塑封SIP集成模块封装可靠性分析

塑封器件具有体积小、成本低的优点,逐步替代气密性封装器件,广泛地应用于我国军用产品中.军用塑封SIP(System In Package)产品集成度高、结构复杂、可靠性要求高等特点,对塑封工艺带来了挑战,目前国内工业级塑封产品不能完全满足军用可靠性要求,工业级塑封产品常在严酷的环境应力试验下表现出失效.本文针对工业级塑...     

塑封基板类器件翻新件无损鉴别方法研究

本研究提出了一种针对塑封基板类翻新件的无损鉴别方法。通过外观特征分析、声学扫描电子显微镜分析和X射线分析等技术方法,实现了塑封基板类翻新件的无损鉴别方法。结合相关案例,揭示了塑封基板类器件的典型翻新物理特征,有效指导了塑封基板类翻新器件的鉴别方向。针对典型翻新物理特征进行综合评价和风险分级,进一步加强了塑封基板类器件在应用过程中的风险规避。     

谈谈高加速寿命试验

高加速寿命试验（HALT）是一种新兴技术，它使用在产品的设计阶段，用于快速暴露产品的缺陷和薄弱环节。本文介绍了HALT的优点，典型的HALT过程及HAST项目；对HAST项目中的温度步进应力，6自由度随机振动，快速温度变换，温度与振动综合试验等方法进行了详细描述。     

COTS器件序贯加速温度循环评估试验方法研究

商业现货(COTS)器件以其高性能、低成本的特点,在航天领域应用越来越广。目前国内还没有公开的COTS器件可靠性保证标准规范,通常是按照军用标准做升级筛选后使用,试验时间长、成本高,并且还存在欠试验和过试验的风险。本文针对元器件评估试验中的温度循环项目,结合加速试验和序贯概率比试验,形成COTS器件序贯加速温度循环评估试验方法。首先分析比较国外COTS器件温度循环评估规范,其次介绍指数分布场合序贯试验方案,再次提出序贯加速温度循环评估方法,最后对某型DC/DC变换器开展了温度循环评估试验,对其可靠性指标进行了验证,说明了本方法的可行性与优越性。     

浅析军用电子元器件可靠性强化试验的可行性

基于可靠性强化试验(RET)及其关键技术,对军用电子元器件RET可行性进行了分析。根据RET技术及其特点,分析了军用电子元器件RET的试验应力、试验剖面、测试夹具等关键技术,以阐述军用元器件RET的可行性,并且提出了对军用元器件进行RET的实施方案以及基本实施流程。     

FPGA器件的可靠性预计

FPGA是近年来发展最快的超大规模集成电路,本文采用国家军用标准GJB/Z 299C-2006《电子设备可靠性预计手册》对FPGA器件进行可靠性预计。     

军用集成电路质量控制方法分析与探讨

集成电路是军用电子设备最重要的器件之一,集成电路的质量直接影响到军用装备的质量。从集成电路的选择、二次筛选和破坏性物理分析(DPA)这几个方面探讨了军用集成电路的质量控制方法。实践证明通过质量控制筛选得到的集成电路整批使用可靠性都有明显的提高。     

军用小型无人机系统环境试验方法研究探讨

为满足军用无人机装备研制的发展需要,基于对无人机环境试验方法应用和研究现状的调研分析,指出军用无人机系统环境试验方法研究的必要性和紧迫性。以军用小型无人机系统为研究对象,基于现有军用装备环境试验标准、民用无人机环境试验方法以及其他相关环境试验标准进行适用性分析,结合内外场信息综合法,给出该型无人机系统相关试验项目试验方法的初步研究思路。本文的调研探讨为建立军用小型无人机系统环境试验方法规范提供参考。     

军用电子组件(PCBA)失效分析技术与案例

随着武器装备集成化、高密度化和轻量化的发展,大量的高密度器件如BGA、CSP得到了广泛的应用,由此作为武器装备心脏的军用电子组件的组装密度也越来越高。伴随着电子组件组装密度的提高,对于电子组件的组装技术也提出了更高的要求。然而,由于军用电子组件器件种类繁多,导致其电子组装工艺复杂,加上我国装备制造企业的工艺水平较国际先进企业相比还存在很大的差距,军用电子组件存在较为严重的工艺缺陷和可靠性问题。大量的工艺缺陷如润湿不良、焊点空洞、焊点机械强度差和疲劳寿命低严重影响了军用电子组件的质量和可靠性,并制约了武器装备的发展。本文针对军用电子组件存在的焊接缺陷、绝缘性失效(CAF和ECM)以及焊点疲劳失效的主要问题,介绍了军用电子组件常用的失效分析方法和手段,包括金相切片分析、声学扫描分析、扫描电镜与能谱、热分析以及傅立叶红外光谱分析等。然后结合军用电子组件的典型的失效分析案例,介绍这些分析技术在实际的案例中的应用。PCBA失效机理与原因的获得将有利于将来对PCBA的质量控制以避免类似问题的再度发生。     

整车行驶可靠性与室内道路模拟试验技术方法研究

军用整车的行驶可靠性一般通过道路试验或试验场试验进行考核,道路试验虽能有效反映行驶的实际工况,但存在试验周期长、试验条件无法控制及保密无法保证的问题。试验场试验可有效进行行驶可靠性考核,但军用整车试验场建设成本非常高。道路模拟试验技术是一种先进的实验室模拟路面振动的整车试验技术,本文以某军用整车为试验对象,对其进行外场路面道路行驶试验,采集外场行驶试验时整车关键部位的振动、应变响应信号,对响应信号进行数据裁剪以获得该车的路谱数据。利用路谱数据再在室内道路模拟系统对该样车进行激励,结果表明道路模拟试验可很好复现整车行驶试验时损伤效果,可有效考核样车行驶可靠性要求,缩短试验周期。     

Simulation Study of a PEM Fuel Cell System with Steam Reforming

Abstract

This article summarizes the results of a study for a 100 kWe DC electrical power PEM fuel cell system. The system consists of a pre-steam reformer, a steam reformer, high and low temperature shift reactors, a preferential oxidation reactor, a PEM fuel cell, a combustor, and an expander. Acceptable net electrical efficiency levels can be achieved via intensive heat integration within the PEM fuel cell system. The calculations take into account the auxiliary equipment such as pumps, com pressors, heaters, coolers, heat exchangers and pipes. The process simulation package “Aspen-HYSYS 3.1’’ has been used. The operation parameters of the reactors have been determined considering all the technical limitations involved. A gasoline type hydrocarbon fuel has been studied as hydrogen rich gas source. Thermal efficiencies have been calculated for all of the major system components for selected operation conditions. The fuel cell stack efficiency has been calculated as a function of cell numbers (500, 750, 1000, and 1250 cells). Efficiencies of all of the major system components along with auxiliary unit efficiencies determine the net electrical efficiency of the PEM fuel cell system. The obtained net electrical efficiency levels are between 34 (500 cells) to 41% (1250 cells).     

Phosphorus-doped graphene supported palladium (Pd/PG) electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction in PEM water electrolysis

PEM water electrolysis is one of the most efficient methods for the production of hydrogen because of produced high purity of the gases and environmentally friendly. In the present study, Phosphorus-doped Graphene (PG) was synthesized by thermal annealing of triphenylphosphine (TPP) and graphene oxide (GO). The PG supported palladium (Pd/PG) electrocatalysts were synthesized by chemical reduction method and used as the cathode for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrode. Structural properties and electrochemical performances of the synthesized Pd/PG electrocatalyst were studied by FE-SEM, EDS, ICP, FT-IR, XRD, and Cyclic voltammetry (CV) methods, respectively. The membrane electrode assemblies (MEA’s) were fabricated using Pd/PG as cathode for HER electrode and RuO₂ as anode for OER electrode. Also, their electrochemical performances along with the corresponding hydrogen yields were evaluated in single cell PEM water electrolyzer at various experimental conditions such as different current densities from 0.1 to 2.0 A cm^?2 and temperatures (28–80°C). The synthesized Pd/PG electrocatalyst was observed a current density of 1 A cm^?2 with 1.95 V at 80°C. Further, long-term stability studies were carried out continuously up to 2000 h which showed a reasonable stability. Hence, the synthesized Pd/PG can be used as an alternative to Pt-based electrocatalysts for the HER in PEM water electrolysis.     

Impact of nonuniform reactant flow rate on the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell stacks

ABSTRACT

In this study, a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack composed of five cells in series is numerically investigated to study the impact of the nonuniform reactant flow rate on the performance of the stack. A comparison of the water concentration, temperature, reaction heat source, and current density of change rule of two groups of fuel cell stacks with uniform and nonuniform reactant flow rate reveals the performance degradation mechanism caused by nonuniform reactant flow. The results indicate that while operating under low-voltage conditions, the nonuniform reactant flow rate will cause the accumulation of excess liquid water near the PEM that is near the cathode exhaust outlet, and the local area reacts strongly on the catalyst, whereas the local area reacts slowly. When the average voltage of the stack is 0.55 V, the current density under the nonuniform reactant flow rate condition is 12.9% lower than that of the uniform reactant flow rate condition. In the case of uniform and nonuniform reactant flow rate at low current densities, the performance difference is not evident, but it is expected to be pronounced with the increase in current density. The simulation results are compared with the experimental data reported in the literature through a polarization curve, and they turn out to be well correlated with the experimental results.     

The Effect of Military Training Activity on Eastern Lupine and the Karner Blue Butterfly at Fort McCoy,Wisconsin, USA

The US Department of Defense (DOD) manages over 10.1 million ha of land, much of which is used for training military personnel. However, vast sections receive little or no use, and military lands have become refuges for many species. At Fort McCoy, Wisconsin, USA, populations of the endangered Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) are found in oak and pine barren communities where wild lupine (Lupinus perennis), a perennial forb required by Karner blue butterfly larvae, still occurs. Oak and pine barren communities are disturbance-dependent, and the barrens ecosystems in the Midwest have declined in extent by 98% because of fire suppression, succession, and habitat fragmentation. We studied the effects of disturbance by military manuever training on the density of lupine and Karner blue butterfly at Fort McCoy. We also wanted to determine whether military training activity could enhance Karner blue butterfly habitat. At locations where tracked vehicles had driven through lupine patches, the abundance of lupine and nectar-producing plants was greater in the median strip between vehicle ruts than in vehicle ruts or 5 m outside the vehicle ruts. The proportion of lupine stems with Karner blue butterfly larvae feeding sign (the ratio of stems fed upon to stems examined) was greater in areas where military vehicles had traveled than where they had not. The proportion of lupine stems with feeding sign and lupine stem density was also positively related to the occurrence of prior bivouacs and fires caused by military munitions. Shrub and forest canopy abundance were lower in areas traveled by tracked vehicles. At the scale of the lupine patch, lupine abundance and the proportion of lupine stems with feeding sign were positively correlated with military training activities, suggesting that maintenance of lupine habitat can be achieved in concert with military training.     

Spatial and Temporal Assessment of Cumulative Disturbance Impacts Due to Military Training,Burning, Haying,and Their Interactions on Land Condition of Fort Riley

The effects of military training activities on the land condition of Army installations vary spatially and temporally. Training activities observably degrade land condition while also increasing biodiversity and stabilizing ecosystems. Moreover, other anthropogenic activities regularly occur on military lands such as prescribed burns and agricultural haying—adding to the dynamics of land condition. Thus, spatially and temporally assessing the impacts of military training, prescribed burning, agricultural haying, and their interactions is critical to the management of military lands. In this study, the spatial distributions and patterns of military training-induced disturbance frequency were derived using plot observation and point observation-based method, at Fort Riley, Kansas from 1989 to 2001. Moreover, spatial and variance analysis of cumulative impacts due to military training, burning, haying, and their interactions on the land condition of Fort Riley were conducted. The results showed that: (1) low disturbance intensity dominated the majority of the study area with exception of concentrated training within centralized areas; (2) high and low values of disturbance frequency were spatially clustered and had spatial patterns that differed significantly from a random distribution; and (3) interactions between prescribed burning and agricultural haying were not significant in terms of either soil erosion or disturbance intensity although their means and variances differed significantly between the burned and non-burned areas and between the hayed and non-hayed areas.     

An erosion-based land classification system for military installations

The universal soil loss equation (USLE) has been integrated with a geographic information system known as the geographical resources analysis support system (GRASS) to create a land classification system for use by military trainers and land managers to minimize the environmental impacts of military training activities. The USLE provides an estimate of current average annual sheet and rill erosion based upon factors representing climate, soil erodibility, topography, cover, and conservation support practices. The erosion estimate is compared to erosion tolerance values to produce an expression of the current erosion status. An index of inherent site erodibility is also achieved through manipulation of the USLE. Based on published soil surveys, satellite imagery, and ground-truth vegetation transects, data layers are created within GRASS for each of the component factors of the USLE. Appropriate mathematical operations are performed with the data layers, and color-coded maps are produced that represent the erosion status and erodibility index for each 50-m × 50-m area of soil surface. These maps aid military trainers and land managers in scheduling appropriate kinds and intensities of military training activities.     

军民两用机载设备耐久振动试验的对比方法

提出了一种适用于军民两用机载设备耐久振动试验的对比方法,该方法通过量化指标对军民机标准下的振动试验环境进行考核,能够实现不同环境的试验严酷度评估。以直升机显示器为例对该方法进行了详细论述,结果表明无法通过对比方法完成试验。     

Land Use for Military Training in the UK: The Current Situation,Likely Developments and Possible Alternatives

This paper describes the current pattern of land ownership for military training in the UK. The main component-armytraining areas-is considered in detail. Recent historical trends are reviewed in the context of changes in force size and weapons systems.Problems and benefits arising from the primary use of land for military training are defined. Relevant literature is reviewed. Comparisons are made with training systems in other countries, in particular the USA, the Netherlands,Switzerland, France and Australia. Recent developments in government policy are described and analysed. Possible future requirements are explored. This information is used to construct an argument that the current training system in the UK is outmoded and unsustainable. The authors contend that there is a need for a strategic review of military training, encompassing a thorough assessment of alternatives to traditional live firing on dedicated training areas.     

结合军用电子装备的特点将可靠性试验贯穿于装备研制生产的各个环节

本文描述的是二炮武器装备的实际使用环境的现状以及二炮通用环境实验室在试验过程中对受试装备出现的故障进行分析,以及如何将可靠性试验贯穿于装备研制生产的各个环节。