AgCl/ZnO/GO光催化降解甲基橙的性能研究

为了提高ZnO对偶氮染料污染物的光催化降解效率,以AgCl和GO（氧化石墨烯）作为改性剂,通过水热法和化学沉积法制备了AgCl/ZnO/GO光催化材料,采用XRD、SEM、XPS、UV-Vis方法对材料的物相组成、微观形貌及光学特性进行表征;以MO（甲基橙）为目标污染物,探究其在可见光下的催化降解性能,考察AgCl含量、催化剂投加量、pH对其可见光催化活性的影响.结果表明:①AgCl的沉积和GO的负载增强了ZnO对可见光的响应能力,提高了光生电子-空穴产生、分离效率,同时增加了材料的分散性及其对MO的吸附率,因此AgCl/ZnO/GO光催化材料对MO有良好的可见光催化降解效率.②AgCl/ZnO/GO对MO的催化降解效率随着AgCl含量的增加而增加,随着催化剂投加量的增加呈先增后降的趋势,溶液pH对其降解效果有一定影响,但不显著.③当AgCl/ZnO（二者物质的量的比）为2:1、AgCl/ZnO/GO投加量为70 mg、pH为7、室温下经过可见光照射50 min后,AgCl/ZnO/GO对质量浓度为10 mg/L的MO的降解率可达98.93%;此外,该催化剂重复使用4次对MO仍具有88%的去除率,显示出良好的稳定性.因此,AgCl/ZnO/GO是一种高效、稳定的可见光光催化剂,在废水净化方面具有良好的应用前景.      

Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using ZnO/TiO2 composites

ZnO/TiO₂ composites were synthesized by using the solvothermal method and ultrasonic precipitation followed by heat treatment in order to investigate their photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) in aqueous suspension under UV irradiation. The composition and surface structure of the catalyst were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The degradation efficiencies of MO at various pH values were obtained. The highest degradation efficiencies were obtained before 30 min and after 60 min at pH 11.0 and pH 2.0, respectively. A sample analysis was conducted using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry. Six intermediates were found during the photocatalytic degradation process of quinonoid MO. The degradation pathway of quinonoid MO was also proposed.     

P123对rGO/m-TiO2薄膜微观结构及光催化性能的影响

以自制氧化石墨烯（GO）分散液和加入一定量三嵌段共聚物PEO₂₀-PPO₇₀-PEO₂₀（P123）模板剂的TiO₂前驱体溶胶为原料,用交替浸渍-提拉结合热处理和紫外灯辐照还原法在玻璃基底上制备还原氧化石墨烯/介孔TiO₂（rGO/m-TiO₂）多层膜.通过X-射线衍射（XRD）、拉曼光谱（Raman）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、比表面积（BET）对多层膜进行表征分析.研究了模板剂P123加入量对多层膜的晶体结构、比表面积、形貌、孔径分布情况、吸附性能、光催化性能的影响.分别在紫外光及太阳光下评价rGO/m-TiO₂多层膜对土霉素（OTC）的光催化降解效果;在紫外光条件下,研究了多层膜对OTC的光催化降解机理.结果表明：P123的引入不会引起TiO₂晶体结构的变化;适量P123的引入可以优化多层膜的孔结构,增大比表面积、提高其吸附性能,进而提高薄膜的光催化性能;rGO/TiO₂（5wt% P123）薄膜60min对OTC的吸附率达51.2%,紫外光照射135min,降解率达到90.9%;太阳光照射50min,降解率达到91.5%.在降解OTC过程中,羟基自由基（·OH）起主要作用,路径以与·OH相关的羟基化反应和仲羟基氧化反应为主.     

Mineralogical characteristics and photocatalytic properties of natural sphalerite from China

Different natural sphalerites have a range of photocatalytic properties that can potentially be exploited for environmental remediation purposes. To develop value in the exploitation of sphalerite, samples were collected from 19 ore deposits in China and characterized for their mineralogical and photocatalytic properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron probe micro analysis (EPMA) measurements indicated that all the natural sphalerites from various localities crystallized in cubic phases with various chemical compositions. The substitution of Fe for Zn ranged from 0.235% to 14.826% by weight, Mn from 0.004% to 4.868%, Cu from 0.009% to 5.529% and Cd from 0.133% to 1.576%. As Fe became more abundant, the color of natural sphalerite darkened, becoming almost black; and higher Fe content was associated with stronger visible light absorption. Photoluminescence spectra showed emission mainly related to S-vacancies and progressively decreasing fluorescence intensity with increasing Fe content. Tests of the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange indicated that the sample with the highest Cd content but moderate Fe content had the highest photocatalytic activity. Specifically, the degradation of Methyl Orange (30 mg/L) attained 82.11% efficiency under visible light irradiation for 4 hr of natural sphalerite with 4.262% Fe and 1.576% Cd. Overall, the Fe content in sphalerite was found to contribute to the visible light absorption ability and the recombination rate of photo-generated electrons and holes, while substitution by Cd was observed to have a greater effect on the photocatalytic properties. These findings provide a scientific basis for the profitable utilization of base metal resources like sphalerite.     

微米SiC/石墨烯复合物光催化降解罗丹明B

为发展低耗和环境友好的有机物降解技术,采用光催化还原制备微米级碳化硅(SiC)/石墨烯复合材料,XRD、FTIR、Raman光谱、XPS和SEM等手段表征其物相组成和形貌结构,并以罗丹明B(RhB)为模拟污染物,研究了复合材料在可见光照射下的光催化活性和稳定性;通过活性物种捕获实验初步探讨了RhB的光催化降解机制.结果表明,SiC与石墨烯复合延长了光生电子和光生空穴的寿命,提高了材料的光催化活性与稳定性.当SiC/石墨烯配比为1∶0. 8时,光照60 min时RhB的降解率可以达到92. 7%,降解过程符合一级反应动力学方程.光催化降解RhB过程中,主要活性物种的贡献依次为:光生空穴(h~+)超氧阴离子自由基(·O_2~-)光生电子(e~-)羟基自由基(·OH).     

磷掺杂的介孔石墨相氮化碳光催化降解染料

将三聚氰胺、三聚氰胺聚磷酸盐和SBA-15热共聚成功制备了磷掺杂的介孔石墨类氮化碳（P-mpg-C₃N₄）,并通过场发射扫描电子显微镜（FESEM）、X射线衍射光谱（XRD）、傅里叶转换红外光谱（FT-IR）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、场发射扫描透射电镜能谱（EDS）和紫外可见光漫反射光谱（UV-vis-DRS）等方法对催化剂形貌结构和光学性能进行了表征.结果表明,磷元素成功地掺杂在氮化碳的结构上,呈均匀分布,相对于石墨相氮化碳（g-C₃N₄）,其比表面积可达198.3m²/g,并因此提供大量的活性位点而提高光催化活性.P-mpg-C₃N₄对亮丽春红5R的光催化降解速率是g-C₃N₄的31.3倍,其光催化性能增强的机理是禁带宽度的减小,可见光吸收范围从440nm延伸到了460nm,其次,改性后的光催化剂能显著抑制光生电子空穴对的复合,从而有更多的活性点位以及活性物种能参与光催化反应过程.循环实验表明,经过5个循环降解后光催化性能仍保持在初始状态的91.67%,表明P-mpg-C₃N₄具有很好的光催化稳定性.     

Pure and Mg-doped self-assembled ZnO nano-particles for the enhanced photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol

A novel self-assembled pure and Mg doped ZnO nano-particles （NPs） were successfully synthesized by a simple low temperature co-precipitation method. The prepared photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, high resolution scanning electron mi- croscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and photoluminescence （PL） spectroscopy. The results indicated that the prepared photocatalysts showed high crystallinity with a uniform size distribution of the NPs. The degradation of cholorphenols is highly mandatory in today＇s scenario as they are affecting the environment adversely. Thus, the photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol （4-CP）, a potent endocrine disrupting chemical in aqueous medium was investigated by both pure and Mg-doped ZnO NPs under UV-light irradiation in the present study. The influence of the Mg content on the structure, morphology, PL character and photocatalytic activity of ZnO NPs were investigated systematically. Furthermore,the effect of different parameters such as 4-CP concentration, photocatalyst amount, pH and UV-light wavelength on the resulting photocatalytic activity was investigated.     

Adsorption of VOCs on reduced graphene oxide

A modified Hummer's method was adopted for the synthesis of graphene oxide(GO) and reduced graphene oxide(rGO). It was revealed that the modified method is effective for the production of GO and rGO from graphite. Transmission electron microscopy(TEM) images of GO and rGO showed a sheet-like morphology. Because of the presence of oxygenated functional groups on the carbon surface, the interlayer spacing of the prepared GO was higher than that of rGO. The presence of \OH and C_O groups in the Fourier transform infrared spectra(FTIR) spectrum and G-mode and 2D-mode in Raman spectra confirmed the synthesis of GO and rGO. rGO(292.6 m~2/g) showed higher surface area than that of GO(236.4 m~2/g). The prepared rGO was used as an adsorbent for benzene and toluene(model pollutants of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)) under dynamic adsorption/desorption conditions. rGO showed higher adsorption capacity and breakthrough times than GO. The adsorption capacity of rGO for benzene and toluene was 276.4 and 304.4 mg/g, respectively.Desorption experiments showed that the spent rGO can be successfully regenerated by heating at 150.0°C. Its excellent adsorption/desorption performance for benzene and toluene makes rGO a potential adsorbent for VOC adsorption.     

RGO改性介孔TiO2薄膜光催化同步去除Ni2+和SDBS

以钛酸四丁酯（TBT）、天然鳞片石墨为原料,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）为介孔模板剂,通过浸渍-提拉法辅助热处理和紫外辐照还原制备介孔RGO-TiO₂薄膜,利用XRD、SEM、BET、UV-Vis DRS、FT-IR等对其结构、形貌及性能进行表征.以Ni²⁺和十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）为目标污染物,考察了介孔RGO-TiO₂薄膜光催化去除Ni²⁺和SDBS的反应性能,探讨了GO加入量及pH值对其催化性能的影响.在最佳条件下,进一步研究Ni²⁺/SDBS共存体系中Ni²⁺的光催化还原和SDBS的光催化氧化.结果表明：GO的加入量为1.0wt%时,介孔RGO-TiO₂薄膜对单一体系Ni²⁺和SDBS的光催化效率最高,在此条件下,pH=7.5时Ni²⁺还原效率最高,pH=6时SDBS降解效率最高.综合以上实验条件,设定GO加入量为1.0wt%,pH≈6时,Ni²⁺/SDBS共存体系中Ni²⁺和SDBS去除效率均优于Ni²⁺和SDBS单一体系,此时,Ni²⁺还原率为87.9%,SDBS氧化率为95.5%.分析协同光催化机制,TiO₂-SDBS表面复合物在紫外光激发下,SDBS被氧化同时,光生电子及SDBS氧化产物CO₂·^-自由基同步还原Ni²⁺.     

超薄g-C3N4在可见光下协同PDS降解双氯芬酸钠的机理研究

运用一步热聚合法成功制备出二维超薄g-C_3N_4(UCN)纳米片,通过透射电子显微镜、比表面测定仪、紫外可见漫反射光谱、荧光光谱对UCN的形貌及光学性能进行表征,并利用g-C_3N_4对水相中的双氯芬酸钠(DCF)进行了光催化降解实验.结果表明,UCN具有二维超薄纳米片结构,且具有较高的比表面积、较强的可见光吸收能力及空穴-电子转移能力.UCN的光催化活性优于块状g-C_3N_4,过硫酸盐(PDS)的加入对双氯芬酸钠的降解有促进作用,UCN/PDS体系中对双氯芬酸钠降解起主导作用的活性物种为O【math203z】,经过150 min的反应,双氯芬酸钠的矿化率达到78%.双氯芬酸钠在UCN/PDS体系下的光催化降解符合一级动力学规律和Langmuir-Hinshelwood模型,DCF的光催化降解在偏酸和偏碱性的情况下具有较快的反应速率.DCF在河水中的反应速率是超纯水中的3.4倍.循环实验表明,UCN具有很好的光催化稳定性.     

改性微管氮化碳的制备及光催化性能

以三聚氰胺、固体亚磷酸H₃PO₃为原料,通过水热-煅烧法制备了不同质量比的磷掺杂且具有层状堆积结构的六方管状氮化碳（MTCN-x）,x为固体亚磷酸与三聚氰胺的质量比.采用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、比表面积分析仪（BET）、荧光光谱（PL）和紫外-可见漫反射光谱（UV-vis DRS）对最佳质量比X=1.2（MTCN-1.2）和不添加固体亚磷酸X=0（MTCN-0）催化剂形貌结构和光学性能进行了表征,结果表明,磷掺杂抑制了催化剂晶粒的生长,缩小了能带宽度,增加了可见光响应范围及可见光的利用率,有效的抑制了光生电子－空穴的复合,显著增强了光催化性能.通过光降解实验表明,MTCN-1.2在10min对抗生素环丙沙星（CIP）和四环素（TCL）的降解率分别为99.7%和97.8%,其反应速率常数分别是普通氮化碳（BCN）的10.5倍和6.8倍,表明改性的MTCN-1.2具有比MTCN-0、BCN更好的光催化降解性能.同时分别考察了溶液pH值、催化剂投加量、腐殖酸（HA）浓度等因素对光催化降解抗生素的影响,结果表明,CIP与TCL降解效果最佳的pH值分别为5和9.催化剂投加量的过高和HA浓度的升高,都会造成光催化效率的下降.自由基捕获实验证明,该催化体系降解过程中超氧自由基（·O^2-）和空穴（h⁺）占主导作用.     

FeTiO3/TiO2纳米异质结的制备和可见光催化性能

采用水热法和溶胶凝胶法制备了新型FeTiO3/TiO2纳米异质结复合材料,并明确了最优的掺杂比例(0.5%).随后利用X射线衍射能谱(XRD)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)等手段对该复合材料进行表征,证实了其结晶度、吸光度随掺杂量的规律性变化.电镜照片显示,该复合材料具有蓬松多孔的微观结构,且晶格条纹清晰、分散度高,有利于光电子的传导.对苯的降解实验表明,相比于纯TiO2,该催化剂的气相可见光催化能力大幅提高,降解率提升了3倍,达到40%,而CO2生成量提升了5倍,超过300 ppm.同时,电化学测试和电子顺磁共振谱(ESR)等均证实,FeTiO3的窄能带能够提高TiO2的光响应,实现可见光激发;而二者的能带相互匹配,有助于转移光生载流子,实现电子-空穴的高效分离,进而其光生电子和自由基生成能力大幅增强,因此,表现出了较强、较稳定的光催化活性.     

C3N4/BiOBr复合可见光催化剂的性能及其作用机制

利用水热合成法制备了C_3N_4/BiOBr复合可见光催化剂,通过XRD、FT-IR、SEM、DRS、PL等手段对催化剂的物相组成和光化学性能进行了系统表征,利用对罗丹明B(RhB)的降解实验评价了催化剂在可见光照下的光催化降解活性和稳定性并通过ESR分析和自由基捕获实验探究了RhB的光催化降解机制.结果表明,水热合成法可成功制备结晶性能良好的C_3N_4/BiOBr复合可见光催化剂;C_3N_4的复合降低了BiOBr光催化剂的电子-空穴的复合,提高了光催化降解活性,其中15%C_3N_4/BiOBr的活性最佳,可见光照18 min后RhB的脱色率达100%,较纯BiOBr提高了1.5倍,且重复使用5次后仍具有较高的光催化降解活性;复合催化剂光催化降解RhB过程中参与降解的主要活性物种为空穴(h~+)和超氧自由基(·O_2~-),其中h~+影响更为显著.     

Ferroelectric polarization effect on the photocatalytic activity of Bi0.9Ca0.1FeO3/CdS S-scheme nanocomposites

BiFeO₃ (BFO), as a kind of narrow band-gap semiconductor material, has gradually emerged advantages in the application of photocatalysis. In this paper, Ca doped BFO nanoparticles Bi_0.9Ca_0.1FeO₃ (BCFO) were prepared by sol-gel method. And BCFO and CdS nanocomposites with two morphologies were obtained by controlling the time of loading CdS under a low temperature liquid phase process. It is found that the band gap becomes narrower after doping Ca into BFO, which is conducive to the absorption of visible light. Among all the samples, the composite of CdS nanowires and BCFO nanoparticles obtained by reaction time of 10 min has the best photocatalytic performance. The degradation rate of Methyl Orange solution was 94% after 90 min under visible light irradiation, which was much higher than that of pure BCFO and CdS. Furthermore, significant enhancement in the degradation rate (100% degradation in 60 min) can be achieved in poled samples after electric polarization process. The highest degradation rate is due to the promoted separation of photogenerated carriers induced by the internal polarization field and the formation of S-scheme heterostructure between BCFO and CdS. Such BCFO-CdS nanocomposites may bring new insights into designing highly efficient photocatalyst.     

纳米TiO2对气相中甲醛光催化降解的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了掺杂金属离子的纳米TiO₂光催化剂,运用透射电镜和X射线衍射手段对催化剂的结构进行了表征,并将制备的光催化剂负载于不锈钢丝网、玻璃弹簧和泡沫镍板3种不同载体上,以室内空气典型污染物甲醛气体为模型反应物,研究了3种不同改性纳米TiO₂光催化剂对甲醛气体的光催化作用,3种光催化反应器的催化效率以及环境因素对光催化效率的影响,同时考察了催化剂的失活特征.结果表明:该负载型纳米TiO₂光催化剂具有较高的光催化活性,其中掺镧1.5%(质量分数)的TiO₂对甲醛的降解率最高,60 min达到91.5%,大于掺铁和掺银;泡沫镍板作为负载载体的光催化效率大于玻璃弹簧和不锈钢丝网;循环风量和不同波长紫外光对该光催化反应影响不大,反应中催化剂存在失活现象,但在清洁后能够恢复.      

光催化剂AgBr/Ag2MoO4@AgVO3的结构表征及其抗菌防污性能

目的制备新型的光催化复合材料,提高其光催化性能。方法通过水热法和原位生长法制备不同摩尔比的AgBr/Ag_2MoO_4@AgVO_3光催化剂。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)等一系列手段对所制备的光催化剂进行表征,并以可见光为光源,有机污染物罗丹明B(RhB)为降解对象,进行光催化活性测试,考察不同复合量的光催化剂对反应活性的影响。同时,以铜绿假单胞菌细胞、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌为模式菌,进行抗菌试验考察光催化剂的杀菌性能。结果该复合材料通过AgVO_3的(501)晶面、Ag_2MoO_4的(311)面和AgBr的(200)晶面紧密连接。在罗丹明B(RhB)溶液中加入该复合材料,120 min内降解率达到了94.9%,而纯AgVO_3的降解率为7.8%,说明复合后的材料光催化性能明显提高。此外,在光催化杀菌实验中,超过99.99%的大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌细胞均在90 min内被杀死。结论复合后的AgBr/Ag_2MoO_4@AgVO_3异质结光催化剂具有优异的光催化降解性能、杀菌性能和稳定性,该催化剂对于环境污染的治理以及海洋杀菌防污处理都起到一定的作用。     

g-C3N4在可见光下协同PDS降解磺胺二甲嘧啶的机制研究

以二聚氰胺为前驱体合成光催化剂石墨相碳化氮(g-C_3N_4),通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-vis DRS)等技术对g-C_3N_4材料进行形貌结构和光学性能的表征.实验过程中,以g-C_3N_4光催化降解磺胺二甲嘧啶(SMZ)中,加入过硫酸盐(PDS)联合效果的研究结果表明,PDS加快了g-C_3N_4对SMZ的光催化降解;通过荧光测试,表明了PDS使g-C_3N_4的光生空穴(h~+)与光生电子(e-)能够进行有效地分离,从而加强其光催化性能;实验同时研究了PDS/g-C_3N_4体系对磺胺二甲嘧啶(SMZ)光催化降解的影响机制.研究表明,SMZ的光催化降解反应符合准一级动力学规律;pH在酸性环境下有利于SMZ的降解;使用草酸钠作为光生空穴分子捕获剂,检测到h~+存在于PDS/g-C_3N_4光催化体系中,并计算得出h~+的贡献率为65.9%,表明h~+在降解中起到主要作用;TOC的检测表明,加入PDS有助于SMZ的矿化.     

Cobalt and sulfur co-doped nano-size TiO2 for photodegradation of various dyes and phenol

Various compositions of cobalt and sulfur co-doped titania nano-photocatalyst are synthesized via sol–gel method. A number of techniques including X-ray diffraction(XRD), ultraviolet–visible(UV–Vis), Rutherford backscattering spectrometry(RBS), thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA)Raman, N2 sorption, electron microscopy are used to examine composition, crystalline phase, morphology, distribution of dopants, surface area and optical properties o synthesized materials. The synthesized materials consisted of quasispherical nanoparticles of anatase phase exhibiting a high surface area and homogeneous distribution o dopants. Cobalt and sulfur co-doped titania demonstrated remarkable structural and optical properties leading to an efficient photocatalytic activity for degradation of dyes and phenol under visible light irradiations. Moreover, the effect of dye concentration catalyst dose and p H on photodegradation behavior of environmental pollutants and recyclability of the catalyst is also examined to optimize the activity of nano-photocatalys and gain a better understanding of the process.     

Solar photocatalytic decomposition of two azo dyes on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/TiO2 composites

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/TiO₂ composite photocatalysts with high photoactivity were prepared by sol-gel process and further characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and UV-vis absorption spectra. Compared to pure TiO₂, the combination of MWCNTs with titania could cause a significant absorption shift toward the visible region. The photocatalytic performances of the MWCNTs/TiO₂ composite catalysts were evaluated for the decomposition of Reactive light yellow K-6G (K-6G) and Mordant black 7 (MB 7) azo dyes solution under solar light irradiation. The results showed that the addition of MWCNTs enhanced the adsorption and photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ for the degradation of azo dyes K-6G and MB 7. The effect of MWCNTs content, catalyst dosage, pH, and initial dye concentration were examined as operational parameters. The kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of two dyes was found to follow a pseudo-first-order rate law. The photocatalyst was used for seven cycles with photocatalytic degradation efficiency still higher than 98%. A plausible mechanism is also proposed and discussed on the basis of experimental results.     

漂浮型BiOCl0.6I0.4/GO光催化剂的制备及其除藻性能

通过以膨胀珍珠岩（EP）为载体,水浴加热原位合成漂浮型BiOCl_0.6I_0.4/GO光催化剂,并研究其在可见光下对铜绿微囊藻的去除效果.利用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）、紫外可见漫反射光谱（UV-Vis DRS）、X射线能谱（XPS）等方法对合成样品的组成和形貌结构进行了表征.结果显示,BiOCl_0.6I_0.4/GO/EP复合材料比BiOCl_0.6I_0.4/EP和GO/EP具有更强的光催化除藻效果,且在4次循环使用之后仍有较好的光催化活性.此外,自由基捕获实验证明光催化反应中光生空穴（h⁺）是藻类失活的主要活性物质.最后,根据能带分析和自由基捕获试验提出BiOCl_0.6I_0.4/GO/EP复合材料的反应机理.