PE-Cd复合污染土壤中Cd释放迁移特征及机制

微塑料广泛分布于土壤环境中,不仅改变了土壤的理化性质还可富集重金属等污染物,进而影响它们在环境中的归趋.目前,有关微塑料对土壤中重金属运移影响的作用机制尚不清晰.选取聚乙烯（PE）微塑料和Cd为研究对象,在明确PE对Cd²⁺吸附作用机制的基础上,通过土柱淋溶实验研究了不同离子强度和类型（Ca²⁺、Na⁺）下,PE含量和粒径对土壤中Cd释放迁移行为的影响.结果表明,PE对Cd²⁺的吸附能力随粒径的增大而降低,以物理吸附为主,受颗粒内扩散过程控制.PE对Cd释放迁移的影响与CaCl₂浓度有关,高离子强度下（0.05 mol·L^-1和0.1 mol·L^-1）,PE促进了Cd²⁺的迁移,Cd²⁺的出流浓度分别由6.48 mg·L^-1和16.79 mg·L^-1升高到7.12 mg·L^-1和23.45 mg·L^-1;低离子强度下（0.01 mol·L^-1）抑制了Cd的迁移,Cd²⁺的出流浓度由0.66 mg·L^-1降低至0.57 mg·L^-1; 且PE添加量越大,促进或抑制作用越显著.同时,Cd的释放迁移也受PE粒径和含量的影响,当添加量较小（1%、4%）时,大粒径对Cd²⁺迁移的促进效果更加显著;而当添加量较大（7%和20%）时,小粒径更易促进Cd²⁺的迁移.当淋溶液为NaCl时,土壤的渗透性显著降低,PE对Cd的迁移无显著影响,但改变了土壤团聚体的稳定性.总之,微塑料改变了土壤中Cd的释放迁移行为,作用结果不仅与微塑料的粒径和含量有关,还受土壤溶液化学性质的影响.     

不同官能团微塑料对斑马鱼胚胎菌群和代谢功能的胁迫效应

为探究官能团修饰对微塑料生物效应的影响规律和机制,分析了3种聚苯乙烯微塑料（PS、PS—NH₂和PS—COOH）在斑马鱼（Danio rerio）胚胎内的累积特征,并利用微生物组学和代谢组学相结合的分析技术,解析了斑马鱼幼鱼体内代谢功能及微生物群落的响应规律.结果显示,3种微塑料都可以在斑马鱼体内产生累积,其含量范围为143~175 μg·g^-1,且不存在明显差异性.斑马鱼胚胎绒毛膜是微塑料早期暴露的主要累积场所,但不能有效阻止小粒径微塑料的穿透.未修饰的PS明显影响了斑马鱼幼鱼体内氨基糖苷类的代谢能力,PS—NH₂主要对氨基酸的代谢过程产生了影响,而PS—COOH则主要作用于三羧酸循环、氨基酸及糖酵解等代谢通路.3种微塑料均导致了斑马鱼幼鱼体内代谢功能的变化,从而对斑马鱼产生了毒性效应,而微塑料的官能团修饰则加强了这一影响程度.与对照组相比,PS—NH₂明显降低了斑马鱼幼鱼体内的微生物群落的多样性,显著增加了变形菌门（Proteobacteria）的占比,导致斑马鱼幼鱼体内的菌群失衡,从而引起鱼体代谢功能的紊乱.微塑料的官能团修饰可能会明显改变其对生物体的胁迫效应,导致难以预测的生态风险.     

PVC微塑料对大型溞繁殖及应激与能量相关基因表达的影响

近年来,微塑料污染已成为海洋和淡水生态环境关注的热点问题.然而,目前有关微塑料对淡水生物影响的报道仍然较少.试验选择淡水模式动物大型溞作为受试生物,以2 μm聚氯乙烯微粒（PVC）作为研究对象,探讨了PVC微塑料对大型溞繁殖和基因表达的影响.急性毒性试验表明,PVC对大型溞的48 h LC₅₀为20.5 mg·L^-1.21 d慢性毒性试验发现,随着PVC浓度的增加,产第一胎时间显著延迟,第一胎产幼溞数明显下降;总胎数在2.56 mg·L^-1和5.125 mg·L^-1 PVC处理组无明显差异,而10.25 mg·L^-1处理组显著增加,但所有处理组产幼溞总数与对照组相比均显著下降.同时,PVC暴露大型溞48 h后显著上调超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、α-酯酶（EST）、热休克蛋白70（HSP70）、精氨酸激酶（AK）和血红蛋白（DHB）基因表达.试验结果表明,PVC微塑料能干扰大型溞体内基因表达,长期暴露可显著降低大型溞繁殖量,水体中PVC微塑料的长期存在将对水生态系统产生危害.     

3种杀菌剂对日本青鳉早期生命阶段毒性效应初步研究

为了评价杀菌剂对水生生物的基础毒性,在室内进行了多菌灵、三唑酮和三唑醇对日本青鳉幼体阶段的毒性效应.急性毒性试验结果表明,多菌灵、三唑酮和三唑醇对日本青鳉幼鱼96 h-LC₅₀值分别为0.47(0.42~0.51) mg·L^-1、11.02(9.34~13.01)mg·L^-1、14.49(12.28~17.10)mg·L^-1.胚胎60 d慢性毒性试验结果表明,多菌灵对日本青鳉胚胎孵化率的最低可观察效应浓度(LOEC_60d)为5.2 μg·L^-1,暴露在10~37 μg·L^-1浓度范围内对胚胎孵化时间、幼鱼存活率均有显著影响;三唑酮对日本青鳉幼鱼存活率的LOEC_60d为75 μg·L^-1,暴露浓度高于240 μg·L^-1时对胚胎孵化时间、幼鱼存活率、体长、湿重等均有显著影响;三唑醇对日本青鳉胚胎孵化率的LOEC_60d为140 μg·L^-1,暴露浓度高于520 μg·L^-1时三唑醇对胚胎孵化时间、幼鱼存活率、体长、湿重等均有显著影响.3种杀菌剂对日本青鳉幼体阶段的毒性次序为:多菌灵>三唑酮、三唑醇,胚胎孵化时间和幼鱼存活率可作为慢性毒性的敏感指标.     

低磷污水的HAP诱导结晶磷回收

为考察羟基磷酸钙（HAP）诱导结晶对低磷污水中PO₄^3--P的回收效果,以污水厂尾水为研究对象,采用方解石为晶种,首先全面对比了HAP诱导结晶与均相结晶的PO₄^3--P去除效果,然后通过改变晶种粒径和投加量,研究了晶种对PO₄^3--P回收的影响,并探讨了结晶反应条件对PO₄^3--P回收和产物晶型的影响.结果表明：HAP诱导结晶除磷效果要优于均相结晶,当结晶体系pH不超过9.0且残余Ca²⁺为100 mg·L^-1时,前者可将PO₄^3--P浓度降至0.5 mg·L^-1左右,后者则为5.0 mg·L^-1左右.构晶离子的扩散过程是HAP诱导结晶的控速步骤,减小晶种粒径和增加晶种投加量有利于构晶离子的扩散,可提高结晶反应速率,进而提高HAP诱导结晶对低磷污水的适应性,使PO₄^3--P回收率得到提高.对PO₄^3--P浓度为1.0 mg·L^-1的模拟废水,晶种投加量为10 g·L^-1、粒径为45 μm、Ca²⁺投加量为50 mg·L^-1和pH=9时,在10 min的反应时间内HAP诱导结晶可获得80%以上的PO₄^3--P回收率,出水PO₄^3--P和pH满足GB 3838—2002的Ⅱ类标准（0.1 mg·L^-1）.实验条件下,HAP诱导结晶产物晶型主要为HAP及其前驱物无定形态羟基磷酸钙（ACP）,产物结晶度随着pH的提高和晶种粒径的减小而提高.     

硅藻土基纳米TiO2降解甲醛的实验研究

对比研究了硅藻土和硅藻土基纳米二氧化钛光催化剂对甲醛的吸附降解特点.通过改变反应器内甲醛的初始浓度、反应温度、光照强度和相对湿度,研究了涂覆量为62.5 g·m^-2的硅藻土基纳米TiO₂光催化剂对甲醛气体的降解效果.研究结果表明,硅藻土只对甲醛有一定的吸附作用,而硅藻土基纳米TiO₂对甲醛具有持续的吸附和降解作用.反应器内甲醛初始浓度越高,降解时间越长;初始浓度为6.0×10^-3 mg·L^-1的甲醛气体,经过150 h降解率才能达到99%以上,而初始浓度为2.0×10^-3 mg·L^-1和4.0×10^-3 mg·L^-1的甲醛气体分别在14 h和32 h内就可以达到相同的降解率.反应温度越高,硅藻土基纳米TiO₂降解甲醛所需要时间越短;15 ℃时将初始浓度为2.0×10^-3 mg·L^-1的甲醛完全降解需要50 h,而45 ℃时仅需12 h.光照是硅藻土基纳米TiO₂降解甲醛的直接动力,光照强度为0时,甲醛几乎不能被降解,只被硅藻土基纳米TiO₂光催化剂吸附;在8100 lx的照度下,浓度为2.0×10^-3 mg·L^-1的甲醛在14 h内能被完全降解.环境相对湿度越大,该催化剂对甲醛的降解越彻底;相对湿度50%时, 硅藻土基纳米TiO₂光催化剂14 h内能将2.0×10^-3 mg·L^-1的甲醛降解到3.72×10^-5 mg·L^-1,在相对湿度80%时,甲醛能被降解到1.0×10^-5 mg·L^-1.     

柠檬酸与磷共存对土壤吸附镉的影响

以武汉市棕红壤为研究材料,采用室内培养和等温平衡吸附实验,研究了磷和柠檬酸共存下对土壤吸附镉的影响;并模拟干湿交替实验,通过BCR连续提取,研究了不同剂量磷和柠檬酸处理后,经多次干湿交替后镉的形态变化.结果表明,经10 mg·L^-1 CdCl₂溶液处理后的土壤胶体,添加较低质量浓度（40 mg·L^-1）的磷对其吸附镉的影响不明显,而添加磷质量浓度较高（80 mg·L^-1）时可显著提高其对镉的吸附,吸附量较CK处理增加78 g·kg^-1,吸附率提高7.89%;向经40 mg·L^-1磷溶液处理过的土壤胶体中加入柠檬酸,可减弱其对镉吸附,且随柠檬酸浓度增高,抑制效果增加,而且对低剂量磷（40 mg·L^-1）处理的土壤胶体抑制作用更明显,加入1 mmol·L^-1与5 mmol·L^-1柠檬酸后,土壤胶体对镉的吸附率分别降低了30.89%与40.97%;而当磷处理质量浓度较高时,柠檬酸的影响则不显著.周期性的干湿交替显著促进土壤中镉由弱酸提取态及可还原态向可氧化态及残渣态的转变,即磷钝化的镉在柠檬酸的影响下,随干湿交替次数的增加,镉的有效性降低.     

叶酸对厌氧氨氧化细菌脱氮性能的影响研究

考察了叶酸对厌氧氨氧化细菌对污水脱氮性能的影响,并从胞外聚合物（EPS）、血红素及细胞合成等方面进行了机理分析.结果表明,在叶酸添加量分别为0.5、1.0和1.5 mg·L^-1时,均可提高厌氧氨氧化细菌的污水脱氮性能,且当叶酸浓度为1.5 mg·L^-1时,脱氮性能最好.与对照组相比,在1.5 mg·L^-1的叶酸添加量时,总氮去除率（TNRR）提高到45.3 mg·g^-1·d^-1,增加了32.1%;总EPS提高到175.9 mg·g^-1,增加了66.6%;血红素含量提高到2.35 mg·g^-1,增加了26.4%;厌氧氨氧化细菌功能基因总拷贝数提高到（2.87×10⁸±1.79×10⁷）copies·g^-1,增加了11.1%.经叶酸刺激培养后,污泥系统中的浮霉菌门相对丰度增加了3.5%,系统中占主导地位的厌氧氨氧化细菌为Candidatus Brocadia.     

二氯苯醌对斑马鱼胚胎发育及超氧化物歧化酶的影响

2,6-二氯-1,4-苯醌（2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone,2,6-DCBQ）作为一种新型消毒副产物,因其高检出率及高含量的特点而备受人们关注.本研究以斑马鱼胚胎为实验材料探究了2,6-DCBQ的发育毒性.结果发现：斑马鱼胚胎在8~24 hpf（器官发育形成时期）对2,6-DCBQ暴露最为敏感,死亡率最高;2,6-DCBQ安全浓度为27.15 μg·L^-1,属于极度危险外源化学物.在本实验中,2,6-DCBQ对斑马鱼的生长没有显著影响,但高浓度（100和150 μg·L^-1）2,6-DCBQ会显著增加斑马鱼胚胎及仔鱼的畸形率.在实验过程中还发现,高浓度（≥ 80 μg·L^-1）2,6-DCBQ会明显抑制斑马鱼胚胎的心率.此外,≥ 30 μg·L^-1 2,6-DCBQ可提高超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide dismutase,SOD）的活性,并影响Cu/ZnSOD和MnSOD的正常转录.本研究较全面地探究了2,6-DCBQ对斑马鱼早期发育阶段的发育毒性,可为2,6-DCBQ的毒性研究提供可靠证据.     

生活污水预沉淀-SNAD颗粒污泥工艺小试

采用人工配水,在SBR反应器中启动同步短程硝化、厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化（SNAD）颗粒污泥工艺,随后逐渐降低进水氨氮浓度,低氨氮稳定运行一段时间后通入预沉淀后生活污水,考察SNAD颗粒污泥工艺处理生活污水的脱氮性能及稳定性.结果表明,SNAD工艺启动成功后,氨氮去除率大于98%,总氮去除率在89%左右,随着进水氨氮浓度逐渐降低,亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）活性升高,总氮去除率逐渐下降至75%左右.通入预沉淀生活污水（NH₄⁺-N 52~63 mg·L^-1,COD 99~123 mg·L^-1）后,平均总氮去除率为73.2%,出水COD浓度在35 mg·L^-1以下,最大出水氨氮和总氮浓度为0.7 mg·L^-1和12.8 mg·L^-1,连续30d以上出水氨氮和总氮浓度达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A排放标准,实现了生活污水碳氮同步高效去除的目的.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.