环境卫生与卫生工程

X33 X824 9900116用CBMN法评价饮用水处理流程中有机提取物的细胞毒性/刘艳红(北京师范大学生物系).二//环境科学/中科院生态环境研究中心一1998,19(3)一42一45环信X一5 利用CHO细胞胞质分裂阻断微核(CBMN)法,对某自来水厂7个处理工艺流程水中的有机提取物的细胞毒性进行了评价。在实验剂量范围内,比较了各样品的含微核的双核细胞率(B NMN)、核分裂指数(NDI)和胞质分裂阻断增殖指数(CBPI)。实验表明,源水加氯后比源水的细胞毒性增大;经机加池和煤砂滤池处理后的水样毒性较大,其中煤砂滤池水毒性最大,机加池水次之;经炭吸附后的水…     

用CBMN法评价4-氯酚与富里酸对CHO细胞的毒性效应

用ＣＨＯ细胞和ＣＢＭ法对４－ＣＰ（４－氯）及春ＦＡ协同作用的细胞毒性效应进行了评价,选用的细胞学毒性参数为总微核率（ＭＮ）、含微核的双核细胞率（ＢＮＭＮ）、核分鲜明指数（ＮＯＩ）和南分裂阻断增殖指数（ＣＢＰＩ）,结果表明：ＦＡ单独处理与阴性对照组比较不引起显著性差异;４－Ｃ客ＦＡ联合处理与４－ＣＰ各浓度分别处理相比有显著性的差异;对于ＢＮＭＮ和ＮＤＩ,Ｐ〈０．０１;对于ＭＮ和ＣＢＰＩ,Ｐ〈０．０５     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定污水中溶解的Cr^＋3和Cr^＋6

本文采用在０．４５μｍ滤膜过滤后的水样中加Ｍｇ（ＮＯ３）２作为基体改进剂，测定溶解的总Ｃｒ；另取过滤后的水样在ＰＨ４．５的醋酸盐缓冲液中以ＡＰＤＣ０－ＭＩＢＫ萃取测定溶解的Ｃｒ＾＿６，并用差减法求出溶解的Ｃｒ＾＋３，总Ｃｒ与Ｃｒ＾＋６的检出限分别为０；７１和０．６９μｇ／Ｌ。     

磁处理水对蚕豆根尖细胞的遗传学效应

利用蚕豆根尖细胞微核测试技术研究了磁化水（4200GS）对蚕豆根尖细胞的微核率、有丝分裂指数、染色体桥率、不正常细胞率等遗传学指标的影响,目的是探讨磁处理水对生物体的遗传学效应,结果发现上述指标均有所上升,其中微核率和不正常细胞率上升显著,并且其大小与水在磁场中处理的时间长短有关,提示磁处理水（4200GS）有一定的遗传学毒性     

评价饮水DBPs致HepG2细胞损伤的2种试验方法

应用结晶紫染色法细胞毒性试验和胞质分裂阻滞法微核试验(CBMNT)评价饮水消毒副产物(DBPs)的HepG2细胞毒性和遗传毒性,探讨该2种试验方法纳入饮水安全性评价体系的可行性.根据遗传毒性和致癌性选用了5种DBPs,分别对HepG2细胞进行染毒,结果表明,5种DBPs的细胞毒性大小排序为3-氯-4-二氯甲基-5-羟基-2(5氢)-呋喃酮(MX)>二氯乙腈>二溴乙酸>二氯乙酸>三氯乙酸,其细胞毒性潜力(%C?值)分别为89.74,283.81,1217.02,5066.81,9335.38μmol/L,该5种DBPs在一定浓度下均可致HepG2细胞微核率显著增加,表现出明显的遗传毒性,其遗传损伤能力排序与细胞毒性大小相同.可考虑将这两种实验方法纳入到饮水安全性评价体系中.     

上海市大气中非甲烷挥发性有机物的组成及特点

研究了上海不同功能区（工业区、商业区、学院区）大气中ＮＭＶＯＣ的组成特点。各功能区大气中的有机物先用高分子聚合物Ｔｅｎａｘ－ＴＡ在常温下富集，再经ＧＣ－ＭＳ联用仪进行分析。结果表明：上海市大气中的ＮＭＶＯＣ有２８２种；工业区和商业区的ＮＭＶＯＣ主要来自人为源，而学院区的ＮＭＶＯＣ则来自天然源和生活活动。     

蚕豆根尖微核技术在污染源废水监测中的应用研究

利用工业污染源废水对蚕豆根尖细胞进行处理,根据蚕豆根尖细胞微核千分率的大小来监测废水的致突变能力;并通过污染指数（PI）评价水质的综合毒性。     

经济手段对环境保护的作用

经济手段对环境保护的作用王奇,李庆伦（沈阳市环境保护投资公司沈阳１１０００３）（东北大学表面所）ＩＭＰＲＯＶＩＮＧＴＨＥＴＲＥＡＴＭＥＮＴＥＦＦＣＴＯＦＷＡＳＴＥＷＡＴＥＲＣＯＮＴＡＩＮＩＮＧＬＥＡＤＡＮＤＡＣＩＤＢＹＳＣＩＥＮＴＩＦＩＣＭＡＮＡＧＥ...     

重金属（Hg，As，Pb）污染对蚕豆根尖细胞微核的诱变研究

采用蚕豆根尖细胞微核检测技术,分别探讨不同浓度的HgCl2、As2O3、Pb（NO3）2对蚕豆根尖细胞微核率的影响。以蒸馏水处理作为阴性对照实验。结果表明不同浓度的HgCl2可使蚕豆根尖细胞微核率明显上升,说明HgCl2对蚕豆根尖具有明显的毒性效应——诱发突变（微核）。不同浓度As2O3可使蚕豆根尖细胞微核率明显上升。说明三氧化二砷（As2O3）对蚕豆根尖具有明显的毒性效应——诱发突变（微核）。蚕豆根尖微核率在铅离子浓度0—25mg／L范围内,随着硝酸铅处理浓度的升高而升高,说明硝酸铅是一种较强的诱变剂。     

应用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术监测太湖水质的研究

应用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术对太湖水质进行监测,测定太湖各样点水样的蚕豆根尖细胞微核千分率（MCN‰）及污染指数（PI）,并进行F检验。结果表明,各样点MCN‰有显著性差异,39个样点中有6个采样点的PI在2以上,和对照组相比有显著差异（p＜0.05）,表明太湖部分区域水质受到不同程度的污染。     

Estrogen-related receptor disruption of source water and drinking water treatment processes extracts

Environmental chemicals in drinking water can impact human health through nuclear receptors. Additionally, estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) are vulnerable to endocrine-disrupting e ects. To date, however, ERR disruption of drinking water potency has not been reported. We used ERR two-hybrid yeast assay to screen ERR disrupting activities in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) located in north China and in source water from a reservoir, focusing on agonistic, antagonistic, and inverse agonistic activity to 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT). Water treatment processes in the DWTP consisted of pre-chlorination, coagulation, coal and sand filtration, activated carbon filtration, and secondary chlorination processes. Samples were extracted by solid phase extraction. Results showed that ERR antagonistic activities were found in all sample extracts, but agonistic and inverse agonistic activity to 4-OHT was not found. When calibrated with the toxic equivalent of 4-OHT, antagonistic e uent e ects ranged from 3.4 to 33.1 g/L. In the treatment processes, secondary chlorination was e ective in removing ERR antagonists, but the coagulation process led to significantly increased ERR antagonistic activity. The drinking water treatment processes removed 73.5% of ERR antagonists. To our knowledge, the occurrence of ERR disruption activities on source and drinking water in vitro had not been reported previously. It is vital, therefore, to increase our understanding of ERR disrupting activities in drinking water.     

Efficacy of two chemical coagulants and three different filtration media on removal of Aspergillus flavus from surface water

Aquatic fungi are common in various aqueous environments and play potentially crucial roles in nutrient and carbon cycling as well as interacting with other organisms. Species of Aspergillus are the most common fungi that occur in water. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the efficacy of two coagulants, aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride, used at different concentrations to treat drinking water, in removing Aspergillusflavus, as well as testing three different filtration media： sand, activated carbon, and ceramic granules, for their removal of fungi from water. The results revealed that both coagulants were effective in removing fungi and decreasing the turbidity of drinking water, and turbidity decreased with increasing coagulant concentration. Also, at the highest concentration of the coagulants, A. flavus was decreased by 99.6% in the treated water. Among ceramic granules, activated carbon, and sand used as media for water filtration, the sand and activated carbon filters were more effective in removing A.flavus than ceramic granules while simultaneously decreasing the turbidity levels in the test water samples. Post-treatment total organic carbon （TOC） and total nitrogen （TN） concentrations in the experimental water did not decrease; on the contrary, TN concentrations increased with the increasing dosage of coagulants. The filtration process had no effect in reducing TOC and TN in tested water.     

Genotoxicity evaluation of drinking water sources in human peripheral blood lymphocytes using the comet assay

The potential harm of organic pollutants in drinking water to human health is widely focused on in the wodd; more and more pollutants with genotoxic substances are released into the aquatic environment. Water source samples were collected from 7 different localities of Nanjing City. The potential genotoxicity of organic extracts from drinking water sources were investigated by means of the comet assay in human peripheral lymphocytes. The results showed that all the organic extracts from all the water source samples could induce DNA damages of human peripheral blood lymphocytes at different levels. A significant difference （P 〈 0.01） was observed when compared with the solvent control, The DNA damage increased with the increase of the dosage of the original water source. Significant differences of DNA damage were observed in different drinking water sources, as shown by the multiple comparisons analysis at the dosage of 100x; the degree of DNA damage treated by Hushu waterworks （at town level） was the most serious, the arbitrary units （AU） was 141.62±6.96, however, that of Shangyuanmen waterworks （at city level） was only 109.64±2.97. The analysis also revealed that the genotoxicity of town＇s water sources was higher than that of the city. The results demonstrated that the comet assay can be successfully applied to the genotoxicity monitoring programs of drinking water sources.     

人外周血淋巴细胞彗星试验检测饮用水水质毒性研究

应用人外周血淋巴细胞彗星试验对无锡充山水厂、中桥水厂,常州西石桥水厂进出水及金坛市拟用水源地长荡湖湖心水样的生物毒性进行了研究．结果表明,各水样的有机浓集物均可对人外周血淋巴细胞DNA产生不同程度的损伤,存在一定的遗传毒性．试验结果与各水样水质污染状况基本一致．同时,季节变化以及常规水处理过程对水样的生物毒性也有影响．研究表明,彗星试验可有效地用于检测饮用水质有机浓集物遗传毒性．     

松花江流域某自来水厂中内分泌干扰物的调查

利用固相萃取-高效液相色谱法调查了松花江流域某自来水厂原水、传统净水工艺各处理单元出水及管网水中的13种内分泌干扰物(EDCs).结果表明,固醇类雌激素物质除管网水中未检出外,其他各水样均有检出,浓度为4-44 ng·L-1;4种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)、双酚A(BPA)及3种烷基酚(APs)在各水样中几乎100%检出,浓度为2～163 760 ng·L-1,其中以邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)与邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)为主.研究还发现,尽管有个别EDCs出水浓度高于进水浓度,但混凝沉淀工艺对EDCs的去除在该水厂中占主导作用,平均去除率为63%;砂滤与氯消毒工艺出水不稳定,只能对部分EDCs起到一定程度去除作用.此外,出厂水经管网输送后其中的绝大多数EDCs含量升高,说明进入管网水中的EDCs除水源水污染外,还有一个重要途径就是输水管材中相应污染物的渗析.     

生物活性炭工艺深度处理丹江口水库水的中试

活性炭过滤是饮用水深度处理的重要工艺,其中滤速、炭层高度、温度和炭龄是影响活性炭滤池运行效果的关键因素. 以丹江口水库水为处理对象,以混凝-沉淀-砂滤出水作为炭滤池进水,以高锰酸盐指数和UV₂₅₄去除率为评价指标,考察2011年4月—2013年5月取自北京某水厂的新炭、1年炭、3年炭和5年炭(2011年5月时炭龄)对水中有机物的去除效果. 结果表明,随着滤速的增大,有机物去除率降低;活性炭炭柱滤速为8 m/h时,高锰酸盐指数和UV₂₅₄去除率分别为41.9%和41.2%,能够获得较好的处理效果. UV₂₅₄去除率随总炭层高度的增大而增大. 随着炭层高度的增加,单位高度活性炭滤料对UV₂₅₄的去除率降低.夏季高温期,1年炭对高锰酸盐指数和UV₂₅₄的去除率分别为44.2%~57.4%和38.5%~53.1%,高于其在冬季低温期的去除率(38.9%~51.1%和31.7%~45.5%). 活性炭在使用初期,主要依靠吸附作用去除有机物;随着使用年限的增长,活性炭的生物载体作用日益明显,生物作用占主导地位,炭龄对有机物去除效果的影响变小,不同炭龄活性炭的处理效果差异不大,可适当延长活性炭的使用年限,降低处理成本.      

细砂比例对均匀级配石英砂滤料过滤性能的影响

石英砂过滤是去除水中颗粒物最常用的技术,其中均匀级配滤料因纳污能力较强、过滤周期较长而得到广泛应用。但目前工程设计标准中对均匀级配滤料的有效粒径（d₁₀）和均匀系数（K₆₀）的界定较为宽泛,为进一步探明滤料组成对均匀级配滤料过滤性能的影响,通过中试试验考察了不同比例细砂（<0.9,0.9~1.0 mm）的2种均匀级配滤料滤柱的除浊效果和运行特性,并采用不同表面电位和粒径的粉末活性炭作为示踪颗粒,研究2种滤料对颗粒物的截留特性。结果表明:与细砂比例较低（16%）的滤料相比,细砂比例较高（29%）的滤料出水浊度低0.2 NTU左右,滤柱水头损失平均增长速率高8.7%~31.6%、滤层含泥率高12%~27%,以滤后水浊度为控制指标时运行周期长7 h;颗粒物截留方面,2种滤料对颗粒物的截留均随着颗粒表面电负性增大和粒径减小而降低,其中细砂比例较高的滤料对颗粒物的截留受颗粒性质影响较小,表现出更稳定的截留效果。因此,适当提高均匀级配石英砂滤料中细砂比例虽然使过滤水头损失略有增加,但能获得更低的出水浊度和更稳定的颗粒物截留效果。     

化学氧化和砂滤对净水工艺中颤蚓污染的协同控制

为实现对净水工艺中蠕虫污染的高效控制,以颤蚓为主要研究对象,研究了化学氧化与砂滤对蠕虫污染的协同控制作用.结果表明,以化学氧化和砂滤拦截为基础的截留灭活技术对颤蚓具有高效控制效果,当ClO2投量超过0.1mg/L后,9~15m/h的滤速范围内均实现了对颤蚓的100%拦截.截留灭活过程中,化学氧化和砂滤拦截实现了对颤蚓污染的协同控制作用:砂滤可延长化学氧化接触时间,化学氧化则通过降低颤蚓的迁移能力提高了砂滤拦截效果. 通过在BAC滤池内增设石英砂垫层对仙女虫进行截留灭活,实现了对仙女虫污染的高效控制,同时避免了对BAC滤池正常吸附和降解功能的影响.     

Membrane fouling in ultrafiltration of natural water after pretreatment to different extents

The combined fouling during ultrafiltration(UF) of surface water pretreated to different extents was investigated to disclose the roles of polysaccharides, proteins, and inorganic particles in UF membrane fouling. Both reversible and irreversible fouling decreased with enhanced pretreatment(biologically active carbon(BAC) treatment and sand filtration). The sand filter effluent fouled the membrane very slowly. The UF membrane removed turbidity to less than 0.1 nephelometric turbidity unit(NTU), reduced polysaccharides by 25.4%–29.9%, but rejected few proteins. Both polysaccharides and inorganic particles were detected on the fouled membranes, but inorganic particles could be effectively removed by backwashing. The increase of turbidity in the sand filter effluent to 3.05 NTU did not significantly increase the fouling rate, but an increase in the turbidity in the BAC effluent to6.11 NTU increased the fouling rate by more than 100%. The results demonstrated that the polysaccharide, not the protein, constituents of biopolymers were responsible for membrane fouling. Membrane fouling was closely associated with a small fraction of polysaccharides in the feed water. Inorganic particles exacerbated membrane fouling only when the concentration of fouling–inducing polysaccharides in the feed water was relatively high. The combined fouling was largely reversible, and polysaccharides were the predominant substances responsible for irreversible fouling.     

石榴石滤料的过滤性能及反冲洗试验研究

石榴石作为一种新型矿物滤料在净水处理方面具有强大的竞争力和广阔的应用前景.通过对石榴石滤料进行过滤及反冲洗试验,研究其截污除浊性能、水头损失变化规律及对有机物的去除效果,并与传统的石英砂滤料做对比,同时探讨了石榴石滤料的适宜反冲洗强度范围及气水反冲洗运行参数.结果表明:在滤速为8 m/h的条件下,与石英砂滤柱的过滤效果相比,石榴石滤柱滤后水的平均浊度下降0.3 NTU,有机物平均质量分数下降5%,但其平均水头损失增长率为1 cm/h;在截污除浊及去除有机物方面,石榴石滤柱在60 cm滤层厚度处与石英砂滤柱在85 cm滤层厚度的去除效果十分接近,因此其能有效减少滤料体积,从而节省滤料及节约设备投资.在不同滤速下,水头损失是限制石榴石滤柱过滤周期的主要因素;石榴石滤料适宜的气反冲洗强度范围为14~16 L/（s·m2）,水反冲洗强度范围为5~7 L/（s·m2）,其气水反冲洗的最佳运行参数为气洗强度16 L/（s·m2）、水洗强度7 L/（s·m2）、气水联合反冲洗4 min、单独水漂洗7 min.其中,气反冲洗强度对石榴石滤料的反冲洗效果影响最大.研究显示,相较于传统石英砂滤料,石榴石滤料具有高过滤性能、低滤料体积的特点,在水处理滤料的应用方面显示出一定的优势.