关于四氯乙烯作为四氯化碳替代品试剂的研究

目前,在我国石油类监测分析方法中,普遍采用的是:以四氯化碳为萃取剂的红外分光光度法,但是,根据我国在1987年签订的《关于消耗臭氧物质的蒙特利尔议定书》中,四氯化碳被确定为全球禁止使用的试剂,至2014年我国必须全部停用。实验组通过大量实验确定以精致后的四氯乙烯作为四氯化碳替代品来满足石油类以及油烟监测要求。     

紫外分光光度法测定水中油类问题的讨论

在水质监测中,水中油类分析是一项重要的分析指标,目前水中油类分析一般是工业废水采用重量法,地表水采用紫外分光光度法,非分散红外法等。水中油类物质的组成比较复杂,品种繁多,其化学成份主要为饱和烷烃、芳烃、环烷烃,不饱和烷烃稠环和杂环化合物,而某种测定方法往往只能测其     

水中石油类分析方法的现状

介绍了国内外水中石油类分析方法现状及存在的问题,阐明了现行国家标准方法规定的红外分光光度法的优点以及非分散红外光度法的不足,为提高我国水和废水中石油类监测数据的可比性,建议尽快推广使用红外分光光度法。对于现行方法使用的四氯化碳萃取剂在2010年被禁用的问题,提出了以四氯乙烯代替四氯化碳的建议。      

土壤中矿物油含量测定方法的研究

重点介绍了以四氯化碳为萃取剂,利用超声波清洗仪萃取土壤中的油类物质,红外分光光度法测定土壤中的矿物油含量的方法。实验表明此方法具有良好的线性关系,相关系数可达0．9999。方法检出限为0．50mg／kg。平行样品间分析、试剂空白加标与基体加标回收率均能满足样品分析对精密度和准确度的要求。     

红外分光光度法测定石油类萃取方法的改进

红外分光光度法作为国家标准方法,具有灵敏度高、适用范围广等优点,目前得到普遍应用.但在测定过程中,还存在萃取过程烦琐、萃取剂毒性大、有时准确度偏低等同题,结合工作经验,本文对红外分光光度法测定石油类中的萃取剂的替代、萃取次数、脱水操作进行了改进试验.结果表明,采用四氯乙烯替代四氯化碳作为萃取剂,能够满足环境监测中油类测试的精度要求,一次萃取在样品浓度为100mg/L以下时能满足测定要求,萃取液放在瓶中以无水硫酸钠脱水后再在普通漏斗中经脱脂棉过滤后定量也可满足测试要求.     

荧光法与紫外分光光度法测定海水中石油

一、前言 海水中石油含量的测定,国外通常采用荧光分光光度法,紫外分光光度法,红外分光光度法,重量法等。国家海洋局1979年出版的“海洋污染调查暂行规范”中规定:水体中油类测定方法是紫外分光光度法和红外光度法,并附荧光分光光度法。而紫外分光光度法,则是几年来一直较普遍使用的方法。根据国内外测定海水中微量石油的仪器和方法进展的趋势及现状分析,荧光分光光度法测定石油已趋成熟。     

红外分光光度法测定油

通过对各种测油方法的比较，得出红外分光光度法是目前最理想的测油方法，并对四氯化碳的精制及测油工作中应注意的事项进行了探讨。     

红外法测定石油类项目中标准曲线的简化绘制

目前GB/T164 88-1996以红外分光光度法这测定石油类的有一种方法。该法用四氯代碳作莘取剂 ,四氯化碳用量大。四氯化碳是一种有毒、挥发性较强的有机溶剂。在监测该项目时 ,绘制标准曲线所用的标准储备液的配制相当复杂且形成的系统误差比较大 ,为减少误差并准确地绘制标准曲线 ,本文采取了简化配制步骤的方法来绘制曲线 ,并达到了与JDS -10 0型红外分光测油仪使用说明书中提供的方法一致的效果。     

水中油类重量测定法的改进研究

一、问题的提出 随着油类的开采、加工和利用量迅速增加,水体中的油类污染已引起人们足够重视,水中油类的含量已被国家环保局定为地表水和含油工业废水的必测项目,监测频度较高。《重量法》是现行《环境监测分析方法》中规定使用的一种水中油类测定法。不受油类品种的限制,这是《重量法》优于《紫外分光光度法》和《非分散红外法》的独特优点,因此《重量法》是常用的水中含油量分析方法。     

F2000-Ⅰ型红外光度测油仪的调试应用

应用吉林欧伊尔公司生产的F2000-Ⅰ型红外光度测油仪测量石油类,对红外分光光度法、非分光红外光度法、及餐饮油烟三个方面的精密度、准确度进行了测试,总结出在实验过程中的注意事项。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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