异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌株的分离筛选及复配菌剂对河水的净化效果

从天然河水中富集分离出8株异养硝化-好氧反硝化（HN-AD）菌株.将单菌株根据其自身的种属类别及脱氮性能复配成5种由不同菌株构成的菌剂,优选出脱氮效果最佳的复配菌剂-2,其包括6株菌株,分别为Pseudomonas stutzeri MR1,Pseudomonas sp. MR2,Pseudomonas sp. MR3,Pseudomonas balearica MR4,Klebsiella variicola MR6和Catellibacterium terrae MR8.将复配菌剂-2投加至COD_Cr/TN比分别为20和5的河水中,其对NO₃^--N的去除率分别为87.1%和97.5%,期间无NO₂^--N积累;对NH₄⁺-N去除效果在第1 d分别达到96.6%和57.6%.复配菌剂可以获得对河水较高的反硝化脱氮效率,并可以强化河水中NH₄⁺-N的去除,对实际河水的脱氮净化具有较强的应用潜能.     

固定化微生物对河水的脱氮效果研究

研究了不同方法制作的固定化微生物颗粒对于河水的脱氮效果,实验证明,采用聚乙烯醇-活性炭包埋法制作的固定化微生物颗粒(IMPⅠ)与聚乙烯醇-聚乙二醇包埋法制作的固定化微生物颗粒(IMPⅡ)的脱氮效果较好,但由于包埋材料在河水中的溶出造成COD急剧升高,会对河水造成二次污染.利用载体结合法制作的固定化微生物(IMPⅢ)进行5个周期的河水净化实验,结果发现,COD的去除率维持在75%～95%,氨氮的去除率为45%～95%,硝酸盐氮的去除率维持在95%～100%,亚硝酸盐氮的去除率为70%～99%,总氮的去除率保持在55%～80%.研究表明,载体结合法制作的固定化微生物颗粒稳定性好、强度高、微生物活性良好,颗粒可多次重复使用,在河水净化方面有良好的应用前景.     

外加固体缓释碳源的两段反硝化工艺脱氮性能

传统生物脱氮工艺处理废水过程中,出水硝态氮（NO₃^--N）浓度过高是导致总氮（TN）超标的主要原因.通过采用外加碳源提高碳氮比（C/N）,强化反硝化过程可有效解决这一难题.利用基于两段反硝化工艺原理研发设计的一体化脱氮反应器,通过在第二段反硝化池投加聚丁二酸丁二醇酯（PBS）,采用扫描电子显微镜,对反硝化过程前后PBS材料进行表征,采用扩增子测序,深入探究投加PBS前后,第二段反硝化池中微生物群落结构变化.连续120 d的运行数据表明,COD去除率从95.7%降到90.8%,总氮去除率从51.8%提高到80%,Proteobacteria菌门相对丰富度从36.1%上升到46.1%,Thermomonas菌属相对丰富度从6.47%上升到13.48%.结果表明,投加PBS后,PBS不仅可以为反硝化作用提供碳源,其表面还可作为微生物生长附着的载体,起到良好的挂膜作用,同时提高了反硝化菌丰富度,强化了反硝化过程,脱氮性能明显增强,有效提高系统总氮去除率.     

全程自养颗粒污泥快速启动及混合营养型脱氮性能分析

在连续流条件下,基于颗粒污泥全程自养脱氮（CANON）工艺的快速启动和混合营养条件下高效脱氮,是CANON工程应用的重要环节.本研究在气提内循环反应器（AIR）中,以老化的CANON颗粒污泥经机械破碎至0.3 mm作为种泥,实现混合营养型单级颗粒污泥同步脱氮除碳.启动26 d,通过控制DO,系统出现稳定的部分硝化,再缩短HRT提升氨氮负荷至5.65 kg ·（m³ ·d）^-1,促进颗粒化和厌氧氨氧化;第68 d,总氮去除率达到58%之后,进水加入有机物,C/N从0提升到0.25和0.5,促进AOB、AMX和异养微生物的协同,氨氮去除率达95%,总氮去除率达85%,COD去除率达80%左右.COD浓度增加,能较好地抑制Nitrospira菌属等NOB的活性,q（NH₄⁺-N）和q（TN）稳定在0.4 g ·（g ·h）^-1和0.34 g ·（g ·h）^-1,q（NO₃^--N）约为0.02 g ·（g ·h）^-1.采用MiSeq高通量测序对微生物多样性分析,表明有机物对污泥中Nitrosomomas和Candidutus_Kuenenia丰度未产生显著影响,增加了Candidutus_Brocadia菌属以及具有反硝化功能Denitratisoma等菌属的丰度.这对于快速启动连续流CANON颗粒污泥工艺处理低C/N比废水提供思路.     

不同形态厌氧氨氧化菌处理磁分离出水脱氮性能及微生物群落结构变化分析

采用两种不同形态（固定生物膜和颗粒态）的厌氧氨氧化菌（AnAOB）,考察了其对磁分离出水的脱氮性能、氮负荷的差异,同时从分子生物学的角度分析了微生物群落结构的变化.结果表明：采用自模拟污水,35℃恒温、不同水力停留时间（HRT）条件下,两个反应器对NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N的去除率均大于90%.此外,反应器内的微生物群落结构也发生改变,固定生物膜和颗粒反应器中Candidatus Kuenenia菌属消失,Candidatus_Brocadia、Candidatus_Jettenia成为体系厌氧氨氧化优势菌属,相对丰度分别上升至0.89%、0.63%（固定生物膜）和8.79%、2.92%（颗粒）.采用磁分离出水,随着HRT的降低,两种形态的厌氧氨氧化菌对NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N去除率均在80%以上.反应器中厌氧氨氧化菌Candidatus_Brocadia、Candidatus_Jettenia的相对丰度明显下降,最终稳定维持在0.7%左右,并伴随异养菌的出现.     

用高浓度对苯二甲酸溶液产电的微生物燃料电池

以高浓度对苯二甲酸（TA）溶液为底物,研究微生物燃料电池的产电效果.以厌氧活性污泥作为接种体,经过210 h驯化,开路电压达到0.54 V,证明了TA可以作为微生物燃料电池的底物进行产电.深入研究了不同pH值和底物浓度对产电的影响,实验结果表明,当体系pH为8.0时,负载两端（R=1 000 Ω）电压最大,底物浓度越高,负载两端电压越大,并逐渐趋近于一个最大值,通过Monod方程回归得到该微生物燃料电池体系输出电压的最大值U_max为0.5 V,K_s值为785.2 mg/L.当底物浓度（以COD计）为4 000 mg/L时,最大输出功率密度为96.3 mW/m²,库仑效率为2.66%,COD去除率为80.3%.     

温度对一体式厌氧流化床膜生物反应器运行效能及微生物群落结构的影响

本研究采用一体式厌氧流化床膜生物反应器（integrated anaerobic fluidized-bed membrane bioreactor,IAFMBR）处理含苯并噻唑的高浓度合成废水,考察了温度变化（35、25和15℃）对反应器运行效能,膜污染情况和微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明,温度下降对反应器运行效能和膜污染情况产生不利影响.当温度从35℃下降到15℃时,COD去除率下降7.4%,苯并噻唑去除率下降49.2%,挥发酸总量上升225.66 mg·L^-1,甲烷产率（以CH₄/COD_removed计）下降0.118m³·kg^-1.膜污染周期从5.2 d下降到2.5 d.对于滤饼层而言,达到膜污染时,SMP（soluble microbial product）的质量浓度从42.47 mg·L^-1上升到70.62 mg·L^-1,EPS（extracellular polymeric substance）的含量（以VSS计）从46.30 mg·g^-1上升到82.22 mg·g^-1;对于混合液而言,SMP的质量浓度从36.46 mg·L^-1上升到69.35 mg·L^-1,EPS的含量从47.47 mg·g^-1上升到81.63 mg·g^-1.蛋白质是EPS和SMP的主要成分,约占总成分的80%.微生物群落结构表明,Firmicutes（厚壁菌门）和Chloroflexi（绿弯菌门）始终是最优势的菌门,占全部菌门相对丰度的42.6%~61.0%.随着温度的下降,优势菌属分别是Clostridium（13.7%）,Levilinea（15.2%）和Lactococus（17.9%）.产甲烷古菌的优势菌属始终是Methanosaeta.     

活性污泥微生物群落结构及与环境因素响应关系分析

对已发表的62个来自国内外污废水处理设施中活性污泥的16S rRNA扩增子数据进行数据发掘和分析,旨在揭示不同进水性质、温度及处理工艺对应的污泥菌群结构特性.结果表明,活性污泥中整体有着较高的物种多样性和群落丰富度,不同活性污泥样品微生物群落结构有一定差异,样品中常见的优势菌属有Thauera、Nitrospira、Comamonas、Dechloromonas、Rhodoferax、Aquihabitans 和Acidovorax等.温度与Nitrospira、Aquihabitans、Terrimonas和Dechloromona等多种关键的脱氮微生物呈负相关,当温度低于15℃时,32座污水处理厂对TN和NH₄⁺-N的去除率仅有49.67%和63.19%.BOD₅/COD值越大的污水处理系统,Zoogloea、Arcobacter、Acidovorax和Acinetobacter等优势功能性菌属相对丰度也越高,污染物的去除率也越高.对于生活污水的处理,A²O工艺性能要优于OD、CAS和CMAS工艺,Comamonas、Rhodoferax、Nitrospira和Novosphingobium等多种功能性优势菌属的相对丰度要高于其它3类工艺.     

提盐速率对序批式生物反应器性能和微生物群落结构的影响

使用序批式生物反应器驯化耐盐活性污泥,探究提盐速率对污染物去除效果、活性污泥特性和微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明,快速提升盐度至30‰（30 d内提升盐度）,COD和NH₄⁺-N去除率均出现明显下降,由最初的85.5%和98.5%,分别降低至72.2%和81.7%;缓慢提升盐度至30‰（90 d内提升盐度）,COD和NH₄⁺-N去除率受盐度影响较小,表现出良好的去除性能.在缓慢提升盐度过程中,盐度为20‰,出水NO₂^--N升高至11.13 mg·L^-1,NO₃^--N降低为0.56 mg·L^-1,实现短程硝化;盐度为30‰,亚硝酸盐积累率约为90%,TN去除率升高至75%左右.随着盐度升高,胞外聚合物中多糖和蛋白质的含量不断增加,当盐度高于15‰时,多糖明显增加.高通量测序结果表明,经快速提盐和缓慢提盐驯化,微生物多样性明显下降,Shannon指数由8.06分别降为4.34和6.17.随着盐度增加,Micropruina、Denitromonas、TM7a和Marinicella表现出良好的耐盐特性.经快速提盐驯化后,Denitratisoma、Defluviimonas、Arenimonas和Denitromonas等反硝化菌的相对丰度明显减少.     

多孔聚合物载体与活性炭载体用于厌氧流化床处理有机废水的比较

比较了多孔聚合物载体 (HP)与颗粒活性炭载体 (GAC)厌氧流化床处理合成废水与造纸废水时的性能 .研究表明 ,HP载体反应器处理合成废水时 ,进料COD容积负荷最大 65.6kg/(m³·d)时 ,COD去除率为 84% ,沼气容积产气率为 16.5m³/(m³·d) ;GAC载体反应器最大进料COD负荷 63.26kg/(m³·d)时 ,COD去除率为74.2% ,沼气容积产气率为 14.5m³/(m³·d) .HP载体处理造纸废水 ,反应器进料COD容积负荷为 14.5～36.15kg/(m³·d)时 ,COD去除率为 64.7%～54.5% ,沼气产气率为 1.89～2.7m³/(m³·d) ;GAC载体进料COD容积负荷为 9.16～19.06kg/(m³·d)时 ,COD去除率为 61.0 %～52.1% ,沼气产气率为 0.73～2.01m³/(m³·d) .微生物固定化效果、废水处理效率及综合经济性HP载体反应器明显优于GAC载体反应器 .     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.