商用垃圾流化床焚烧炉多环芳烃排放的环境评价

对流化床垃圾焚烧炉中PAHs的排放特性进行了研究 .结果表明 ,烟囱烟气为流化床垃圾焚烧炉PAHs排放的主要途径 ,日排放量要高于其它途径 1— 2个数量级 ,且以低分子量物质为主 .脱除剂的添加对烟气中PAHs有减少的作用 ,但却增加了循环出口水中PAHs含量 .不同工况时PAHs环境排放毒性有变化 ,垃圾与煤混烧大于全煤 ,添加脱除剂大于未添加工况 ,但少于垃圾比例高的工况 .垃圾比例越高 ,毒性越大     

城市生活垃圾与煤流化床混烧过程中氮氧化物排放研究

针对我国城市生活垃圾热值低等特性。在流化装置上进行了城市生活垃圾与煤混燃实验，研究了在混燃过程中城市生活垃圾与煤掺烧比例及床层温度变化对NO和N2O排放浓度的影响。实验结果显示，随掺烧垃圾量逐渐增加时，NO排放浓度降低。而N2O排放浓度先降低然后增加，当城市生活垃圾与煤掺烧比例恒定时，随床温的增加NO排放浓度增加，N2O排放浓度呈下降趋势，采用前向式神经网络，以掺烧比和床温作为输入参数，对NO的排放进行预测。结果显示精度较高。     

流化床固体废弃物焚烧的HCl排放特性

采用ＰＶＣ管材和含ＮａＣｌ的水煤浆两种原料在流化床中进行焚烧来模拟研究城市生活垃圾流化床焚烧过程中ＨＣｌ的排放特性，分别考察了床温、水份和过量空气对ＨＣｌ排放的影响。研究表明：随床温升高，Ｃｌ→ＨＣｌ的转化率增大；随水份增加，Ｃｌ→ＨＣｌ的转化率增大；随过量空气系数的增加，Ｃｌ→ＨＣｌ的转化率减小。     

初始pH值、液固比对某焚烧炉灰重金属渗滤的影响

对某煤和垃圾混烧流化床焚烧炉的一种灰样品进行了TCLP试验 ,研究了初始渗滤液pH值变化以及液固比变化对该灰中重金属渗滤特性的影响 .在初始渗滤液pH =6之前 ,渗滤后溶液的pH值升高迅速 ,pH =6之后 ,趋势缓慢 .试验结果表明灰中重金属极易在酸性环境中渗滤 .随着初始渗滤液液固比的增大 ,渗滤后溶液的pH值下降 ,渗滤液中的重金属浓度上升 ,灰中的重金属随液固比的增大不断滤出直至饱和状态 .     

Low SO2 emission from CFB co-firing MSW and bituminous

Influence of co-firing rate on SO2 emission from co-firing municipal solid waste(MSW) and bituminous containing high amount of sulfur(1.79%) was studied in a 0.15 MWt circulating fluidized bed (CFB). The temperature selected is 1123 K, typical for MSW incineration using CFB. The particle concentration in the dilution zone of the furnace, the alkali metal concentration and sulfate concentration in the recirculating ash and fly ash, and flue gas composition were determined. The results showed that the addition of MSW leads to a significant decrease in SO2 emission. Concentration of SO2 in flue gas decreased to 0 with the co-firing rate greater than 51%. This reduction in SO2 emission is attributed both to the high particle concentration in the dilution zone of the furnace, the high content of alkali metals in the bed material, and to the comparatively high concentration of HCI in flue gas during co-firing of MSW and bituminous.     

城市生活垃圾低污染气化熔融系统研究

为彻底消除城市生活垃圾焚烧过程中的二次污染,对流化床气化与旋风燃烧熔融系统进行了研究.我国典型城市生活垃圾流化床气化试验表明,最佳气化温度为600℃左右;对垃圾焚烧飞灰进行熔融特性试验表明,垃圾焚烧飞灰在1 300℃左右、垃圾掺煤焚烧飞灰在1 400℃左右时,能顺利熔融,二分解率99.99%以上,重金属有效固化.结合我国实际,提出了2种气化熔融系统方案:①基于垃圾综合处理的筛上物气化熔融技术方案;②原生垃圾+辅助燃料气化熔融技术方案;并进行相应的热力性能分析,研究表明2种方案都能较好满足气化熔融要求.     

循环流化床垃圾焚烧炉正压问题解决方案研究

垃圾成分的不稳定性导致循环流化床(CFB)垃圾焚烧锅炉燃烧情况不稳定,使炉膛正压冒烟,污染环境。本文提出在炉膛二次风入口处增加文丘里管,连通垃圾拨料入口的改造设计方案,来解决CFB垃圾焚烧炉的正压冒烟问题,具有设备简单、改造费用少的优点,对目前CFB焚烧垃圾的控制及污染物控制有重要参考价值及工程应用价值。     

城市固体废物的焚烧实验

 稳定均匀的燃烧温度是确保减少垃圾焚烧系统大气污染物排放量的一个重要因素.采用内旋流流化床(ICFB)进行了城市生活垃圾焚烧实验,探讨了不同的布风速度、垃圾焚烧量、流化床浓相区高度和不同种类垃圾对焚烧稳定性的影响,并给出了流化床内部温度和CO、NO_X、SO₂等大气污染物的浓度变化.内旋流流化床采用非均匀布风,低速风的移动区尚未流化时,浓相区温度存在一定的不均匀性,低速风区流速超过2倍初始流化速度后,浓相区温度是均匀一致的;流化床的床料具有较好的蓄热能力,较厚的床层有利于提高燃烧的稳定性,可减少垃圾给料和垃圾热值的波动对燃烧温度造成的不利影响;垃圾的焚烧效果与垃圾的热值有直接关系,焚烧低热值垃圾时,为了提高焚烧温度并达到较好的排放指标,需要增加一定量辅助燃料进行助燃;内旋流流化床在燃烧稳定性以及燃烧温度控制上具有一定优势.     

Research on low emission MSW gasification and melting system

In order to eliminate secondary pollution caused by municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration, a MSW gasification and melting process is proposed. The process is expected to reduce the emission of pollutants, especially heavy-metals and dioxins. In this paper, the combustible components of MSW and simulated MSW were gasified in a lab-scale fluidized bed at 400°C–700°C when the excess air ratio (ER) was between 0.2 and 0.8. The experimental results indicated that the MSW could be gasified effectively in a fluidized bed at approximately 600°C–700°C when excess air ratio was 0.2–0.4. The melting characteristics of two typical fly ash samples from MSW incinerators were investigated. The results indicated that fly ash of pure MSW incineration could be melted at approximately 1,300°C and that of MSW and coal co-combustion could be melted at approximately 1,400°C. When temperature was over 1,100°C, more than 99.9% of the dioxins could be decomposed and most of the heavy-metals could be solidified in the slag. Based on the above experiments, two feasible MSW gasification and melting processes were proposed for low calorific value MSW: (1) sieved MSW gasification and melting system, which was based on an idea of multi-recycle; (2) gasification and melting scheme of MSW adding coal as assistant fuel. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(1): 69–73 [译自: 环境科学]     

Incineration of kitchen waste with high nitrogen in vortexing fluidized-bed incinerator and its NO emission characteristics

Some municipal solid waste (MSW) can be used as the fuel. Combustion of MSW with high nitrogen content is successfully conducted in a lab-scale vortexing fluidized-bed incinerator (VFBI). Pigskin with 16.5 wt.% nitrogen content was used to simulate the high nitrogen content kitchen waste, and silica sand was used as the bed material. The effects of operating conditions, such as the bed temperature, freeboard temperature, excess oxygen ratio, and static bed height on the CO and NO concentrations at the exit of combustor and cyclone were investigated. The experimental results show that the freeboard temperature is the most important factor for CO emission. The order of operating conditions impact on the NO emission is: (1) excess oxygen ratio; (2) bed temperature; (3) freeboard temperature; and (4) static bed height. Utilizing cyclone can significantly reduce the CO emission concentration when the CO concentration released from the freeboard is higher than 50 ppm. On the other hand, the cyclone has no significant effect on the NO emission. Despite having high nitrogen content, a low conversion from fuel-N to NO was attained. Compared with other types of combustors, VFBI reduces the CO and NO emission concentrations much better when burning MSW with high nitrogen content.     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的污染特性

对我国两种占主导地位的焚烧炉炉型-炉排炉和流化床产生的焚烧飞灰进行分析,包括16个采用炉排炉的主要生活垃圾焚烧厂和部分使用流化床的生活垃圾焚烧厂,对焚烧飞灰从重金属含量,氯、硫、碱含量,二英含量方面对我国生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的性质做比较全面的归纳和总结。统计结果表明炉排炉焚烧飞灰重金属含量要高于流化床焚烧飞灰,Zn的最高含量在10倍以上,均值也在7倍左右,Cu的最高值为7倍,均值为3倍,Cd,Pb,Cr,Ni的均值为7倍,4倍,4倍和1.5倍。Hg的差别最小,高出30%;炉排炉焚烧飞灰的氯、硫、碱含量全面高于流化床焚烧飞灰,炉排炉焚烧飞灰和流化床焚烧飞灰的平均氯含量分别为15.41%,1.71%,SO3的平均含量分别为10.67%,2.875%,焚烧飞灰的K2O和Na2O含量接近,炉排炉焚烧飞灰的平均含量为6.06%,5.325%,流化床焚烧飞灰的平均含量为2.43%,2.63%,两种类型的焚烧飞灰在碱含量上差别没有氯、硫大;焚烧飞灰的二英含量差别巨大,炉排炉和流化床焚烧飞灰二英含量低值比较接近,而高值炉排炉焚烧飞灰要高出流化床焚烧飞灰很多。     

徐州市生活垃圾处理现状及资源化研究

介绍了徐州市生活垃圾的处理现状;对生活垃圾中常见成分比例和垃圾热值进行了测定.应用MATLAB7.0软件,以影响城市生活垃圾产生量的主要因素(人口数量、人均可支配收入、燃气化率、源头减量及资源化利用率)作为输入,来建立预测城市垃圾产量的BP神经网络模型,发现当隐含层的节点数为8时,网络收敛速度较快,预测偏差最小,于是确定预测模型的结构为4-8-1,应用该模型对徐州市生活垃圾产量进行了预测.最后,以所得数据为基础,并结合当地实际情况,提出了徐州市垃圾综合处置和资源化的若干措施.     

Internal circulating fluidized bed incineration system and design algorithm

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Pollutant emission characteristics of rice husk combustion in a vortexing fluidized bed incinerator

Rice husk with high volatile content was burned in a pilot scale vortexing fluidized bed incinerator. The fluidized bed incinerator was constructed of 6 mm stainless steel with 0.45 m in diameter and 5 m in height. The emission characteristics of CO, NO, and SO2 were studied. The effects of operating parameters, such as primary air flow rate, secondary air flow rate, and excess air ratio on the pollutant emissions were also investigated. The results show that a large proportion of combustion occurs at the bed surface and the freeboard zone. The SO2 concentration in the flue gas decreases with increasing excess air ratio, while the NOx concentration shows reverse trend. The flow rate of secondary air has a significant impact on the CO emission. For a fixed primary air flowrate, CO emission decreases with the secondary air flowrate. For a fixed excess air ratio, CO emission decreases with the ratio of secondary to primary air flow. The minimum CO emission of 72 ppm is attained at the operating condition of 40% excess air ratio and 0.6 partition air ratio. The NOx and SO2 concentrations in the flue gas at this condition are 159 and 36 ppm, which conform to the EPA regulation of Taiwan.     

Laboratory-scale study of the suppression of PCDD/F emission during coal and MSW co-incineration

The experimental test of co-incinerating Chinese raw municipal solid waste （MSW） and coal in a laboratory-scale tubular reactor was first reported in present study, and the emission of normal gas components and the effects of the S/Cl molar ratio or coal mixing percentages on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans （PCDDs/Fs） emission were investigated and discussed. The results indicated that OCDD was the only PCDD homologues since others like TCDD-HpCDD was hardly detected, while as the categories of PCDF homologues were comparatively much more general. The amount of PCDD was much larger than that of PCDF in all operating conditions. Since ZPCDF/∑PCDD〈〈1, the dominant role of the precursor formation was proven in our experimental conductions. With increasing the coal addition to MSW （from 0 to 16%）, PCDD and PCDF were reduced considerably. Coal and MSW may suppress the PCDD/F emissions efficiently （over 95%） during the MSW incineration process. The PCDD/F suppression results of the present study could be helpful guidance to the industrial application of Chinese MSW and auxiliary coal co-incineration processes. The PCDD/F stack emission data of two industrial incinerators using co-incineration technology in China seem to have a great positive reduction of PCDDs/Fs.     

Volatilization of heavy metals during incineration of municipal solid wastes

Incineration experiments with MSW, which had been impregnated with heavy metals, were presented to obtain information on the volatilization behavior of the elements cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) under different conditions. Experiments were carried out in a bubbling fluid bed system connected to a customized inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy(ICP-OES) for analyzing metals in the flue gas. The results indicated that the combustion temperature, the gas atmosphere, and the chlorine content in the flue gas could affect the volatilization behavior of heavy metals. In the fluidized bed combustion, a large surface area was provided by the bed sand particles, and they may act as absorbents for the gaseous ash-forming compound. Comparer with the metals Cd and Pb, the vaporization of Zn was low. The formation of stable compounds such as ZnO.Al2O3 could greatly decrease the metals volatilization. The presence of chlorine would enhance the volatilization of heavy metals by increasing the formation of metal chlorides. However, when the oxygen content was high, the chlorinating reaction was kinetically hindered, which heavy metals release would be delayed.     

石灰石颗粒固硫反应特性的模型研究

在热重分析的基础上，建立了石灰石 煅烧固硫反应过程的数学模型，并对影响固 效果的SO2浓度、反应温度及颗粒粒径等因素进行了研究。模型的计算结果和试验结果吻合较好，该量小于12％，对脱硫实践具有指导意义。     

煤燃烧固氟剂及固氟效果研究

通过热力学分析煤燃烧过程中钙基固氟剂固氟反应机理和高温高效钙基固氟剂开发原则;通过流化床和链条炉燃烧试验考察石灰石和钙基固氟剂燃烧固氟效果.试验表明:流化床燃烧时石灰石燃烧固氟效果明显,在Ca/F=60～70时,脱氟率可达到66.7%～70.0%;链条炉燃烧试验表明:利用工业废料开发的钙基固氟剂固氟效果显著,在Ca/F=65～80时,脱氟率为57.32%～75.19%.在燃煤过程添加石灰石和钙基固氟剂具有固氟固硫的双重作用.     

流化床煤部分气化、热解脱硫过程试验研究

在一小型流化床试验台上进行煤部分气化、热解脱硫过程的试验研究.该试验系统由启动燃烧室、流化床本体、灰循环子系统、加料子系统、排渣子系统、蒸汽发生子系统以及测量控制子系统等组成.流化床本体直径为0.1m,高为4.22m,采用烟气夹套加热的方法维持床体温度.试验结果如下:当风煤质量比从2.5增加到5.0时,脱硫效率先增加后降低;当汽煤比从0.45增加到0.63时,脱硫效率也是先增加后降低;钙硫比增加,脱硫效率增加;床温升高,脱硫效率增加.与此同时,还研究了石灰石种类对脱硫效率的影响,以及气化、热解效率与脱硫效率间的相互关系.     

Atmospheric emission characterization of a novel sludge drying and co-combustion system

A novel system combining sludge drying and co-combustion with coal was applied in disposing sludge and its atmospheric emission characteristics were tested. The system was composed of a hollow blade paddle dryer, a thermal drying exhaust gas control system, a 75 tons/hr circulating fluidized bed and a flue gas cleaning system. The emissions of NH3, SO2, CH4 and some other pollutants released from thermal drying, and pollutants such as NOx, SO2 etc. discharged by the incinerator, were all tested. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans （PCDD/Fs） in the flue gas from the incinerator were investigated as well. The results indicated that the concentrations of NOx and SO2 in the flue gas from the incinerator were 145 and 16 mg/m^3, respectively, and the I-TEQ concentration of 2,3,7,8-substitued PCDD/Fs was 0.023 ng I-TEQ/Nm^3. All these values were greatly lower than the emission standards of China. In addition, there was no obvious odor in the air around the sludge dryer. The results demonstrated that this drying and co-combustion system is efficient in controlling pollutants and is a feasible way for large-scale treatment of industrial sludge and sewage sludge.