城市污水处理厂活性污泥中氨氧化菌群落结构研究

为了解析污水处理厂中氨氧化菌(AOB)的群落结构,以及处理工艺、规模等参数对AOB群落结构的影响,采用针对AOB功能基因氨单加氧酶(amoA)的末端限制性片段长度多态性技术(T-RFLP)、克隆测序等方法,研究了北京市6个污水处理厂的9个污水处理系统中AOB的群落结构.T-RFLP指纹图谱表明不同污水处理系统中AOB的群落结构有所不同,主要的末端限制性片段(T-RF)为354、491和291 bp.T-RFLP指纹图谱及聚类分析表明,污水处理工艺对系统中AOB的群落结构影响较小,而处理规模对AOB的群落结构有一定的影响.对功能基因amoA的系统发育分析表明,污水处理系统中优势AOB均为Nitrosomonasspp.,而非Nitrosospiraspp..这可能是Nitrosomonasspp.的最大比增长速率(μmax)较高,使其更容易成为活性污泥系统中的优势AOB.     

河蚬（Corbicula fluminea）扰动对表层沉积物中氨氧化菌群落结构和丰度的影响

为研究不同生物量河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)的生物扰动对表层沉积物中氨氧化菌群落结构和丰度的影响,本研究设计了沉积物-水微宇宙的模拟体系,通过构建克隆文库、实时荧光定量PCR(real-time qPCR)等分子生物学方法比较不同密度河蚬扰动的沉积物中氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)和氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)群落结构和丰度差异.结果表明,河蚬的生物扰动作用对表层沉积物氮素释放有明显的促进作用.氨氧化菌(AOA和AOB)amoA基因克隆文库中,AOA的amoA基因序列包含了已知的海洋和土壤环境中的两个分支,AOB的amoA基因绝大部分序列都属于变形菌门β亚纲(β-Proteobacteria)中的亚硝化单细胞菌属(Nitrosomonas).3个处理组表层沉积物中细菌amoA基因丰度均高于古菌amoA基因丰度,且河蚬密度越高则细菌amoA的丰度越低.同时,河蚬的添加使得微宇宙体系中氨氧化菌(AOA和AOB)的多样性降低.综上,河蚬的生物扰动对表层沉积物中氨氧化菌群落结构和丰度产生了一定的影响.     

利用RFLP分析DO对附积床系统中AOB群落结构的影响

为了解析DO浓度对附积床反应器脱氮系统中COD、NH4+-N、TN去除效率的影响,以及对氨氧化菌群(AOB)结构及多样性的影响,分析了DO分别为1.0~2.0,2.0~3.0,3.0~4.0mg/L时COD、NH4+-N、TN去除效率,并采用针对AOB功能基因氨单加氧酶(amoA)的限制性内切酶片段长度多态性技术(RFLP)分析了三组DO浓度下反应器中AOB的群落结构及多样性.结果表明,不同DO条件下,系统均取得较高的COD和NH4+-N的去除效果, NH4+-N的去除效率随着DO的增加而提高.不同DO浓度下反应器生物膜上AOB菌群多样性丰富,且与DO对AOB菌群的多样性影响较小相比,DO对AOB的菌群结构及种类的影响较大.     

基于T-RFLP和因子分析的香蒲根际细菌群落研究

以北京市永定河王平湿地为研究对象,应用末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)对王平湿地再生水补水口及其远离补水口的香蒲根际细菌和氨氧化细菌(AOB)的群落结构及多样性变化进行分析,在此基础上结合MiCA3比对、典范对应分析(CCA)和多元统计中因子分析(FA),解析湿地不同空间细菌群落功能特性的变化.结果显示再生水补水口细菌群落各多样性指数均明显低于远离补水口细菌群落,而氨氧化细菌群落则呈现相反趋势.基于传统的T-RFLP片段MiCA3比对、CCA和FA相结合的分析表明:对细菌群落,占再生水补水口细菌群落总丰度55.6%的菌群与150bp代表的鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas sp.)具相似净化功能,并与总有机碳生物化学循环过程具密切关系,其次占再生水补水口上游细菌群落总丰度75.5%的菌群与81bp为代表的假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)和Geitlerinema sp.具相似净化功能,并与氮的生物化学循环过程具密切关系.占再生水补水口下游细菌群落总丰度68.7%的菌群与138bp代表的小单孢菌属(Micromonospora sp.)具相似净化功能,同时与重金属Cu、V、和Ti生物化学循环具密切关系.对氨氧化细菌,266bp受铵态氮影响较大,占再生水补水口氨氧化细菌群落总丰度65.5%的菌群与266bp代表的Nitrosomonas sp.具相似的生境特征,适合在高氨环境中生长;与58bp所代表的Nitrosospira sp.具相似功能特性菌群丰度在远离补水口样点中较前者呈现显著增加趋势,表征该类菌群适合在相对低氨环境中生长.     

我国北方四类土壤中氨氧化古菌和氨氧化细菌的活性及对氨氧化的贡献

氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)与氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)是目前已知的两类好氧氨氧化微生物,广泛分布于各类生态系统中.采用双氰胺(dicyandiamide;DCD)和1-辛炔(1-octyne)抑制剂的方法对我国北方湿地、草原、农田、沙漠4类生态系统的土壤中AOA和AOB的氨氧化速率(ammonia oxidation rate,AR)分别进行定量测定,剖析AOA、AOB对不同土壤中氨氧化的贡献.结果表明:在氨氮含量较高的湿地土壤((32.58±1.38)mg·kg~(-1))中氨氧化速率由AOB主导(ARAOB占AR的86.19%),而在氨氮含量较低的草原土壤((10.40±0.69)mg·kg~(-1))、农田土壤((5.09±0.25)mg·kg~(-1))中氨氧化速率则由AOA主导(ARAOA分别占AR的65.50%、62.20%).氨氮含量是影响AOA、AOB相对活性的主要限制性因素.湿地土壤中氨氧化速率最高,为3.22 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)(以N计),其次是草原土壤和农田土壤,其AR分别为1.11、1.00 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),沙漠土壤中未检测到氨氧化速率.对氨氧化古菌、细菌的amoA基因进行定量分析的结果表明:在氨氮含量最高的湿地土壤和最低的沙漠土壤((1.27±0.05)mg·kg~(-1))中AOA丰度高于AOB丰度,在草原、农田土壤中AOB丰度高于AOA丰度.amoA基因生物多样性分析表明,377个古菌amoA序列以85%相似度可以划分为19个独立操作单元(operational taxonomic unit,OTU),具有较高的生物多样性,其Shannon指数为1.51~1.73.直接通过氨氧化微生物amoA基因丰度来推测AOA、AOB的活性具有一定的缺陷,而依靠AOA、AOB分别的氨氧化速率能够准确地衡量其在不同生态系统中对氨氮去除的相对贡献,对于理解不同生态系统中氨氮去除过程和效应有着重要的意义.     

污水处理系统中硝化菌的菌群结构和动态变化

研究分析了4种不同工艺类型的城市污水处理厂中氨氧化细菌(AOB)和亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(NOB)的丰度及菌群结构.实时定量PCR结果表明4种工艺中AOB菌群的丰度范围为8.56×106~4.46×107cells/gMLSS;NOB菌群的丰度为3.37×108~1.53×109cells/gMLSS.每个工艺中Nitrospira都是优势NOB,占NOB菌群的88% 以上. A2O工艺冬季AOB和Nitrospira丰度比夏季均有所降低,这是导致冬季生物脱氮效果变差的主要原因.基于 amoA基因的系统发育分析结果显示所有的序列属于Nitrosomonas,其中Nitrosomonas oligotropha cluster 占克隆文库的60.1%,是AOB 种群中的优势菌属,Nitrosomonas-like cluster和 Nitrosomonas europaea cluster次之,分别占克隆文库的29.6%和9.1%.N. europaea cluster只在A2O工艺中出现,且在A2O工艺夏季污泥样品克隆文库中达到44.7%.低DO运行使N. europaea cluster成为优势AOB是A2O工艺夏季出现较高亚硝酸盐积累率的主要原因.研究结果证实了城市污水处理厂中优势AOB和NOB分别为Nitrosomonas和Nitrospira,硝化菌群占总菌群的1%~7%,其丰度、相对含量和菌群结构是影响硝化效果的主要因素.     

多年蔬菜连作对土壤氨氧化微生物群落组成的影响

为揭示农业生产中长期大量施用化学肥料对土壤硝化过程微生物种群的影响及其与土壤硝化能力的偶联关系,本研究通过在长沙黄兴蔬菜基地采集长期连作蔬菜(20 a以上,VL)和短期蔬菜种植地(2 a左右,VS)表层土壤(0～20 cm),利用末端限制性片段多态性(T-RFLP)和实时定量PCR(Q-PCR)等手段系统研究了蔬菜连作对氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizingbacteria,AOB)和氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)的组成和丰度的影响及其与土壤硝化势的偶联关系.结果表明,长期蔬菜连作显著使得土壤中AOB amoA的组成趋于单一,同时也影响了土壤中AOA amoA的群落组成;RDA分析结果表明,影响AOB amoA群落结构的主要土壤因素为土壤pH以及Olsen-P的含量.土壤中AOA amoA基因拷贝数明显高于AOB,平均为细菌丰度的6倍,但土壤硝化势(PNF)与土壤中AOB amoA基因丰度成显著的正相关,而与土壤中AOA amoA基因丰度没有显著的相关性.尽管多年蔬菜连作对AOB和AOA丰度的影响还不清楚,却使得AOB优势种群富集,土壤硝化能力增强.     

艾比湖湿地盐节木根际土壤氨氧化微生物多样性和丰度及其与环境因子的相关性分析

氨氧化反应是硝化作用的关键步骤,参与这一反应的微生物是氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA).对新疆艾比湖湿地盐节木根际和非根际土壤的氨氧化微生物进行群落结构和丰度分析,并探究其与土壤理化因子的相关性.同时,以氨单加氧酶基因(amo A)为分子标记,构建克隆文库和测序并与q-PCR法结合研究AOA、AOB的群落结构和丰度,利用Pearson相关分析法探究其与环境因子的相关性.结果表明,根际土壤中AOB的多样性高于AOA,amo A基因序列多属于土壤/水体沉积物分支,AOB克隆文库中的所有序列均属于亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas).根际土壤中AOA amo A和AOB amo A的数量分别为2.09×104和2.91×105copies·g~(-1),AOB/AOA的比值为13.9;非根际土壤中AOA amo A和AOB amo A的数量分别为3.85×104和4.76×105copies·g~(-1),AOB/AOA的比值为12.36.相关分析显示,氨氧化微生物的群落结构和丰度与电导率(EC)、有机质(OM)、速效氮(AN)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)和总氮(TN)等环境因子显著相关.这些结果表明,根际土壤中AOB的群落多样性高于AOA,根际和非根际土壤中AOB的丰度均高于AOA,说明在艾比湖湿地AOB是氨氧化微生物的优势种群,且EC、OM、AN、NH_4~+-N和TN可能会影响氨氧化微生物的群落结构和丰度.     

北运河沉积物中氨氧化微生物的群落特征

采用T-RFLP、RT-qPCR和克隆测序等分子生物学技术,以氨单加氧酶基因(amoA)为分子标记,研究了北运河表层沉积物中氨氧化古菌(AOA)和氨氧化细菌(AOB)的群落多样性、丰度、系统发育及其与环境因子的响应关系.结果表明,沉积物中AOB的群落多样性和丰度均高于AOA,是北运河沉积物中氨氧化过程的主要功能微生物.沉积物中氨氧化微生物群落结构沿干流和支流存在明显的空间分异,而AOA的种类组成空间差异较小;沉积物的氨氮(NH4+)和硝态氮(NO3﹣+NO2﹣)是影响氨氧化微生物群落特征的主要因子,AOB对环境变化的敏感性更高;AOA和AOB的amoA基因拷贝数分别为1.32×105~1.91×106copies/g、5.39×105~8.3×106copies/g.闸坝下游沉积物的氨氧化微生物丰度最高.系统发育分析表明,amoA基因序列多属于土壤/沉积物分支,较多AOB的克隆序列与土壤亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)的类群相似性可达98%.受污水处理厂退水的影响,部分amoA基因序列与污水处理厂废水和活性污泥中发现的类群同源性高.污染物质来源、支流汇入和闸坝拦截对河流沉积物氨氧化微生物的群落特征影响显著.     

湖泊沉积物中氨氧化微生物的amoA基因数量

采用定量PCR方法测定了4个湖泊沉积物中氨氧化微生物的amoA基因数量,并分析了其与环境因子之间的关系. 结果表明:小南湖AOA(氨氧化古菌)和AOB(氨氧化细菌)的amoA基因数量最多,分别达2.1×104和2.8×103copies/g(以干质量计,下同);梁子湖仅检测到了AOA amoA基因的存在,平均值为4.9×103copies/g. 东湖和汤逊湖的AOA amoA基因数量比较接近,约为3.0×103copies/g,然而AOB的amoA基因数量在这2个湖泊中仅分别为37和86copies/g;在这些采样点中,AOA的amoA基因数量是AOB的3~278倍. 统计分析发现,随着湖泊营养水平和间隙水中ρ(NH₄+)的上升,AOA和AOB的amoA基因数量均呈增加趋势,但ρ(NH₄+)增加对AOB的促进作用要大于AOA,导致AOA和AOB的amoA基因数量比值与间隙水中ρ(NH₄+)呈显著负相关. pH上升对2类氨氧化微生物的抑制作用则与ρ(NH₄+)增加对它们的促进作用相反. 沉积物中amoA基因数量与间隙水中ρ(NO₂-)无显著相关性,但与ρ(NO₃-)呈显著正相关. 由于ρ(NH₄+)与ρ(DO)之间呈显著负相关,因此认为ρ(DO)与氨氧化微生物amoA基因数量之间的显著负相关可能更多的是对ρ(NH₄+)与氨氧化微生物amoA基因数量之间紧密关系的一种间接反应.      

Community analysis of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in activated sludge of eight wastewater treatment systems

We investigated the communities of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB) in activated sludge collected from eight wastewater treatment systems using polymerase chain reaction(PCR) followed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism(T-RFLP),cloning,and sequencing of the α-subunit of the ammonia monooxygenase gene(amoA).The T-RFLP fingerprint analyses showed that different wastewater treatment systems harbored distinct AOB communities.However,there was no remarkable difference among the AOB TRFLP profiles from different parts of the same system.The T-RFLP fingerprints showed that a full-scale wastewater treatment plant(WWTP) contained a larger number of dominant AOB species than a pilot-scale reactor.The source of influent affected the AOB community,and the WWTPs treating domestic wastewater contained a higher AOB diversity than those receiving mixed domestic and industrial wastewater.However,the AOB community structure was little affected by the treatment process in this study.Phylogenetic analysis of the cloned amoA genes clearly indicated that all the dominant AOB in the systems was closely related to Nitrosomonas spp.not to Nitrosospira spp.Members of the Nitrosomonas oligotropha and Nitrosomonas communis clusters were found in all samples,while members of Nitrosomonas europaea cluster occurred in some systems.     

密云水库底泥和库滨区土壤中氨氧化细菌的多样性和丰度

采用分子生物学方法（T-RFLP、定量PCR）研究了密云水库底泥沉积物和库滨带土壤中氨氧化细菌（AOB）的多样性和丰度特征,并使用Canoco for Windows 4.5软件和皮尔森相关系数法,探究了环境因子对AOB群落的影响.结果表明,沉积物和库滨区土壤中AOB的多样性和数量都存在较大的差异.其中,AOB群落被聚成两大类：沉积物与土壤.沉积物样品中AOB群落结构与其它样品差异较大.沉积物中AOB的多样指数最低,而在农田土壤中AOB多样性指数最高.农田土壤中的amoA基因拷贝数最大,是底泥沉积物中的48倍.此外,RDA（Redundancy Analysis）分析表明,在沉积物和水陆交错带土壤中,AOB的优势种与NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、TOC、pH成正相关关系,而在陆相土壤和农田土壤中,AOB的优势种与这些环境因子成负相关关系.其中,TOC是影响AOB的群落结构的关键理化因子.     

应用T-RFLP技术分析滇池污染水体的细菌群落

为确定重富营养化湖泊--滇池水体的主要细菌类型与种群结构,本研究运用末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)技术分析了滇池水体9个样点的细菌群落特征及多样性.对各样本的T-RFLP谱图进行聚类分析,结果表明不同地理位置的污染物浓度差异可能是造成细菌群落差异的主要原因.研究同时结合克隆文库技术对各样本T-RFLP谱图中的...     

Community dynamics of ammonia oxidizing bacteria in a full-scale wastewater treatment system with nitrification stability

To determine whether the functional stability of nitrification was correlated to a stable community structure of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant, the AOB community dynamics in a wastewater treatment system was monitored over one year. The community dynamics were investigated using specific PCR followed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of the amoA gene. The T-RFLP results indicated that during the period of nitrification stability, the AOB community structure in the full-scale wastewater treatment system was relatively stable, and the average change rate every 15 d of the system was 6.6%±5.8%. The phylogenetic analysis of the cloned amoA gene showed clearly that the dominant AOB in the system was Nitrosomonas spp. The results of this study indicated that throughout the study period, the AOB community structure was relatively stable in the full-scale wastewater treatment system with functional stability of nitrification.     

Long- and short-chain AHLs affect AOA and AOB microbial community composition and ammonia oxidation rate in activated sludge

Quorum sensing (QS) regulation of the composition of ammonia-oxidising archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidising bacteria (AOB) communities and functions in wastewater treatment was investigated. Specifically, we explored the role of N-acyl-l-homoserine lactones (AHLs) in microbial community dynamics in activated sludge. On average, the specific ammonia-oxidising-rate increased from 1.6 to 2.8?mg?NH₄⁺-N/g?MLSS/hr after treatment with long-chain AHLs for 16?days, and the addition of AHLs to sludge resulted in an increased number of AOA/AOB amoA genes. Significant differences were observed in the AOA communities of control and AHL-treated cultures, but not the AOB community. Furthermore, the dominant functional AOA strains of the Crenarchaeota altered their ecological niche in response to AHL addition. These results provide evidence that AHLs play an important role in mediating AOA/AOB microbial community parameters and demonstrate the potential for application of QS to the regulation of nitrogen compound metabolism in wastewater treatment.     

Spatial distribution of archaeal and bacterial ammonia oxidizers in the littoral buffer zone of a nitrogen-rich lake

The spatial distribution and diversity of archaeal and bacterial ammonia oxidizers (AOA and AOB) were evaluated targeting amoA genes in the gradient of a littoral buffer zone which has been identified as a hot spot for N cycling. Here we found high spatial heterogeneity in the nitrification rate and abundance of ammonia oxidizers in the five sampling sites. The bacterial amoA gene was numerically dominant in most of the surface soil but decreased dramatically in deep layers. Higher nitrification potentials were detected in two sites near the land/water interface at 4.4-6.1 μg NO₂^--N/(g dry weight soil·hr), while only 1.0-1.7 μg NO₂^--N/(g dry weight soil·hr) was measured at other sites. The potential nitrification rates were proportional to the amoA gene abundance for AOB, but with no significant correlation with AOA. The NH4 + concentration was the most determinative parameter for the abundance of AOB and potential nitrification rates in this study. Higher richness in the surface layer was found in the analysis of biodiversity. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that most of the bacterial amoA sequences in surface soil were affiliated with the genus of Nitrosopira while the archaeal sequences were almost equally affiliated with Candidatus ‘Nitrososphaera gargensis’ and Candidatus ‘Nitrosocaldus yellowstonii’. The spatial distribution of AOA and AOB indicated that bacteria may play a more important role in nitrification in the littoral buffer zone of a N-rich lake.