官员考核体系之前相比,环保纳入官员考核体系能更加有效地促进企业进行环境治理;最后,地区环境规制与环境司法专门化之间起到相互补充作用,在环境规制强度低的地区,环境法庭的设置能有效地促进企业进行环境治理。因此,各地法院应加强专门环境法庭的设立,积极推进刑事、民事和行政案件"三合一"的审理模式,因地制宜地探索环境司法审判程序,才能有效地促进企业进行环境治理。除此之外,政府应该采用财政支持和税收优惠等激励政策引导企业进行合理的资本投向,以确保企业环境治理的同时能够满足生产经营的需要。     

中国工业环境规制强度的行业差异及收敛性研究

针对不同行业环境规制强度的差异性,本文运用收敛理论研究了行业环境规制强度的敛散性。传统上利用单位成本或产出的污染治理费用表示的行业环境规制强度可能存在有偏性,本文基于单位污染排放的污染治理费用测算行业环境规制强度,利用Theil指数和收敛检验模型,分析了2001—2015年中国35个工业行业环境规制强度差异、收敛性质及收敛机制。研究发现:(1)一些行业的环境规制强度与其污染强度未表现出相应的强关联性。(2)中国工业行业环境规制强度差异呈现"M"型变化趋势,污染行业与清洁行业之间的环境规制强度差异呈现先发散后收敛的倒"U"型趋势。(3)泰尔指数及其分解还表明,污染行业内部的子行业间环境规制强度差异很大,且是造成工业行业环境规制强度差异的最主要来源。(4)工业行业环境规制强度存在较长时段的σ收敛和较短时长的俱乐部收敛的同时,还存在绝对β收敛和条件β收敛,即低规制行业向高规制行业看齐,不同行业环境规制强度向各自的稳态水平靠近,此外,污染行业环境规制强度收敛速度慢于清洁行业。(5)企业规模成长和市场化水平提升有利于促进企业提高环境规制水平。(6)对收敛机制的进一步研究表明,出口学习效应和进口技术溢出对行业环境规制强度变化的提升效应随着环境规制强度的提高而扩大,即两者对行业环境规制强度变化具有提升效应,但无促进其收敛的作用。扩大企业规模、提升市场化和对外开放水平,有利于提升企业应对环境规制的能力,并为下一阶段实施更为合理有效的环境规制政策提供支撑。     

环境规制对长江经济带城市工业绿色发展效率的影响研究

基于2011～2016年长江经济带110个地级及以上城市面板数据,从环境规制对工业绿色发展效率的作用机理出发,采用空间杜宾模型探究环境规制对长江经济带城市工业绿色发展效率的影响效应。研究发现:环境规制对长江经济带城市工业绿色发展效率影响整体呈先抑制后促进的"U型"特征,绿色引导效应凸显需经历一定时期;环境规制对工业绿色发展效率的促进作用具有显著的地区异质性,整体呈下游、上游、中游地区梯度递减格局,且中游地区始终以成本约束效应为主;环境规制会导致污染型产业在长江经济带内城市间扩散转移,以中下游地区尤为突出,上游地区环境治理力度较弱而不足以影响企业迁移决策。进一步提升长江经济带城市工业绿色生产能力,应强化工业污染协同治理,提升环境政策精准性,加快绿色技术创新研发应用。     

环境库兹涅茨曲线理论与国家环境法律间关系的研究

研究表明,经济发展与环境退化之间经常呈现倒U型曲线关系,许多学者将其定义为环境库兹涅茨曲线(EnvironmentalKuznets Curves,EKC),并将其运用到对发展中国家和发达国家的先污染,后治理的发展模式的解释之中。但是环境库兹涅茨曲线假说本身并不完善。在摒弃了传统计量模型指标后,以国家环境立法和国家环保投资作为目标研究EKC。结果表明,环境改善的重要条件是政府的支持,尤其是以环境法律的形式。     

Researching Visual Environmental Communication

In 2008, we published a journal paper arguing that while scholarly work on media representations of environmental issues had made substantial progress in textual analysis, there had been much less work on visual representations. This special edition has a number of aims in this respect. It seeks to mark out where there has been progress since 2008, and the papers in this collection represent some of the fresh and exciting high quality scholarly work now emerging on an expanding number of topics and using different methods. We argue that we need to think more openly about what we mean by “the visual.” We begin by placing research into visual representations of the environment into the wider trajectory of visual studies research. We then proceed to review key trends in visual environmental communication research and to delineate core dimensions, contexts and sites of visual analysis.     

Environmental degradation by mud in tropical estuaries

In wet tropical countries, the intense rainfall and the lack of effective restrictions on human activities in the river catchment leads to increased rates of soil erosion. This has increased the sediment loads many times over from the natural level. As a result, estuarine and coastal waters are becoming increasingly muddy with associated losses for society in terms of increased flooding and a degradation of the environment, the fisheries and the economic use of these waters. It is suggested that science-based models be used to predict the fate of mud in estuaries and coastal waters when planning development in river catchments, particularly in wet tropical countries. This would help integrate land and water management. Modelling technology is demonstrated by a combination of field and model studies in four turbid tropical estuaries, namely the Fly River in Papua New Guinea, the Mekong River in Vietnam, the Cimanuk River in Indonesia, and Hinchinbrook Channel in Australia. The final model is adapted to local conditions and extensively uses data assimilation especially for open boundary conditions. There can be a feedback between the hydrodynamics and the mud dynamics when the system silts; in wet tropical countries this can occur rapidly, sometimes in only 30 years. Electronic Publication     

From Environmental Campaigns to Advancing the Public Dialog: Environmental Communication for Civic Engagement

This essay examines the claims of environmental identity campaigns regarding the issue of climate change. Identity campaigns are based on the idea that more effective environmental messages developed through the application of cognitive science by professional communications experts can favorably influence public opinion, and thus support legislative action to remedy this issue. Based on a review of the sociological and psychological literature regarding social change and mobilization, I argue that while this approach may offer short term advantages, it is most likely incapable of developing the large scale mobilization necessary to enact the massive social and economic changes necessary to address global warming. Specifically, theoretical and empirical research on the role of the public sphere, civil society and social movements shows that democratic civic engagement is core to successful social change efforts. However, identity campaigns focus on a communications process that centers on elite led one way communications, which falls to allow for any form of civic engagement and public dialogue. This undermines the creation of a democratic process of change and reinforces the professionalization of political discourse, leading to a weakening of the mobilization capacity over this issue of global warming. The essay concludes with the outlines of an environmental communication process that aims at enhancing civic engagement and democratic decision making.     

Green Lawfare: Environmental Public Interest Litigation and Mediatized Environmental Conflict

Communication strategies involving news media and environmental groups are well documented and research into protest politics and other forms of environmental communication has made considerable progress in the analysis of the strategies that various actors use to influence environmental policy. There is less scholarship, however, on the journalistic representation of the legal strategies employed by environmental non-government organizations, such as the mediatized debates about the use of law by these groups and the laws themselves. Further, while legal scholarship observes the role of public interest litigation in environmental matters, the role of news media as an influential force in public opinion formation and mobilization in the context of environmental litigation as an activist strategy remains less understood. Using the 2015 “green lawfare” debate in Australia that followed a successful Australian Federal Court challenge to a coalmine, this paper argues that the “mediatized visibility” inherent in public interest litigation is an important, but mostly overlooked, element of mediatized environmental conflict.     

Environmental movement in Lebanon

The paper reviews and assesses the evolution of the environmental movement in both the public and the private sector in Lebanon. It studies the public sector involvement in the environmental movement by reviewing the commitments made by the government to the local, regional and international communities. The paper presents a summary of all the decisions, decrees, and laws pertaining to environmental protection that the Lebanese government has instituted over time, as well as all the conventions and agreements that the country has ratified and/or signed. Compared to the Arab world in the Middle East and North Africa, Lebanon is relatively more active and integrated in the world community. Using the total number of established environmental organizations and the level of reported activities aimed at spreading environmental awareness and educating people as indicators of private sector involvement in the environmental movement, the paper concludes that the post war era is characterized by a significant increase in the number of established organizations. It also concludes that there is a co-movement between economic and environmental variables. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

Environmental restoration of Minamata: new thinking brings new advances

This paper discusses the idea of environmental restoration and the creation of sustainable cities of industry and culture by spotlighting how the city of Minamata, Japan, which was severely affected by environmental damage, is rejuvenating itself by means of a unique strategy based on a new way of thinking and the fostering of human resources. Taking its lead from the concept of environmental capacity building, this paper focuses on environmental restoration as (1) a mending process for the social environment and human relationships, (2) a strategy of actor participation, particularly citizen participation, in environmental restoration, and (3) a role for human resource development.     

Economics-Oriented Discourse Strategies in Environmental Advocacy

Scholars and practitioners are engaging in a fierce debate over the implications of using market-based discourse in communicating environmental problems and solutions. However, there has been less attention to exactly who is using such economic discourse and how it is combined with other discourses. Prior researchers have proposed tripartite frameworks for categorizing discursive strategies around pro-economic, anti-economic, and non-economic metaphors, which are here applied to eight U.S. environmental advocacy organizations’ press releases. An original text-analytic dictionary of pro-economic, anti-economic, and non-economic discourse is used to distinguish between the proposed discourse strategies. This analysis indicates that economics-oriented discourse strategies are more complex and varied than previously suggested. A more nuanced framework is proposed.     

我国在国际贸易中表现出“环境相对比较优势”吗?——兼与王奇老师商榷

我国在国际贸易和国际分工中是否表现出"环境相对比较优势"?本文通过考察进出口产品结构变化和我国吸引的外国直接投资的行业结构变化趋势对这一问题进行了实证分析,结果发现我国进出口产品结构没有向污染密集型产品转变,外商投资的行业结构也没有偏向污染密集型产业.虽然我国目前经济增长的自然资源和环境成本较大,但这主耍是国内资源使用效率低下和国内消费升级、产业结构转变造成的.实际上,参与国际贸易和国际分工使我国的经济结构向更清洁的方向转变,有利于减轻我国经济增长中的环境压力.因此,本文认为虽然目前我国的环境规制水平较一些发达国家低,但这并不等同于我国经济具有或表现出了"环境相对比较优势",所谓的"环境相对比较优势"在实际上是不存在的.