双筒型微生物燃料电池产电及污水净化特性的研究

构建了双筒型微生物燃料电池并考察了产电和污水净化特性,在此基础上考察不同阳极填料对微生物燃料电池产电的影响.通过稳态放电法和电流中断法测量得到微生物燃料电池的内阻,以颗粒石墨作为阳极填料的双筒型微生物燃料电池内阻为38.9 Ω,阳极内阻、欧姆内阻和阴极内阻分别为5.1、 14.1和18.7 Ω,最大产电功率密度为6 253　mW/m³,双筒型微生物燃料电池的构型能有效提高单位体积质子膜面积.双筒型微生物燃料电池对COD的去除负荷为1.6 kg/(m³·d),库仑效率约为10%～12%.阳极填料为大颗粒石墨、小颗粒石墨、碳毡和穿孔型碳毡的双筒型微生物燃料电池的内阻分别为47、 39、 28和33 Ω,稳定运行周期分别为20、 18、 11和18 d.从兼顾产电和稳定运行角度出发,穿孔型碳毡和小颗粒石墨更适合用作MFC阳极填料.     

微生物燃料电池表观内阻的构成和测量

将微生物燃料电池内部各种阻力用表观内阻统一表征,在建立其等效电路的基础上将表观内阻分为欧姆内阻和非欧姆内阻2部分.通过稳态放电法测量微生物燃料电池表观内阻,在改变外电阻后稳定时间需要60 s以上方能保证测定准确性,通过稳态放电法测定一室型微生物燃料电池的表观内阻为289 Ω,当外电阻等于表观内阻时微生物燃料电池对外输出功率达到最大,为241 mW/m²;通过电流中断法测量一室型微生物燃料电池的欧姆内阻为99 Ω,测定结果与断电前电流强度无关;当一室型微生物燃料电池对外供电分别处于活化极化区、欧姆极化区和浓差极化区时,非欧姆电阻占总内阻的比例分别为93％、66％和75％,在电池对外供电达到最大时非欧姆占总内阻比例最低.提高微生物燃料电池产电能力需要同时降低电池的欧姆内阻和非欧姆内阻.     

剩余污泥微生物燃料电池产电性能的优化试验研究

通过优化阴极材料,构建新型单室无膜壁式空气阴极微生物燃料电池,开展了污泥浓度、阳极面积、导线材料和NaCl离子浓度等影响因素及其优化试验研究。结果显示:在恒温30℃和外接电阻1 000Ω的条件下,以铜线为导线,污泥浓度为21 000 mg/L,阳极面积为31.4 cm2,Na+浓度为200 mmol/L时,其产电性能最佳,最大电压为597 mV,最大输出功率密度为301 mW/m2,内阻为92.5Ω。此外,还分析了污泥运行过程中的变化。与目前其他以未经过预处理的剩余污泥作为底物的微生物燃料电池相比,该新型单室无膜壁式空气阴极微生物燃料电池功率密度较高,内阻较低。     

微生物燃料电池表观内阻的构成和测量

将微生物燃料电池内部各种阻力用表观内阻统一表征,在建立其等效电路的基础上将表观内阻分为欧姆内阻和非欧姆内阻2部分。通过稳态放电法测量微生物燃料电池表观内阻,在改变外电阻后稳定时间需要60s以上方能保证测定准确性,通过稳态放电法测定一室型微生物燃料电池的表观内阻为289?,当外电阻等于表观内阻时微生物燃料电池对外输出功率达到最大,为241mW/m2;通过电流中断法测量一室型微生物燃料电池的欧姆内阻为99?,测定结果与断电前电流强度无关;当一室型微生物燃料电池对外供电分别处于活化极化区、欧姆极化区和浓差极化区时,非欧姆电阻占总内阻的比例分别为93％、66％和75％,在电池对外供电达到最大时非欧姆占总内阻比例最低。提高微生物燃料电池产电能力需要同时降低电池的欧姆内阻和非欧姆内阻。     

电极构型对空气阴极生物燃料电池发电性能的影响

在空气阴极生物燃料电池(ACMFC)中,从阴极扩散进入阳极的氧气能够被兼性微生物作为电子受体还原,进而导致电子损失严重.本研究利用葡萄糖作底物,对2种不同电极构型的空气阴极生物燃料电池ACMFC1和ACMFC2的功率输出和电子回收进行了比较研究.结果表明,ACMFC1的内阻为302.14Ω,阳极电位为-323mV,最大功率密度为3 070 mW/m³;ACMFC2的内阻为107.79Ω,阳极电位为-442mV,最大功率密度达到9 800 mW/m³.在间歇条件下,ACMFC2可以连续运行220h,电子回收率为30.1%;而ACMFC1只能运行不到50h,电子回收率为9.78%.因此,合理的设计空气阴极生物燃料电池电极构型可以减小内阻,增大电池电动势进而增大功率输出,提高电子回收率.     

微生物燃料电池处理废水时的产电性能研究

设计了一个经典的双室微生物燃料电池,并考察了其在接种厌氧污泥条件下对葡萄糖模拟废水的产电性能。试验主要考察了电池系统在不同的电极材料及不同COD浓度下的产电性能及废水处理效率。结果表明,该电池在初始COD为1000mg/L,以石墨为电极的运行条件下产电性能最好,最大电流密度为4.4mA/m2。在不同的COD浓度下,该系统对废水中COD的去处率都稳定在70%。另外实验还考察了好氧污泥代替空气作为电子受体后电池系统的产电性能及废水处理效率。在该条件下,微生物燃料电池的产电性能得到了显著的提高,输出电流密度约为17.3mA/m2,同时其对废水中的COD去除率达到了82%。     

填料型微生物燃料电池产电特性的研究

将石墨和碳毡作为阳极填料组装成填料型微生物燃料电池,其启动期在1 d左右,低于平板型微生物燃料电池的启动期.碳毡作为填料时,微生物燃料电池的最大产电功率密度为1 502 mW/m2(37.6 W/m3),优于石墨作为填料的MFC.将碳毡与碳纸烧结一体以提高填料型微生物燃料电池阳极的导电性,与平板型微生物燃料电池相比,其面积内阻从0.071 Ω穖2下降到0.051 Ω穖2,最大电流密度从3 000 mA上升到8 000 mA,最大产电功率密度从1 100 mW/m2(27.5 W/m3)上升到2426 mW/m2(60.7W/m3),阳极电势平均下降100 mV.循环流量影响填料型微生物燃料电池的产电能力,当流量低于1 mL/min时,其产电功率密度随流速降低而下降.填料型微生物燃料电池在外电阻为600 Ω下长期稳定运行30 d以上,其库仑效率约为10.6%.     

阳极内添加阳离子交换树脂提升辊压“三合一”膜电极MFC性能

阳极-隔膜-阴极的"三合一"膜电极结构能够最大程度减小阴阳极间距,提高微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)的输出功率.为进一步提高MFC性能,本研究使用非贵金属材料构建了辊压"三合一"膜电极系统,其欧姆内阻降低至3~5Ω.以乙酸钠为底物,MFC的最高功率密度达到446 m W·m-2.向阳极内添加固体小球(如聚苯乙烯球和玻璃微球)可在辊压过程中增加阳极表面和内部的大孔,强化电解液向阴极的传递从而使MFC的功率密度提升10%.添加阳离子交换树脂能够进一步强化阳极内部的质子传递,提高阴极电位,从而将功率密度提升至543 m W·m-2.此外,阳极内添加阳离子交换树脂还可提高电池运行的稳定性和库仑效率.     

利用玉米浸泡液产电的微生物燃料电池研究

以玉米淀粉生产过程中的浸泡液（玉米浸泡液）作为接种液和基质,利用“三合一”膜电极的单室空气阴极微生物燃料电池进行试验,采用在线监测电压和废水分析方法对产电功率和化学需氧量（COD）、氨氮进行测定,探讨高COD、高氨氮有机废水产电及废水处理的可行性.结果表明,经过94 d（1个周期）的连续运行（固定外电阻为1 000 Ω）,17 d时输出电压达到最大（525.0 mV）,稳定期最大输出功率可达169.6 mW/m²,此时电池相应的电流密度为440.2 mA/m²,内阻约为350 Ω,开路电压619.5 mV;但燃料电池电子利用效率较低（库仑效率为1.6%）;1个周期结束时浸泡液的COD去除率达到51.6%,氨氮去除率25.8%.本试验利用玉米浸泡液成功获得电能,同时对浸泡液有效地进行了处理,为其资源化利用提供新途径.     

榨菜废水MFC多周期运行产电性能及COD降解

构建了双室微生物燃料电池系统(MFC)处理高盐高浓度榨菜废水,实现了污水处理与能量回收的双重目的.高盐高浓度榨菜废水MFC多周期运行过程中性能研究表明,该MFC可长期、高效、稳定运行.在1000Ω外接电阻间歇运行条件下,电池运行至第5周期时产电性能达到最佳,最大功率密度、电池内阻及开路电压分别为:7.44W/m~3、88Ω、746mV,COD去除率及库伦效率分别为:(65±2.5)%、(19.3±1)%.启动成功后污染物去除效果随运行时间的延长缓慢提高,运行至第8周期时COD去除率为(73±3.3)%,而库伦效率缓慢降低,最大库伦效率为(19.3±1)%.此外,随着运行时间的延长阳极出水pH值不断减小,酸化程度不断加重.在长期运行过程中系统稳定功率输出所对应的外阻为500Ω左右.实验过程中功率密度和极化曲线出现了回折现象.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.