垃圾渗滤液对地下水污染的PRB原位处理技术

以被垃圾渗滤液污染的地下水为研究对象,分别用零价铁、零价铁和活性炭、零价铁和沸石的混合物作为反应介质,设计了3种地下可渗透反应器(PRB),分别为反应器A、B和C,对PRB技术治理污染地下水的可行性和有效性进行实验模拟研究.反应器的设计充分考虑了反应器的渗透能力与周围地层介质渗透能力的关系.实验结果表明:反应器A、B、C对COD的去除率分别达到80%、90%、70%以上,BOD₅/COD值由0.32分别升高至0.781、0.728、0.716,总氮从50mg/L都降到10mg/L以下,NH₄⁺的去除率达到78%～91%.反应器C中的沸石对重金属和硬度表现出良好的去除效果,其中Mn、Zn离子和硬度的去除率分别达到90%、80%和81%,说明PRB技术治理渗滤液污染的地下水是可行的.     

Characteristics of high-sulfate wastewater treatment by two-phase anaerobic digestion process with Jet-loop anaerobic fluidized bed

A new anaerobic reactor, Jet-loop anaerobic fluidized bed （JLAFB）, was designed for treating high-sulfate wastewater. The treatment characteristics, including the effect of influent COD/SO42 ratio and alkalinity and sulfide inhibition in reactors, were discussed for a JLAFB and a general anaerobic fiuidized bed （AFB） reactor used as sulfate-reducing phase and methane-producing phase, respectively, in two-phase anaerobic digestion process. The formation of granules in the two reactors was also examined. The results indicated that COD and sulfate removal had different demand of influent COD/SO4^2- ratios. When total COD removal was up to 85%, the ratio was only required up to 1.2, whereas, total sulfate removal up to 95% required it exceeding 3.0. The alkalinity in the two reactors increased linearly with the growth of influent alkalinity. Moreover, the change of influent alkalinity had no significant effect on pH and volatile fatty acids （VFA） in the two reactors. Influent alkalinity kept at 400-500 mg/L could meet the requirement of the treating process. The JLAFB reactor had great advantage in avoiding sulfide and free-H2S accumulation and toxicity inhibition on microorganisms. When sulfate loading rate was up to 8. 1 kg/（m^3.d）, the sulfide and free-H2S concentrations in JLAFB reactor were 58.6 and 49.7 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, the granules, with offwhite color, ellipse shape and diameters of 1.0-3.0 mm, could be developed in JLAFB reactor. In granules, different groups of bacteria were distributed in different layers, and some inorganic metal compounds such as Fe, Ca, Mg etc. were found.     

Nitrogen removal from wastewater and bacterial diversity in activated sludge at different COD/N ratios and dissolved oxygen concentrations

The impact of the organic carbon to nitrogen ratio (chemical oxygen demand (COD)/N) in wastewater and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration on carbon and nitrogen removal efficiency, and total bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) communities in activated sludge in constantly aerated sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) was determined. At DO of 0.5 and 1.5 mg O₂/L during the aeration phase, the efficiency of ammonia oxidation exceeded 90%, with nitrates as the main product. Nitrification and denitrification achieved under the same operating conditions suggested the simultaneous course of these processes. The most effective nitrogen elimination (above 50%) was obtained at the COD/N ratio of 6.8 and DO of 0.5 mg O₂/L. Total bacterial diversity was similar in all experimental series, however, for both COD/N ratios of 6.8 and 0.7, higher values were observed at DO of 0.5 mg O₂/L. The diversity and abundance of AOB were higher in the reactors with the COD/N ratio of 0.7 in comparison with the reactors with the COD/N of 6.8. For both COD/N ratios applied, the AOB population was not affected by oxygen concentration. Amplicons with sequences indicating membership of the genus Nitrosospira were the determinants of variable technological conditions.     

Anammox transited from denitrification in upflow biofilm reactor

Anammox was successfully transited from heterotrophic denitrification and autotrophic denitrification in two upflow biofilm reactors, respectively. The results showed that the volumetric loading rate and nitrogen removal efficiency in the reactor transited from heterotrophic denitrification were higher than that in its counterpart. When the hydraulic retention time was 12 h or so, the total nitrogen loading rate was about 0.609 kg N/(m^3 .d), and the effluent ammonia and nitrite concentrations were less than 8.5 mg/L and 2.5 mg/L,respectively. The upflow anammox biofilm reactor was capable of keeping and accumulating the slow-growing bacteria efficiently. During operation of the reactor, the biomass color was gradually turned from brownish to red, and the ratio of ammonia consumption, nitrite consumption and nitrate production approached the theoretical one. These changes could be used as an indicator for working state of the reactor.     

Enhancing anoxic denitrification of low C/N ratio wastewater with novel ZVI composite carriers

External organic carbon sources are needed to provide electron donors for the denitrification of wastewater with a low COD/NO₃^--N（C/N） ratio, increasing the treatment cost. The economic strategy is to enhance the bioactivity and/or biodiversity of denitrifiers to efficiently utilize organic substances in wastewater. In this study, novel zero-valent iron（ZVI） composite carriers were prepared and implemented in a suspended carrier biofilm reactor to enhance the bioactivity an...     

碳磷比对SND过程污染物去除及N2O释放的影响

以两个平行运行的SBR反应器为研究对象,研究了碳磷比对同步硝化反硝化过程中污染物去除及温室气体N2O释放的影响.结果表明:系统对COD和氨氮的去除率均能达到90%以上,总磷和总氮去除率随碳磷比的降低而提高,这是由于低碳磷比下聚磷菌得到富集,同时部分聚磷菌利用NO3-和NO2-为电子受体吸收磷,从而实现脱氮除磷的同步提高.系统的N2O释放量随碳磷比的降低而降低,低碳磷比下N2O释放量仅为高碳磷比的76%.低碳磷比下N2O释放量的减少主要是由于异养反硝化过程对N2O释放的贡献降低导致的.     

生活垃圾焚烧厂渗沥液厌氧氨氧化脱氮效能及微生物机理分析

生活垃圾焚烧厂渗沥液是一种含高氨氮高有机物浓度的难处理废水,目前渗沥液生物脱氮多采用多级硝化反硝化处理工艺,存在能耗大、效率低等不足。以厌氧氨氧化技术为核心,构建连续流厌氧消化-短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化三段式工艺,分析垃圾焚烧厂渗沥液的生物脱氮效果、有机物迁移转化规律、功能微生物活性及组成变化。结果表明:在进水ρ（NH₄+-N）为900~1800 mg/L,ρ（COD）为3000~20000 mg/L时,系统处理效果良好,稳定运行期间总无机氮和COD去除率分别为85%和77%。其中厌氧消化段可去除约45%的COD,短程硝化段NO₂--N积累率保持在97%以上,厌氧氨氧化段稳定运行期间总无机氮去除率约为85%,系统内也存在一定程度反硝化反应。接入渗沥液后,自养脱氮体系中功能微生物氨氧化菌（AOB）和厌氧氨氧化菌（Anammox）的活性均有不同程度的下降,采用宏基因组学结合16S rDNA高通量测序技术对比分析微生物的群落和功能组成变化,发现渗沥液中高浓度的有机物使短程硝化段和厌氧氨氧化段内异养反硝化菌相对丰度上升,Anammox受到难降解有机物抑制,其中Candidatus_Kuenenia菌属适应性较强,在驯化后仍然可以维持厌氧氨氧化系统较高的脱氮效果。     

厌氧氨氧化工艺在UASB反应器中的启动运行研究

利用UASB反应器进行了厌氧氨氧化工艺的启动运行研究。以自配高氮低碳废水为进水,普通厌氧污泥为接种污泥,在温度35℃,pH7.5～8.0的条件下连续运行220d,成功实现了厌氧氨氧化工艺的启动,氨氮容积负荷为0.43kg/(m~3·d)时,氨氮的去除率最高达88.3％,扫描电镜的观察结果表明,厌氧氨氧化污泥中的细菌以形状不规则的短杆菌为主。     

苯胺对间歇及连续运行硝化过程的毒性抑制试验

以经过驯化的苯胺降解菌和硝化菌作为菌源,在悬浮污泥间歇反应器中及三相流化床反应器中分别考察了间歇及连续进水2种工艺条件下苯胺对硝化过程的毒性抑制作用.结果表明,苯胺对悬浮污泥间歇反应器中的硝化菌有较强的抑制作用,仅当苯胺浓度低于3 mg/L时,硝化菌的活性才能逐渐恢复,且恢复的时间随着苯胺的初始浓度的增高而延长.实验结果还显示,适宜的水力停留时间(HRT)是保证三相流化床中苯胺成功降解及硝化脱氮的关键工艺条件.当进水苯胺浓度为200 mg/L,HRT为10 h时,反应液中苯胺浓度为6.58 mg/L,硝化率可达84.95%,由此表明膜硝化反应器抵抗苯胺毒性抑制的能力强于悬浮污泥硝化反应器,在工业上采用三相流化床膜硝化反应器对含毒性有机物的废水进行硝化脱氮处理是有实际应用价值的.     

利用好氧硝化颗粒污泥SBR处理分离尿液的研究

在不同接种污泥条件下的序批式活性污泥系统（sequencing batch reactor, SBR）中,研究了分离尿液（source-separated urine, SSU)的处理情况和污泥特性.在硝化污泥接种的SBR中,对SSU中的可生化降解有机物具有较高的去除效率,而对其中氨氮的硝化效率很低,系统中没有出现生物体聚集状态的污泥.在用实验室内培养的好氧颗粒污泥接种的SBR系统中,对SSU不仅有较高的有机物去除效率,同时还可以有效实现氨氮的硝化过程,经过约70 d的运行之后,系统中出现了稳定状态的生物聚集体——好氧硝化颗粒污泥,氨氮容积负荷以氮计算为0.5 kg/（m³·d）.好氧硝化颗粒污泥具有良好的沉降效果和活性,颗粒表面聚集着硝化杆菌和球菌.好氧硝化颗粒污泥的粒径比接种的好氧颗粒污泥的粒径有较明显的减少,沉降速率却比相同粒径的好氧颗粒污泥有较大的改善.好氧硝化颗粒污泥对SSU中有机物和氨氮的转化效率都在90％以上,有效地保证了反应器中较小生长速率的硝化细菌的数量并实现系统的稳定运行.     

悬浮填料与好氧颗粒污泥脱氮对比试验研究

常温连续流条件下,分别在两个反应器中投加悬浮填料和接种好氧颗粒污泥,通过控制工艺条件,两个反应器中均实现了同步硝化反硝化(SND)。改变进水溶解氧DO浓度、碳氮比(C/N)、有机负荷和NH4+-N负荷,分析比较了两个反应器脱氮的重要工艺条件。试验结果表明,在相同的工艺条件下,悬浮填料脱氮最佳DO浓度为1.0mg/L左右,最佳C/N为12;好氧颗粒污泥脱氮最佳DO浓度为1.5mg/L,最佳C/N为5。提高进水有机负荷,两个反应器COD去除率均稳定在较高的水平。NH4+-N浓度升高时,反应器脱氮效率均降低,好氧颗粒污泥比悬浮填料更耐冲击负荷。     

UCT工艺进水COD浓度与C/N对除磷效果的影响

在UCT工艺中,进水COD浓度和C/N是影响其运行效果的重要因素.为考察这种影响,试验设计UCT工艺在不同C/N和进水COD浓度联合作用下运行,研究了其中对反硝化除磷和总体除磷效果的影响.结果表明,当C/N15时,较高的COD进水浓度促进异养菌的生长而使厌氧反应器释磷作用降低,C/N20时,由于TN浓度降低抑制了异养菌的增殖,厌氧释磷速率随COD浓度的升高基本保持上升趋势;在进水COD350 mg/L时,缺氧反应器内反硝化吸磷作用明显,COD350mg/L之后反应器内以释磷为主,当进水COD350 mg/L时,进水C/N为10～20对反硝化吸磷的促进较明显,且随着比值的增加促进作用逐渐减小;在进水COD浓度为250～450 mg/L范围内,各初始C/N都能保持80%以上较稳定的TP去除率.     

高效异养硝化细菌Alcaligenes faecalis Ni3-1的分离及其脱氨特性研究

从生活排污渠中分离筛选出高效异养硝化菌株Ni3-1,通过形态和16S r DNA序列分析,初步鉴定为Alcaligenes faecalis。脱氨特性研究表明:Ni3-1的异养硝化作用主要发生在指数期;碳源对菌株脱氨效果影响较大,柠檬酸三钠和丁二酸钠为最佳碳源;在氨氮为10~1 000 mg/L时,Ni3-1均表现出较高的脱氨能力;Ni3-1适应能力较强,温度为25~35℃,p H为6~9,C/N为10~15时,24 h氨氮去除率均达95%以上。将Ni3-1用于处理高氨氮猪场废水,48 h氨氮去除率可达93.2%,且未检测到亚硝态氮和硝态氮的积累。总体而言,菌株Ni3-1在脱氨效率和适应能力方面具有明显优势,在污水脱氮处理中具有一定的开发利用价值。     

Effect of substrate COD/N ratio on performance and microbial community structure of a membrane aerated biofilm reactor

Two parallel carbon-membrane aerated biofilm reactors were operated at well-defined conditions to investigate the e ect of substrate COD/N ratios on the performance and microbial community structure of the bioreactor. Results showed that at substrate COD/N of 5, organic and nitrogen could be eliminated simultaneously, and COD removal degree, nitrification and denitrification e ciency reached 85%, 93% and 92%, respectively. With increasing substrate COD/N ratios, the specific oxygen utilization rates of nitrifying bacteria in biofilm were found to decrease, indicating that nitrifying population became less dominant. At substrate COD/N ratio of 6, excessive heterotrophs inhibited the activity of nitrifying bacteria greatly and thus led to poor nitrification process. With the help of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira were identified as dominant ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in the biofilm at substrate COD/N of 0, whereas only Nitrosospira were detected in the biofilm at COD/N ratio of 5. Nitrospira were present as dominant nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in our study. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images revealed that at substrate COD/N ratio of 0 nitrifying bacteria existed throughout the biofilm and that at COD/N ratio of 5 they were mainly distributed in the inner layer of biofilm.     

碳源对厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能影响的试验研究

分别研究了无机碳源和有机碳源对厌氧氨氧化反应脱氮性能的影响。接种稳定运行的复合式UASB厌氧氨氧化反应器污泥至ASBR反应器进行批式试验,考察不同碳酸氢钠浓度及COD浓度条件下的氮素转化情况,研究碳源对厌氧氨氧化脱氮效果的影响。厌氧氨氧化反应适宜的进水碳酸氢钠浓度为1.5～2.0 mg/L,超过30 mg/L时有机碳源的存在对厌氧氨氧化反应产生抑制作用,COD浓度超过60 mg/L时反应器表现出反硝化特性。无机碳源对厌氧氨氧化反应的影响表现在提供充足碳源和调节反应器pH的综合作用,较高浓度的COD对厌氧氨氧化反应具有抑制作用。     

Removal of anaerobic soluble microbial products in a biological activated carbon reactor

The soluble microbial products (SMP) in the biological treatment effluent are generally of great amount and are poorly biodegradable. Focusing on the biodegradation of anaerobic SMP, the biological activated carbon (BAC) was introduced into the anaerobic system. The experiments were conducted in two identical lab-scale up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors. The high strength organics were degraded in the first UASB reactor (UASB1) and the second UASB (UASB2, i.e., BAC) functioned as a polishing step to remove SMP produced in UASB1. The results showed that 90% of the SMP could be removed before granular activated carbon was saturated. After the saturation, the SMP removal decreased to 60% on the average. Analysis of granular activated carbon adsorption revealed that the main role of SMP removal in BAC reactor was biodegradation. A strain of SMP-degrading bacteria, which was found highly similar to Klebsiella sp., was isolated, enriched and inoculated back to the BAC reactor. When the influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 10,000 mg/L and the organic loading rate achieved 10 kg COD/(m 3 ·day), the effluent from the BAC reactor could meet the discharge standard without further treatment. Anaerobic BAC reactor inoculated with the isolated Klebsiella was proved to be an effective, cheap and easy technical treatment approach for the removal of SMP in the treatment of easily-degradable wastewater with COD lower than 10,000 mg/L.     

生物膜反应器-单宁酸铁处理低C/N废水的脱氮性能

采用生物膜反应器耦合包埋型单宁酸铁处理低C/N比废水,考察其脱氮性能,分析了生物脱氮过程功能菌群的变化,以及单宁酸铁强化脱氮的作用机制.结果表明,生物膜反应器耦合包埋型单宁酸铁,具有低C/N比废水高效脱氮性能.进水C/N比为1：2.7时,TN平均去除率可达80.0%,TN平均去除负荷为1.38kg/（m³·d）.生物膜反应器内随着进水C/N比降低,优势脱氮过程从同步硝化-反硝化过程向同步短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化-反硝化（SNAD）过程转变,厌氧氨氧化过程对TN去除的贡献率逐渐升高至76.2%,亚硝化菌群和厌氧氨氧化菌群成为优势生物脱氮功能菌群.包埋型单宁酸铁在生化处理后,通过吸附-催化氨氧化作用同步去除氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮,进一步提高TN去除性能.因此,耦合单宁酸铁强化生物膜反应器SNAD脱氮过程,是实现低C/N比废水高效脱氮新的有效途径.     

基质初始浓度对SFBR工艺去除营养物的影响

采用序半连续反应器就新鲜废水中COD/N比对COD、氮化合物去除效率和微生物生长的影响进行了研究。结果表明,新鲜废水中的COD/N比对COD和总氮去除率有明显的影响。当COD/N比由2.5增至12.5时,COD去除率由44.0%增至75.8%,总氮去除率从63.4%增至99.8%,然而,加料废水中COD/N比对微生物生长没有明显的影响。用一组涉及多个微生物反应的动力学模型,分析了COD/N比对同时去除碳、氮化合物效率和微生物生长的影响。     

Sludge granulation and e ciency of phase separator in UASB reactor treating combined industrial e uent

Sludge granulation and the effect of gas-liquid-solid separator （GLSS） design on the efficiency of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket （UASB） and upflow anaerobic sludge filter （UASF） reactors, operating at HRTs ranging from 3 to 12 h was investigated. VSS/TS ratio gradually increased in both the reactors with increasing sludge age （from 0.5 to more than 0.7 for UASB reactor and 0.012 to 0.043 for UASF reactor）. X-Ray diffraction analysis of the UASF sludge showed the presence of expanding clays revealing its additional absorption capability. Fuoraphyllite and albite precipitation related to excellular polymers of the microbial shell structure, showed the extended growth of microorganisms during sludge granulation. A gradual decrease （82%-69%） in COD removal with decreasing HRT was apparent in UASF reactor. In case of UASB reactor, this decrease was marginal because addition of GLSS device significantly improved （14%-20%） the overall efficiency of the UASB reactor. GLSS enhanced the efficiency of the UASB reactor by increasing the settleability of suspended particles and accelerating the coagulation of colloidal particles due to the velocity gradient.     

基于ABR-MBR组合工艺不同进水C/N比对反硝化除磷性能的影响机制

基于厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)微生物相分离及膜生物反应器(MBR)高效截留的特性,通过加设硝化液回流与污泥回流实现了ABR-MBR一体化反应器的循环联动,对连续流条件下调控进水COD浓度及COD/TN比条件下的反硝化除磷影响机制展开了研究.结果表明在5个不同进水C/N比下,ABR-MBR组合工艺最终出水溶解性PO_3-4-P平均浓度分别为0.22、0.34、0.39、0.42和2.45 mg·L~(-1),低C/N比可获得更好的除磷效果,而C/N为4.8~6.0时,工艺对COD、TN和溶解性PO_3-4-P去除率分别在87%、76%和93%以上.此外,在C/N为3.6~6.0时,ABR缺氧吸磷量与工艺对TN去除量呈良好的线性关系,提高进水C/N比有助于系统对TN的去除.最终获得进水C/N比为6时最有利于氮和磷的同步去除.