2种不同结构的微生物燃料电池的产电性能比较

微生物燃料电池（microbial fuel cell,MFC）目前仍面临着产能低和成本高的问题,因此系统比较同样条件下不同结构MFC的产电性能对于最终提高其产电效率具有重要意义.通过构建2种不同结构的MFC反应器：单室型MFC和双室型MFC,以乙酸为燃料,固定外电阻为1 000 Ω,对其产电性能进行了比较研究.结果表明,单室型MFC和双室型MFC均可稳定地输出电能,平均最大输出电压分别为600 mV和650 mV,平均运行周期分别为110 h和90 h;单室型MFC和双室型MFC的最大面积功率密度分别为113.8 mW/m²和382.4 mW/m²,最大体积功率密度分别为1.3 mW/m³和2.2 mW/m³;根据稳态放电法确定双室型MFC的内阻为188 Ω,单室型MFC的内阻为348 Ω,双室型MFC的产电性能及运行稳定性均优于单室型MFC.阳极的面积和质子通道的大小都会对MFC的库仑效率产生影响.     

用高浓度对苯二甲酸溶液产电的微生物燃料电池

以高浓度对苯二甲酸（TA）溶液为底物,研究微生物燃料电池的产电效果.以厌氧活性污泥作为接种体,经过210 h驯化,开路电压达到0.54 V,证明了TA可以作为微生物燃料电池的底物进行产电.深入研究了不同pH值和底物浓度对产电的影响,实验结果表明,当体系pH为8.0时,负载两端（R=1 000 Ω）电压最大,底物浓度越高,负载两端电压越大,并逐渐趋近于一个最大值,通过Monod方程回归得到该微生物燃料电池体系输出电压的最大值U_max为0.5 V,K_s值为785.2 mg/L.当底物浓度（以COD计）为4 000 mg/L时,最大输出功率密度为96.3 mW/m²,库仑效率为2.66%,COD去除率为80.3%.     

多孔聚合物载体与活性炭载体用于厌氧流化床处理有机废水的比较

比较了多孔聚合物载体 (HP)与颗粒活性炭载体 (GAC)厌氧流化床处理合成废水与造纸废水时的性能 .研究表明 ,HP载体反应器处理合成废水时 ,进料COD容积负荷最大 65.6kg/(m³·d)时 ,COD去除率为 84% ,沼气容积产气率为 16.5m³/(m³·d) ;GAC载体反应器最大进料COD负荷 63.26kg/(m³·d)时 ,COD去除率为74.2% ,沼气容积产气率为 14.5m³/(m³·d) .HP载体处理造纸废水 ,反应器进料COD容积负荷为 14.5～36.15kg/(m³·d)时 ,COD去除率为 64.7%～54.5% ,沼气产气率为 1.89～2.7m³/(m³·d) ;GAC载体进料COD容积负荷为 9.16～19.06kg/(m³·d)时 ,COD去除率为 61.0 %～52.1% ,沼气产气率为 0.73～2.01m³/(m³·d) .微生物固定化效果、废水处理效率及综合经济性HP载体反应器明显优于GAC载体反应器 .     

剩余污泥为燃料的微生物燃料电池产电特性研究

利用厌氧污泥作为接种体在不加入任何营养元素的条件下,经过20　d成功地启动了单室无膜微生物燃料电池.启动成功后对剩余污泥作为燃料产电特性以及底物的变化进行了研究.结果表明,微生物燃料电池产生的最大电压为495　mV(外电阻为1 000　Ω),最大功率密度达到44 mW·m^-2,稳定期间内阻约为300　Ω.在1个运行周期中,污泥SS和VSS的去除率分别为27.3%和28.7%,pH值的变化范围为6.5～8.0, COD的起始浓度为617 mg·L^-1,浓度随时间的增加而增大并稳定在1 150 mg·L^-1左右,随后逐渐下降,糖的起始浓度为47 mg·L^-1,逐渐增大到60 mg·L^-1之后浓度逐渐下降.微生物燃料电池可以将剩余污泥中的化学能转化为最清洁的电能,为污泥资源化提供了新的思路.     

双筒型微生物燃料电池产电及污水净化特性的研究

构建了双筒型微生物燃料电池并考察了产电和污水净化特性,在此基础上考察不同阳极填料对微生物燃料电池产电的影响.通过稳态放电法和电流中断法测量得到微生物燃料电池的内阻,以颗粒石墨作为阳极填料的双筒型微生物燃料电池内阻为38.9 Ω,阳极内阻、欧姆内阻和阴极内阻分别为5.1、 14.1和18.7 Ω,最大产电功率密度为6 253　mW/m³,双筒型微生物燃料电池的构型能有效提高单位体积质子膜面积.双筒型微生物燃料电池对COD的去除负荷为1.6 kg/(m³·d),库仑效率约为10%～12%.阳极填料为大颗粒石墨、小颗粒石墨、碳毡和穿孔型碳毡的双筒型微生物燃料电池的内阻分别为47、 39、 28和33 Ω,稳定运行周期分别为20、 18、 11和18 d.从兼顾产电和稳定运行角度出发,穿孔型碳毡和小颗粒石墨更适合用作MFC阳极填料.     

一段式亚硝化厌氧氨氧化SMBBR处理中低浓度氨氮废水

在常温条件下,采用一段式亚硝化厌氧氨氧化SMBBR处理中低氨氮浓度废水.结果表明,在进水氨氮浓度为100 mg·L^-1,溶解氧为0.4~0.7 mg·L^-1条件下,负荷（以N计）为0.16 kg·（m³·d）^-1,去除率可达（51.58±6.80）%,实现了一段式亚硝化厌氧氨氧化的稳定运行.AOB、ANAMMOX和NOB活性分别稳定在（2253.21±502.10）、（4847.46±332.89）和（1455.17±473.83）mg·（m²·d）^-1,AOB和ANAMMOX菌之间形成了良好的协同作用.高通量结果显示,Ca.Brocadia（ANAMMOX）、Nitrosomonas（AOB）和Nitrospira（NOB）占比分别为11.57%、1.01%和0.94%.一段式部分亚硝化厌氧氨氧化工艺的稳定运行为厌氧氨氧化技术处理中低浓度氨氮废水提供了参考.     

连续流生物制氢反应器乙醇型发酵的运行特性

采用连续流搅拌槽式反应器(CSTR),利用厌氧活性污泥,在制糖废水产酸发酵过程的同时制取氢气.探讨了生物制氢反应器连续流稳定运行的工程控制参数.研究表明,在污泥接种量为15g/L、温度为35℃±1℃、COD容积负荷为40kg/(m³·d)、HRT为4h、系统pH、氧化还原电位(ORP)分别在4.6～4.9、-450～-470mV等条件下,可以实现连续流生物制氢反应系统乙醇型发酵的高效稳定运行.此时,液相末端发酵产物中乙醇和乙酸的含量占挥发酸总含量的80%以上,COD去除率22%～26%,气相中的氢气含量约为40%～58%,最大产氢能力为7.63m³/(m³·d).     

林可霉素生产废水的厌氧生物处理工艺

采用单相中温升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器厌氧生物工艺处理含有有毒难降解有机物的林可霉素生产废水.当进水COD 8000～14000 mg/L,HRT约10h时,COD容积负荷可达20～35kg/(m³·d),COD去除率为50%～55%.适时调整并维持较高的表面水力负荷[0.2～0.4 m³/(m²·h)]、较高的进水有机基质浓度(COD为2000～3000mg/L)和污泥COD负荷[0.2～0.5 kg/(kg·d)],并适当延长启动驯化时间可培养出沉降性好、污泥活性较高的颗粒污泥.废水厌氧生物降解动力学符合Monod方程,动力学常数V_max=1.3 d^-1,K_s=8133mg/L.废水中不可生物降解物质占总COD的比例约为30%,这是废水COD去除率偏低的重要因素.     

官厅水库入库水生物接触A/O工艺试验

试验表明,生物接触A/O工艺对官厅水库入库水中COD、氨氮等污染物有明显的去除效果,可以有效地改善官厅水库入库水的水质.在单位供气量(空气/氨氮)≥0.1L/mg,进水氨氮负荷≤0.08kg/(m³·d)的条件下,处理后出水COD稳定在30mg/L左右,氨氮去除率＞60%,TN的去除率为1.0%～31.3%.进水氨氮负荷是主要的控制参数,应控制在≤0.08kg/(m³·d).     

逆电渗析反应器降解模拟甲基橙染料废水实验

利用逆电渗析（RED）技术可实现"废热治理废水"的目的.为探究RED反应器对染料废水的降解效果,构建了由40对膜构成的RED反应器.以NaCl水溶液作为工作溶液,甲基橙模拟废水作为降解对象,考察了废水流率、Cl^-浓度、Fe²⁺浓度、pH值、曝气流率和输出电流对模拟废水脱色率及COD去除率的影响.结果表明,对于RED反应器阳极回路印染废水,废水流率对其脱色率影响不大,但Cl^-浓度对其脱色率和COD去除率影响较大.对于RED反应器阴极回路印染废水,废水流率、Fe²⁺浓度、pH值和曝气流率均对其脱色率和COD去除率产生影响.当阳极回路废水氯盐浓度为0.5 mol·L^-1,阴极回路废水pH=2、Fe²⁺浓度为0.1 mmol·L^-1、曝气流率为600 mL·min^-1,两回路模拟废水流率均为82 mL·min^-1实验条件下,输出电流为0.25 A时,处理20 min后,阳/阴极回路模拟废水脱色率分别为99.9%和91.71%;处理80 min后,阳/阴极回路模拟废水COD去除率分别可达到52%和62%.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.