爆炸性危险环境如何选用电气设备

本文在简要阐述爆炸性危险环境的区域划分、防爆电气设备的分类及其防爆结构型式的基础上,提出了爆炸性危险环境电气设备的选用原则和选型方法.     

爆炸性粉尘环境危险区域划分及范围确定

就GB 50058-2014《爆炸危险环境电力装置设计规范》和GB 12476.3-2007《可燃性粉尘环境用电气设备第3部分:存在或可能存在可燃性粉尘的场所分类》、GB 25285.1-2010《爆炸性环境爆炸预防和防护第1部分:基本原则和方法》、AQ 3009-2007《危险场所电气防爆安全规范》等现行国家标准、行业标准中对爆炸性粉尘环境危险区域划分及危险区域范围几点规定的异同进行分析、比较,以便于在实际工作中确定爆炸性粉尘环境危险区域划分和范围。     

爆炸危险场所的防爆电气设备的选择使用

在爆炸性危险场所中如何正确选择使用防爆电气设备是关系到安全生产及人身安全的大事。针对在现场检测中发现的问题。本文阐述了如何根据设备使用环境中的可燃性气体或蒸气的危险特性,防爆结构的特征以及设备的最高表面温度等表面来正确选择防爆电气设备,并正确安装维护以保证防爆性能起效用。     

关于防爆电气设备的三个误区

<正>误区之一:防爆电气设备能防水不少人认为,防爆电气设备之所以能防爆,是因为其外壳能阻止有爆炸危险的气体进入其内部,其密封性能一定很好,能阻止雨水进入,安装在户外露天使用应该没有问题。其实这是混淆了防爆电气设备的防爆形式和外壳防护等级两个概念。防爆电气设备按其防爆原理的不同而分为不同的防爆形式。隔爆型防爆电气设备是具有能承受内部爆炸性气体混合物的爆炸压力,并阻止内部的爆炸向外壳周围爆炸性混合物传播的外壳的电气设备。显然其防爆性能与外壳防护等级无关,国家标准对其外壳防护等级并无特别要求,只要满足电机及低压电器外壳防护等级要求即可,但对其外壳的材质和机械强度作了严格的规定。增安型防爆电气设备在正常运行条件下不会产生电弧、火花或可能点燃爆炸性混合物的高温的设备结构上,采取措施提高安全程     

防爆电气紧固连接常见隐患

防爆电气在石油化工企业中最为常见,通常指按规定条件设计制造而不会引起周围爆炸性混合物(爆炸危险场所)爆炸的电气设备称为“防爆电气”。企业在防爆电气施工使用的过程中,容易出现防爆电气完好性缺失的现象(失爆)。     

爆炸危险环境电气防爆常见隐患

<正>防爆电气设备是指在规定条件下不会引起周围爆炸性环境点燃的电气设备。随着工业化的发展,火灾爆炸事故不断发生,而根据统计发现,一半以上的爆炸事故是由于电气设备引起的。因此,对于生产经营企业来说,危险场所的电气防爆是一个十分值得关注的问题。     

防爆电气设备隔爆外壳最大试验安全间隙及其影响因素

在爆炸性气体环境中安装使用的电气设备应为防爆电气设备。本文扼要讲解了间隙隔爆的机制和最大试验安全间隙的概念。从实验和理论上阐述了影响隔爆外壳最大试验安全间隙的因素。提出了隔爆型电气设备设计、安装、使用应注意的方面。     

冶金企业重点爆炸性粉尘分析

以某钢铁企业为例,从粉尘防爆角度出发,重点研究了企业6处地点的粉尘情况,包括焦粉、矿粉、煤粉和焦煤粉。通过粉尘爆炸性筛选实验判定粉尘是否具有爆炸性,并分析得到粉尘的爆炸压力（Pex）和爆炸压力比（PR）,结果表明,6处粉尘均达到粉尘爆炸性判定标准,均为爆炸性粉尘。该钢铁企业重新评估以上6处地点的粉尘爆炸风险,采取相应的防控措施,确保企业的生产安全和稳定。     

高炉喷吹用潞安贫瘦煤爆炸下限与返回火焰长度的试验研究

该试验通过测定爆炸下限与返回火焰长度这两个参数来确定4种煤粉的爆炸性。爆炸下限指能使喷入一定装置中的粉尘云点燃并维持火焰传播的最小粉尘浓度,是确定粉尘爆炸性重要参数,试验室通常使用20L的爆炸装置进行测定。喷吹现场广泛采用长管式煤粉爆炸性测试仪检测煤尘引燃后产生的返回火焰长度,该长度随煤粉爆炸性的强弱而显著变化:返回火焰长度大于600 mm可认定该煤粉具有强爆炸性;在400~600 mm之间则煤粉具有中强度爆炸性;小于400 mm则煤粉具有弱爆炸性。结果表明:20 L球测得4种煤粉的爆炸下限在60~85 g/m3之间;长管式煤粉爆炸性测定仪测得4种煤粉的返回火焰长度在20~50 mm之间。由测定的返回火焰长度可知,试验所用的4种煤样均属于弱爆炸性煤种。     

防爆起重机电气设备和线路的防爆设计要求

防爆起重机的防爆性能会受到诸多因素的影响,其中电气的影响较为重要。本文从设计角度重点介绍了除Ⅰ类爆炸性物质以外的、可使用于爆炸性危险区域为1区、2区、21区、22区的电气设备和电气线路的防爆设计要求,以期通过全面、可靠的防爆设计环节来保证和提高防爆起重机的防爆性能和使用安全。     

提高矿石块矿率减少粉尘危害

介绍了通过降低炸药消耗,改善爆破效果,提高原矿合格率,减少粉矿率,降低粉尘对周边的危害。     

The effect of admixed material on the minimum explosible concentration of oil shale

The minimum explosible concentration (MEC) in the air atmosphere at the boundary between an explosion and no explosion in a dust cloud, has been investigated for several particle sizes of oil shale and for mixtures of oil shale and inert powder of different particle size. Limestone, stone dust and coarse particle size of oil shale were used as inert materials. Measurements were made in a standard small vertical tube apparatus. The results obtained indicated that the minimum explosible concentration is dependent on the particle size, i.e., values of MEC decrease with a decrease in the size of the particles. Below 70 μm, values of MEC become almost constant. Admixture of limestone as low as 5% to oil shale is sufficient to reduce the MEC values significantly.     

Risk assessment of a compound feed process based on HAZOP analysis and linguistic terms

The size and complexity of industrial plants, along with the characteristics of the products used, require a study, analysis and control of the existing risks in every industrial process.In this paper, a methodology for risk assessment in industrial plants, based on the combination of risks identification through the Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) analysis and the risks evaluation through linguistic variables and fuzzy numbers is applied to a case study consisting on a compound feed plant located in the town of Silla (Valencia, Spain).The results from this study show that the main risk in the compound feed production process is the formation of explosive atmospheres (ATEX). Therefore, the corrective measures will focus on reducing the concentration of dust in the atmosphere and eliminating the possible sources of ignition, such as electrostatic discharges or sparks during the different phases of the process (the grinding, the transport of the raw materials, etc.)     

Experimental study on the influence of the nitrogen concentration in the air on the minimum ignition energies of combustible powders due to electrostatic discharges

As a useful method of preventing dust explosions, nitrogen (N₂), an incombustible gas, has been applied to an explosive atmosphere. This paper is a report that quantitatively determines whether the minimum ignition energy of powder depends on the nitrogen (or oxygen) concentration in the air. Hartman vertical-tube apparatus and six sample powders were used in this study. The results show that the minimum ignition energies of all of the powders used in this study increased with increased amounts of N₂ in the air. However, the effects were different in all of the sample powders. We finally suggest that the N₂ concentration of 84% (or above) prevents dust explosions due to electrostatic discharges in the industrial process with the sample powders used in this experiment.     

隔爆型电机在火炸药危险场所应用的安全性分析

针对普通隔爆型电机应用于火炸药粉尘危险场所的安全性问题进行定量分析,设计壳体粉尘侵入量试验,系统研究不同间隙下的粉尘侵入量,根据试验数据,应用曲线外推法及阿贝尔(Abel)余容状态方程计算爆压,结合材料力学及薄壁理论进行隔爆型电气设备外壳强度及刚度的校核。计算表明:若壳体内粉尘较均匀的悬浮在空中,切向应力与许用应力处于同一数量级;如果火炸药粉尘在轴承室、接线盒等局部堆积成火炸药层,切向应力比许用应力大两个数量级。试验结果强调:用于火炸药粉尘危险场所的电气设备必须有特殊的防爆结构设计,普通的隔爆电机用于火炸药粉尘危险环境时存在一定的安全隐患。     

A test for electrical ignitions of flammable dust clouds

The Atex Directive specifically includes the explosion hazards arising from the presence of flammable dusts. The European standards body CENELEC proposed a research project to develop tests for assessing the ignition hazard due to electrical apparatus used in hazardous dusty environments. This paper describes the work done on developing a test for electrical spark ignitions of explosive dust atmospheres. A prototype apparatus incorporating the dust explosibility vertical tube and the STA break flash apparatus has been developed. Tests using three dusts showed sulphur dust had ignition characteristics close to those of gas Group B, while other dusts were much less easily ignitable than methane. Round robin tests using a duplicate apparatus and the proposed test method produced results very close to those obtained using the original apparatus.     

The influence of air flow on maximum explosion characteristics of dust–air mixtures

A standard spherical apparatus for measuring explosion characteristics was modified to give increased and controlled turbulence within a dust–air mixture. This was intended to mimic the local effects which may occur during industrial dust explosions, particularly secondary ones which may develop in ducts or mine galleries where the initial explosion causes an increased air velocity and suspension of further quantities of dust.The results show that there may be a doubling of the maximum explosion pressure and of the rate of pressure rise during the explosion under more turbulent conditions. This is significant for modelling of dust explosions and suggests that explosion relief may be inadequate if this factor is not taken into consideration.The modified apparatus therefore gives a laboratory method for assessing the effect of turbulence in dust explosions.     

气溶胶粉尘在玻璃表面的沉积行为研究

玻璃是建筑装修的重要材料之一.有关玻璃的表面清洁技术非常丰富,但是对于粉尘粘附于玻璃表面的行为等的研究成果尚不多见.为此, 测定了玻璃片以不同角度放置在大气中,玻璃片表面粘附粉尘的分布规律和粉尘的粒径分布等特征;发现粘附于玻璃片上粉尘粒径分布不同于大气中的粉尘粒径分布,不同湿度对玻璃表面粘附的粉尘形状、粉尘数量和粒径影响很大.     

粉尘云浓度对HDPE粉尘云最低着火温度的影响

为准确评价高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）粉尘爆炸敏感性和开展有效的粉尘防爆工作,采用Godbert-Greenwald恒温炉标准实验装置研究了典型HDPE粉尘云最低着火温度的分布特性,着重探讨了粉尘云浓度对不同喷尘压力条件下HDPE粉尘云最低着火温度的影响规律。研究表明:测试条件下HDPE粉尘云最低着火温度的变化处于360~445 ℃范围,随粉尘云浓度的增加呈现先降低后升高的总体趋势,粉尘云浓度为1.111 kg/m3时出现拐点,且粉尘云最低着火温度随喷尘压力的增加而降低。     

Influence of dustiness on small-scale vented dust explosions

A new safety characteristic the “dustiness” according to VDI 2263 – part 9 (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, 2008) is investigated. Dustiness means the tendency of a dust to form clouds. The paper deals with the physical reasons for the different behavior of dusts, even if they have similar properties such as particle size and density and the influence of the dustiness on dust explosions. In order to study the effects of the dustiness on dust cloud formation for different dispersion methods experiments in a vertical dust dispersion glass tube apparatus were carried out. Furthermore vented dust explosion experiments were done for two different dispersion methods and two static activation pressures.Experiments show that particle size and density are not the only factors which influence dispersibility. Particle shape, specific surface area, flow and dispersion method have an influence which can outweigh size and density. Preliminary explosion experiments showed that the dustiness has an influence on the reduced explosion pressure and flame speed in a vented 75 L test apparatus. In order to verify the results for applications in the process industries further tests with industrial scale experiments are planned.