冬季APEC峰会前后室内外VOCs相关性分析

为研究冬季VOCs类物质的室内外相关性,于2014年11月5日~12月11日对一间无人为活动的房间的空气进行了室内外同步采样,定量分析了98种VOCs物质,并将其分为烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃、卤代烃和含氧烃五类,分别讨论了VOCs的浓度水平、I/O、室内外相关系数和分类间的相关系数,并利用质量平衡模型初步估计了室外源对室内VOCs的贡献情况.研究表明,五类VOCs的室内浓度均大于室外浓度,且烷烃>含氧烃>卤代烃>烯烃;五类VOCs均同时存在室内源和室外源;对于VOCs的室内外相关性,烯烃和含氧烃分别为相关性最差和最好的组分,同时,r(卤代烃)>r(烷烃)>r(芳香烃);对于物质间的相关性,烷烃-烯烃的相关性在室内外均最高(rin=0.805,rout=0.888,P￡0.01),卤代烃-含氧烃之间的相关性最差(rin=0.491,P￡0.05;rout=0.529,P￡0.01);室外源对室内浓度的贡献率与VOCs的种类相关,贡献率均值最高的是卤代烃类(56.57%),之后依次是烷烃(46.64%)、烯烃(40.10%)、含氧烃(33.98%)和芳香烃(20.67%).此外,APEC峰会后VOCs的浓度水平、I/O、室内外相关性以及物质间的相关性均高于峰会前的对应值.     

兰州市城关区2000年春季大气气溶胶特征及分析

通过对兰州市城关区2000年春季大气气溶胶的监测,分析了该地区总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)的质量浓度及飘尘的粒径分布规律.结果表明:春季该地区TSP及飘尘的污染十分严重;TSP的质量浓度的日变化为双峰型;粗粒子在飘尘中的比例比较大;气象条件、人为活动规律对TSP的质量浓度变化规律及飘尘的粒径分布规律影响较大.      

成都大气颗粒物中多环芳烃(PAHs)污染特征

本研究采用主动采样技术历时一年连续采集大气TSP样品,利用GC-MS分析测试TSP中16-PAHs的质量浓度,分析大气TSP中PAHs的浓度变化特征,成分谱分布规律。研究结果表明:成都TSP中PAHs浓度范围为15.75~295.63 ng/m3,年平均浓度及标准偏差为82.16±53.31 ng/m3,在Spearman相关检验中TSP中PAHs浓度与气温呈显著的负相关性,相关系数为:-0.6855,TSP中PAHs与TSP质量浓度成正相关关系,相关系数为:0.7186,全年大气TSP中PAHs浓度呈现出冬季>春季>秋季≈夏季的季节变化特征。     

吐鲁番空气中总悬浮颗粒物和可吸入颗粒物的相关性

于2009年对吐鲁番市大气中总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)监测结果进行了统计分析并讨论。     

北京大学非采暖期室内空气中的气态多环芳烃

同步采集并分析了非取暖期北京大学住宅小区和教学楼室内和室外大气样品中气态PAHs含量.结果表明,室内空气中气态PAHs含量高于室外.室内外样品相似的化合物分布谱说明室内污染主要来自室外空气.距交通干线近的样点室内外浓度均高于对照样点,说明非取暖期机动车排放是城市室内外空气中气态PAHs的主要来源.挥发性弱的高环化合物含量表现出比低环易挥发化合物更明显的随距交通干线距离变化的趋势.此外,所有室内空气中气态PAHs含量均高于对应的室外样品.     

居室玻璃表面有机质与多环芳烃分布规律研究

为探讨广州和香港市区玻璃表面薄膜上有机质和PAHs的分布特征,从2007年12月至2008年1月,利用低尘擦拭纸采集广州和香港室内外相对应的15对玻璃表面薄膜样品.结果表明,广州室内外有机质占表面薄膜重量的1.8%和1.1%,香港则分别为3.9%和1.6%.玻璃表面薄膜上Σ15PAHs浓度的最高值达到1430ng/m2,以菲,芴,荧蒽,芘等为主.室内外对比结果显示,主要以颗粒态形式存在的5~6环化合物室内外差别较大,广州室外比室内大约高1倍,而香港由于中央通风系统的过滤作用,其室外比室内高约5~10倍.根据有机质和PAHs浓度之间的相关性,认为室内外存在不同源强的有机质和PAHs来源,玻璃表面可能更有利于PAHs的光降解.     

室内外PM10中多环芳烃相关关系及来源分析

为研究室内外PM10中多环芳烃相关性和来源特征,于2009年非采暖季、采暖季在天津市某小区36位住户室内和室外进行PM10膜采样,并分析其中12种PAHs浓度.结果表明,非采暖季较采暖季更为良好的室内外通风性,导致非采暖季室内外PM10中PAHs浓度没有显著差异(P>0.05),而采暖季室内PM10中PAHs浓度显著小于室外浓度;非采暖季室内外PM10中各PAHs占总PAHs的质量百分比基本一致,而采暖季其室内外质量百分比有明显不同;采暖季和非采暖季室内外PM10中PAHs的I/O平均值均低于1,但采暖季I/O值小于非采暖季. 对参与者的时间活动模式分析表明,在采暖季和非采暖季,室内吸烟、清洁活动以及烹饪对室内PM10中PAHs浓度变化均没有显著影响(P>0.05). 室内外PAHs浓度线性回归分析表明,室内PM10中5~7环PAHs主要受到室外源的影响,2~4环PAHs主要受到室内源的影响,非采暖季和采暖季室内外PM10中总PAHs的有效穿透因子分别为0.73和0.51. 通过特征比值法对PM10中PAHs来源进行解析得出,燃煤源、柴油机动车是其主要来源.     

城市大气TSP浓度影响因素分析

城市大气中TSP(总悬浮颗粒物)的产生与该市工业生产规模、经济发展状况、科学技术水平、环境管理能力、市政建设、居民生活水平以及气候气象条件等诸多因素有关,上述各种因素的综合作用导致出现大气TSP污染。实际上欲将影响TSP浓度水平的所有因     

利用ADMS-城市模型模拟分析鞍山市大气环境质量

利用鞍山市 2 0 0 2年的TSP(总悬浮颗粒物 )和SO2 (二氧化硫 )大气环境监测资料、污染源排放清单资料和气象资料 ,以及ADMS -城市大气扩散模型进行了鞍山市大气环境质量分析。结果表明 :鞍山市低架源对地面浓度的贡献较大 ,高架源对地面浓度的贡献相对较小。     

室内外PM_(10)中多环芳烃相关关系及来源分析——以天津市某老年社区为例

为研究室内外PM10中多环芳烃相关性和来源特征,于2009年非采暖季、采暖季在天津市某小区36位住户室内和室外进行PM10膜采样,并分析其中12种PAHs浓度.结果表明,非采暖季较采暖季更为良好的室内外通风性,导致非采暖季室内外PM10中PAHs浓度没有显著差异(P0.05),而采暖季室内PM10中PAHs浓度显著小于室外浓度;非采暖季室内外PM10中各PAHs占总PAHs的质量百分比基本一致,而采暖季其室内外质量百分比有明显不同;采暖季和非采暖季室内外PM10中PAHs的I/O平均值均低于1,但采暖季I/O值小于非采暖季.对参与者的时间活动模式分析表明,在采暖季和非采暖季,室内吸烟、清洁活动以及烹饪对室内PM10中PAHs浓度变化均没有显著影响(P0.05).室内外PAHs浓度线性回归分析表明,室内PM10中5~7环PAHs主要受到室外源的影响,2~4环PAHs主要受到室内源的影响,非采暖季和采暖季室内外PM10中总PAHs的有效穿透因子分别为0.73和0.51.通过特征比值法对PM10中PAHs来源进行解析得出,燃煤源、柴油机动车是其主要来源.     

北京市冬季公共场所室内空气中TSP, PM10, PM2.5和PM1污染研究

在北京市的海淀区、朝阳区、丰台区和昌平区选择了 49个公共场所 (包括办公室、宾馆、图书馆、超市等等 ) ,分别对其室内空气中TSP ,PM10 ,PM2 5 和PM1的浓度进行了测定 ,并且对室内空气中粉尘含量的影响因素进行了分析和探讨 .研究结果表明 ,繁忙的交通状况和建筑施工将明显增加公共场所室内空气中TSP ,PM10 ,PM2 5 和PM1浓度 .频繁的室内清扫有助于降低室内空气中颗粒物的浓度 .在室内空气中 ,PM10 浓度与TSP浓度呈现明显的正向线性相关性 ,而PM2 5 和PM1的浓度与PM10 浓度的相关性较差     

Rush-hour aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons in selected subway stations of Shanghai, China

Air samples were collected simultaneously at platform, mezzanine and outdoor in five typical stations of subway system in Shanghai, China using stainless steel canisters and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass selective detector (GC-MSD) after cryogenic preconcentration. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) at the platforms and mezzanines inside the stations averaged (10.3 ± 2.1), (38.7 ± 9.0), (19.4 ± 10.1) and (30.0 ± 11.1) μg/m³, respectively; while trichloroethylene (TrCE), tetrachloroethylene (TeCE) and para-dichlorobenzene (pDCB), vinyl chloride and carbon tetrachloride were the most abundant chlorinated hydrocarbons inside the stations with average levels of (3.6 ± 1.3), (1.3 ± 0.5), (4.1 ± 1.1), (2.2 ± 1.1) and (1.2 ± 0.3) μg/m³, respectively. Mean levels of major aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons were higher indoor (platforms and mezzanines) than outdoor with average indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios of 1.1-9.5, whereas no significant indoor/outdoor differences were found except for benzene and TrCE. The highly significant mutual correlations (p < 0.01) for BTEX between indoor and outdoor and their significant correlation (p < 0.05) with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), a marker of traffic-related emission without other indoor and outdoor sources, indicated that BTEX were introduced into the subway stations from indoor/outdoor air exchange and traffic emission should be their dominant source. TrCE and pDCB were mainly from indoor emission and TeCE might have both indoor emission sources and contribution from outdoor air, especially in the mezzanines.     

北京某小学室内外VOC浓度及有毒害物种识别

采用美国EPA推荐的TO14/15方法定量分析了北京市某小学室内外夏季观测的空气样品,得到82种挥发性有机物（VOCs）的浓度水平及组成特征,对其中可能危害儿童健康的有毒有害物质进行了识别.结果表明,室内总VOCs浓度高于室外,烷烃是含量最丰富物种,平均占室内外空气中定量VOCs总浓度的32.8%.室内外VOCs组成相似,异戊烷、苯、甲苯、丙醛、丙烯和二氯甲烷为浓度优势物种,受到室外源的影响较大,室内的对二氯苯、环己烷及间二氯苯较为特征,前2种物质室内/室外浓度比例平均值分别为65.8和10.5,间二氯苯室内平均浓度为2.02×10^-9（体积分数）,而室外浓度低于检测限,这3种物质可能来自室内源. 1, 3-丁二烯、氯乙烯、苯和氯甲烷4种物质在学校室内、室外及儿童家中都超过1×10^-6的癌症风险值,平均风险值分别为1.3×10^-5、 6.4×10^-6、 5.1×10^-6和3.3×10^-6,小学室外、室内及儿童家中的累积癌症风险超过1×10^-6的癌症风险值24～39倍.丙烯醛未确认具有致癌性,但具有毒有害性,在室内外及儿童家中超过基准浓度13～72倍.     

Indoor/outdoor relationships of airborne ionic substances: Comparison of electronic equipment room and factory environments

In previous work, the indoor and outdoor airborne concentrations and indoor surface accumulation rates of ionic substances contained in fine (<2.5) and coarse (2.5–15 μm) particles were determined for low-occupancy electronic equipment rooms. This work has now been extended to an electronic equipment manufacturing environment.Comparison of indoor and outdoor concentrations at the manufacturing facility for both fine and coarse particles show substantially different behavior from that seen for the electronic equipment rooms.As was found previously, the dominant species in fine particles are ammonium and sulfate, which closely track each other. Their indoor and outdoor concentrations also track, but the indoor/outdoor ratios are larger by a factor of 4–5 than those found for the electronic equipment rooms. Sodium shows tracking behavior similar to ammonium and sulfate and its indoor/outdoor ratio is also large. Other ions in fine particles show elevated indoor/outdoor ratios for some sampling intervals and tracking is not evident, thought it may be masked by the large fractional error associated with species with low concentrations. There is no dominant species in the coarse fraction. Sodium and chloride track each other strongly indoors and outdoors and the indoor and outdoor concentrations of each track closely. Potassium, as well as chloride, exhibit indoor/outdoor ratios that are sometimes much larger than 1.Modelling of indoor/outdoor relationships using a mass-balance model has shown that indoor concentrations can be accurately predicted from outdoor concentrations for species with no indoor sources. The model also shows that the source generation rates for fine and coarse particles indoors range from 0 to 6.6 and 2.3 to 5.8 mg min⁻¹, respectively, for a room with a volume of 6336m³.     

公路收费亭内外空气污染特征及其影响因素

2003-06～2003-07对重庆市辖4个收费站中的收费亭内外一氧化碳(CO)、二氧化氮(NO₂)、总烃(THC)和可吸入颗粒物(PM₁₀)进行了采样监测,同时还观测了气温、大气压、风速和车流量等影响因素,通过二元相关和偏相关分析方法探讨了收费亭内外各空气污染指标与影响因素之间的关系.结果表明,收费亭外CO和PM₁₀小时平均浓度值比亭内高,亭内NO₂和THC的小时平均浓度值比亭外高.重庆站亭内外NO₂和茶园站亭内外CO的小时平均浓度值超过环境空气二级标准,其它各收费亭内外NO₂和CO的小时平均浓度均值未超过相关标准限值,其最高值均超过相关标准;各收费亭内外THC小时平均浓度均值分别达7.728 mg/m³和7.216　mg/m³,均超过标准限值10倍以上;收费亭内外PM₁₀变化幅度较大,亭外均值0.217　mg/m³,高于环境空气质量二级标准,亭内最高值达0.631　mg/m³,是室内空气标准日均值标准限值的4.2倍.在4个收费站的收费亭内外空气污染程度比较分析中,以重庆收费站为最严重,有3个指标的均值比其他收费站高.在污染指标与影响因素相关分析中,收费亭内外污染物之间的存在着一定的相关关系,CO、PM₁₀和NO₂呈极显著相关,亭内外THC呈显著性相关,车流量与NO₂、THC、PM₁₀均呈极显著（p<0.01）或显著相关(0.01<p<0.05),而与CO的污染程度相关性不显著;天气条件不同程度地影响各污染指标的浓度,分别以大气压和气温影响为主,风速影响不大.     

室内外PM2.5中金属元素的污染特征及来源

在南京市仙林地区住宅楼内和室外采集PM_2.5样品,分析PM_2.5中金属的污染特征及主要来源.结果显示,室内外PM_2.5平均浓度分别为80.56μg/m³和96.77μg/m³,室内外PM_2.5浓度比（I/O）平均值为0.87.除Mg外,室外其他金属平均值均高于室内.元素Pb室内外浓度相关性最高,R值为0.807.室内外PM_2.5中金属元素Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Co、Cr和Ni富集程度较高.主成分分析结果显示,室外PM_2.5中金属的主要来源为土壤尘、交通排放、金属冶炼、垃圾焚烧等;室内PM_2.5中金属可能的来源为室外颗粒物的渗透及室内烹饪和家具材料等.     

Contribution of cane bagasse used as a fuel in the sugar industry to changes in outdoor and indoor air quality in middle Egypt

The present one-year study is concerned with the degree of relationship between the changes in quantity and quality of outdoor and indoor settled dust in Abu Qurqas town in Middle Egypt and the combustion of cane bagasse in boiler furnaces in a sugar factory located in the same town. It can be suggested that this process is responsible for increasing the rate of outdoor and indoor deposition of combustible matter by 2–8 and 2–7 times, respectively, during the period of December–April. However, it can be suggested also that the same process has a limited role, as it is a source of ash content of both outdoor and indoor settled dust and is ineffective in polluting the two environments with calcium, chloride and sulphate ions and tar fraction.Indoor levels of settled dust and its constituents were found to be lowest during cold months. This causes the indoor levels of combustible matter resulting from the sugar factory to be lower than the outdoor levels by 41–45% during December–March and by 28% during April which is a relatively warm month in Middle Egypt.     

室内空气中多环芳烃(PAHs)的源及贡献率

采用因子分析及多元线性回归对杭州市室内外空气中PAHs的来源及其贡献率进行研究,求得PAHs总量与公共因子间的特征方程.结果表明,影响室内外空气中PAHs浓度的主要因子依次为烹调、卫生球的挥发、吸烟及加热、汽车尾气.在吸烟者家庭中,室内吸烟是影响室内空气中PAHs浓度的最重要的影响因子,其对室内空气中苯并(a)芘BaP的贡献率为25.8%.     

Relationships between indoor and outdoor air quality in four naturally ventilated offices in the United Kingdom

Three offices in central London and one at a rural location were characterized with respect to air quality. All four offices were naturally ventilated. The characterization was supplemented by using a mobile laboratory to monitor the outdoor air quality. Results indicate that indoor pollutant concentrations may be up to 80% of the concentration outdoors but can greatly exceed outdoor concentrations. Additionally, it has been shown that indoor pollutants usually follow outdoor pollutant trends at lower levels, with only a small time delay due to mixing and dilution factors. The interaction between indoor and outdoor air is discussed with respect to ventilation characteristics and pollutant sources. A comparison between actual and modelled carbon dioxide levels may provide a useful indicator of ventilation.