试论矿区生态重建

针对矿区土地复垦涉及学科多、面广,而我国矿区生态重建基础理论研究又十分薄弱,许多基本概念和问题尚未获得统一认识,呈现出零散、杂乱的现象。基于１０年矿区土地复垦科学研究的实践,分析了由矿区土地复垦到矿区生态重建的研究观念转变、矿区生态重建的基础理论,对矿区生态重建的概念、特点、范围、时间尺度进行了界定,探讨了矿区生态重建研究的认识（论）、方法（论）,并以平朔安太堡露天煤矿为例进行了验证。     

矿区生态重建基础理论与方法研究

基于10年的矿区土地复垦科学研究的实践,分析了由矿区土地复垦到矿区生态重建研究现念的转变、矿区生态重建的理论基础,对矿区生态重建的概念、特点、范围及研究内容进行了界定,并探讨了矿区生态重建研究的认识、方法及其方案应具备的特点。     

矿区生态环境评价及环境保护研究

本文主要对矿区生态环境的评价方法以及环境保护措施进行分析,分析了我国目前矿区生态环境的现状,并对矿区生态环境的评价方法进行了简要说明,详细阐述了我国目前矿区生态环境评价中存在的主要问题,并提出了解决这些问题的相应措施,为我国矿区生态环境评价提供参考。     

煤炭矿区生态风险评价方法研究

以区域生态风险评价理论为基础,对煤炭矿区生态风险评价方法进行了研究,针对煤炭矿区生态环境特点以及煤炭开采可能对生态系统造成的危害,分析了矿区的风险源、风险受体以及生态终点,确定了煤炭矿区生态风险评价的指标体系和指标的赋值方法,建立了矿区生态风险估算模型及随时间变化的累积模型,通过计算风险累积速率进而求得矿区煤炭开采的风险累积值,为典型的煤炭矿区开采生态风险提供了一种新的评价方法。     

矿区生态环境评价体系建立与评价——以河南部分矿区为例

以河南省部分典型矿区生态环境因素调查资料为依据,分析了不同类型矿区污染物排放特征与环境影响的相互作用过程后建立了矿区生态环境评价指标体系。运用模糊评价法对河南省部分典型矿区的生态环境质量进行了评价分析,以期为河南的矿区生态环境保护和规划制定提供理论支持。     

基于“多元共生”的废弃矿区景观再生设计文化传承方法研究

当前废弃矿区再生设计中运用了大量的城市景观设计方法,造成矿区景观城市化、同质化,磨灭了矿区场所精神,削弱了废弃矿区景观价值。在"多元共生"思想指导下,对废弃矿区景观再生设计提出了多样统一、有限触碰、语汇转换和区域共生4种地域文化传承的设计方法,并以大冶金湖矿区为例进行了实证研究,为解决当前废弃矿区空间营造中地域特性丧失的问题提供了有效的解决途径。     

生态足迹法评价生态环境承载力的应用案例

本文以陕西吴堡矿区为例,运用生态足迹法,对矿区开发前的生态环境承载力进行评价,并在分析了该矿区生态赤字原因的基础上,提出了矿区今后开发中实现生态供需平衡的途径,有利于实现矿区开发的可持续性发展、.     

矿区土地复垦措施选择分析

在全面分析文献及前人研究的基础上,通过理论分析,提出了矿区土地复垦模式的分类体系和确定的理论方法,总结了矿区土地复垦措施的特点。对矿区土地复垦模式的合理选择,实现矿区的可持续发展具有一定的指导意义。     

大屯矿区矿井水和生活污水处理利用技术

随着煤炭矿区经济的高速发展,矿区缺水问题越来越突出,解决矿区缺水问题的有效途径是合理开发利用矿井水和生活污水资源。以大屯矿区矿井水与生活污水处理利用工程实例为背景,以处理后的矿井水与生活污水回用途径为依据,论述了大屯矿区矿井水净化处理与深度处理、生活污水二级生化处理与深度处理及利用工艺技术,介绍了大屯矿区矿井水与生活污水处理后的利用模式,供其他类似矿区开展矿井水和生活污水资源化借鉴。     

湘中锑矿区土壤重金属锑的污染特征

文章研究调查了冷水江锡矿山锑矿区、桃江板溪锑矿区、桃江马迹塘锑矿区、桃江武潭锑矿区、安化符竹溪金锑矿区及安化渣滓溪锑矿区及周围土壤中锑的含量及形态分布.结果表明:各矿区土壤中总锑含量范嗣为185.6-2 081.3 mg/kg,大大超过了土壤中锑的背景值,表明各矿区土壤已被严重污染.采用Tessier逐级提取法对土壤中...     

长期不同耕作方式下紫色水稻土和上覆水中汞及甲基汞的分布特征

为了解不同耕作方式对稻田中甲基汞的影响,在免耕冬水、垄作免耕、厢作免耕、水旱轮作和常规平作等5种耕作方式的长期定位试验地,分层采集土壤和上覆水样品,分析了汞及甲基汞的垂直分布特征.结果表明,免耕冬水、垄作免耕以及厢作免耕条件下土壤总汞含量在10~20 cm层最高,其中免耕冬水富集效果相对明显;而水旱轮作和常规平作处理则随土层加深呈下降趋势,其中水旱轮作更有利于汞的迁移转化.免耕冬水、厢作免耕、常规平作土壤甲基汞含量在剖面的分布规律与土壤总汞类似,除水旱轮作土壤汞甲基化能力在底层比表、中层较强外,其余4种处理则相反.5种耕作方式下稻田上覆水中溶解态汞(DHg)和溶解态甲基汞(DMe Hg)含量均随水深而增加,且水旱轮作和常规平作相对较高.各处理孔隙水中DHg含量与该层次土壤总汞含量有关,两者在土壤剖面上的波动趋势基本相同.免耕冬水、垄作免耕的孔隙水中DMe Hg含量及DMe Hg占DHg比例均在10~20 cm层出现最大值.水旱轮作和常规平作的孔隙水DMe Hg含量则相反,在10~20 cm层有最低值,两种处理的DMe Hg占DHg比例随土壤深度增加而上升.不同处理孔隙水中DMe Hg含量及DMe Hg占DHg比例均大于对应处理上覆水的值.     

土壤中佳乐麝香和镉污染对苗期小麦生长及其污染物积累的影响

选用潮土和褐土2种理化性质不同的土壤,采用室外盆栽实验,以小麦(Triticum aestivum)为供试植物,研究了佳乐麝香(HHCB)和镉(Cd)复合污染对小麦植株生物量及污染物在小麦植株各部分累积量的影响.结果表明,在2种土壤中小麦植株地上和地下部分的干重变化顺序均为,单一HHCB污染土壤＞HHCB-Cd复合污染土壤＞单一Cd污染土壤.潮土中HHCB在小麦植株各部分的累积量高于褐土,且潮土中Cd对HHCB在小麦植株各部分累积量的影响与褐土中不同.潮土中的单一HHCB在小麦植株根、茎、叶中的累积量顺序为：根＞茎＞叶;Cd能够显著促进HHCB在小麦根部的累积,而对HHCB在小麦茎和叶中的累积则起抑制作用,抑制率最高可达44.07%.褐土中单一HHCB在小麦植株根、茎和叶中的累积顺序为：根>叶>茎;Cd对HHCB在小麦根部累积的影响不显著,但是中高浓度Cd却可显著促进HHCB在小麦茎和叶中的累积,促进率最高可达35.95%.潮土中Cd在小麦植株各部分的累积量低于褐土,但2种土壤中HHCB均能够明显促进Cd在小麦植株根、茎、叶中的累积.潮土中Cd在根、茎、叶中的累积量增加率分别为30.84%、61.82% 和61.82%,褐土中Cd在根、茎、叶中的累积量增加率分别为 41.53%、184.16% 和206.18%,可见褐土中HHCB对Cd在小麦植株中累积的促进作用强于潮土.     

基于降水Z指数的朝鲜降水及旱涝时空特征

利用TRMM（Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission,TRMM）3B43月降水数据,并结合降水Z指数,研究朝鲜1998—2018年的降水和旱涝时空格局。结果表明：TRMM与站点观测降水数据有显著的相关性。朝鲜降水季节性特征明显,57.29%的降水集中在夏季,空间上自东北部沿海岸线向东南递增。朝鲜的区域综合旱涝等级基本处于正常状态,偏旱和偏涝发生的频率最高,其次是大旱和大涝,极旱和极涝发生的频率最低,夏季和冬季干旱发生最为频繁,而洪涝在秋季频发。朝鲜北部发生旱涝事件的频率明显高于南部,咸镜山脉和盖马高原是旱涝的多发地区,温泉平原则最不易受到旱涝影响。春季、夏季和秋季均呈现洪涝强度增强的趋势。夏季洪涝强度加剧的趋势明显,中北部地区通过95%的显著性检验。     

Distribution of mercury in different environmental compartments in the aquatic ecosystem of the coastal zone of the Southern Baltic Sea

The aim of this study was to characterize mercury (Hg) contamination in the coastal waters of the Southern Baltic Sea, and to investigate transformations of Hg in the initial links of the marine food chain. Concentrations of Hg in water, particulate matter, plankton and macrophytes at various stations in the coastal zone (a bay with restricted water exchange, near an industrial city, river mouths, and the open sea) were measured in 2006–2008. Hg concentrations observed in the Southern Baltic varied greatly, showing the highest average values in all environmental compartments near the river mouths. In shallow, sheltered parts of the gulf, where water exchange is restricted, Hg concentrations in the water and in macrophytes were elevated relative to those in the coastal zone of the deeper part of the bay and in the open Baltic. Distance to the river mouth, terrestrial runoff, and quantity and quality of organic matter were more important than seasonal variations in controlling Hg and HgSPM concentrations in water samples. Mercury concentrations in the surface microlayer at the air/sea interface were over 10 times higher than those in the bulk surface water. Concentrations of Hg in macrophytes in the winter were significantly higher than those in the warm seasons (spring, summer, autumn). This was probably the combined effect of higher availability of Hg in porewaters and leaf growth inhibition.     

再生水—土壤—蔬菜体系中Zn的迁移

2011~2013年通过小区试验种植小白菜和萝卜,以再生水灌溉和污泥施肥,采用修正的BCR法测定了再生水、污泥、土壤、蔬菜中Zn的5种形态含量,分析Zn在再生水(污泥)-土壤-蔬菜体系中的迁移和累积特征。结果表明:2011~2013年水样中Zn含量均未超出国家《农田灌溉水质标准(GB5084—2005)》中Zn的标准。水样中水溶态B0比例较大。污泥中B0含量极少,残渣态B4含量较高。土壤中Zn的本底含量较少,经过3年的蔬菜种植和灌溉,土壤中Zn含量有增高的趋势。蔬菜中5种形态均有分布,地上部分中水溶态B0和可氧化态B3含量较高,地下部分中残渣态B4含量也较高。小白菜中Zn的含量高于萝卜。灌溉水中B0的含量对Zn在土壤和蔬菜中的迁移产生了较大影响。适当的再生水灌溉和污泥施肥可以改善土壤的缺Zn状况。     

Contribution of additives Cu to its accumulation in pig feces： study in Beijing and Fuxin of China

Massive amounts of pig manure are produced by intensive pig farm in China, and the composition of pig manure has changed much due to the use of feed additives. However, little is known about the exact Cu （copper） feed as additives or present as contaminants in pig feed and the residues in feces. One hundred and thirty-seven feeds and one hundred and forty-two fecal samples from 48 pig farms were collected in Beijing and Fuxin cities in 1999 and 2005, respectively. The concentrations of Cu were in the range of 6.86-395.19 mg/kg in the feed samples, and the mean values were in the order of weaner〉 grower-finisher〉 sow＇s feeds. The high concentrations over EU recommendations implied that excessive levels of Cu are fed on many pig farms in Beijing and Fuxin. Cu was also present in high concentrations in feces, and concentrations were highly variable. Cu concentrations in the feces from grower-finisher and weaner pigs were significantly greater than feces of sows. The super-intensive and small-scale farms had higher levels of Cu in feces than the middle farms. Cu concentrations in pig feces were approximately 5-times greater than in pig feeds. Feed management in grower-finisher pigs on super-intensive and small-scale pig farms is needed to reduce high Cu concentrations in feces and risks to soil contamination while feces are land-applied.     

Chemical fractionations and bioavailability of cadmium and zinc to cole （Brassica campestris L.） grown in the multi-metals contaminated oasis soil, northwest of China

A pot experiment was conducted to study the relationship between distribution of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) and their availability to cole (Brassica campestris L.) grown in the multi-metal contaminated oasis soil in northwest of China. The results showed that Cd and Zn in the unpolluted oasis soil was mainly found in the residual fractionation, however, with increasing contents of Cd and Zn in the oasis soil, the distribution of Cd and Zn changed significantly. The growth of cole could be promoted by low Cd and Zn concentration, but significantly restrained by high concentrations. There was antagonistic e ect among Cd and Zn in the multi-metals contaminated oasis soil. Stepwise regression analysis between fractionations distribution coe cients of the two meals in the soil and their contents in cole showed that both Cd and Zn in the exchangeable fractionation in the oasis soil made the most contribution on the uptake of Cd and Zn in cole. The bio-concentration factor (BCF) of Cd was greater than Zn in cole, and BCFs of the two metals in leaves were greater than those in roots. The translocation factors of the two metals in cole were greater than 1, and the two metals mainly accumulated in the edible parts in cole. Therefore, cole is not a suitable vegetable for the oasis soil because of the plants notable contamination by heavy metals.     

西溪国家湿地公园水质时空分异特征研究

西溪湿地公园作为第一个国家湿地公园和城市湿地公园的代表,具有特殊的功能特征.利用2009年春夏两季对西溪湿地水质的月监测数据,揭示城市湿地公园水质时空分异和污染特征.结果表明,①湿地水质空间分异与公园功能特征密切相关.其中,自然水塘的TN、TP平均值分别为0.78 mg/L和0.07 mg/L;观赏水塘TN、TP平均值分别为1.37 mg/L和0.17 mg/L;自然河溪水质TN、TP的平均值分别为2.91 mg/L和0.18 mg/L;游览水道TN、TP平均值分别为1.91 mg/L和0.09 mg/L;②湿地水体富营养化程度时间变化显著.西溪湿地水质的春季富营养化程度小于夏季,总体处于中度富营养化状态;③不同功能湿地水体富营养化程度差异明显.水塘水体富营养化程度低于河溪富营养化程度,其中,自然水塘水质的富营养化程度低于观赏水塘的水质,相反,游览河溪水质富营养化程度低于自然河溪的水质.因此,加强对观赏水塘和自然河溪的管理,是提高西溪湿地水质的有效方法.     

滇西北剑湖沉积物钒空间分布特征和生态风险

用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪（ICP-OES）测定剑湖表层及柱状沉积物钒（V）含量,采用改进BCR连续提取法提取V各形态,并对V空间分布特征和生态风险进行了分析,揭示了粒度对剑湖沉积物V及形态含量的影响.结果表明,剑湖表层沉积物和柱状沉积物颗粒均以粉砂粒和细砂为主,细颗粒V含量更高.表层沉积物V含量为（117.82±63.31）mg/kg,其水平空间分布差异较大.V可交换态、可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态含量分别为（8.91±8.91）,（18.36±10.53）,（7.67±7.67）,（80.22±58.71）mg/kg,主要以残渣态形式存在,且黏粒和粉砂粒对V可还原态和残渣态影响较大.V垂直分布差异大,底层V含量高于表层,少部分区域受黏粒和粉砂粒影响.剑湖沉积物V污染程度小,大部分地区潜在生态风险较低,底层沉积物污染程度和潜在生态风险都高于表层.     

川中丘陵区不同下垫面集水区氮磷流失特征

通过对2019~2020年不同下垫面集水区(农田集水区与复合集水区)径流及氮磷浓度的连续逐日定位监测,研究川中丘陵区不同下垫面集水区氮磷径流流失过程与强度,探讨下垫面对集水区氮磷径流流失特征的影响.结果表明:不同集水区的径流过程因下垫面不同而存在明显差异,农田集水区内的水田和坑塘的拦蓄作用滞缓了汇流过程,而复合集水区中居民点、公路等不透水下垫面缩短了汇流时间,使得复合集水区的降雨径流量峰值更高,响应速度较农田集水区快12~25min,年径流深较农田集水区多28.1%;次降雨径流过程中磷浓度变化较氮更剧烈,浓度峰值出现时间较氮早约1.2h,在降雨后期磷浓度下降速度更快,降幅更大;复合集水区的氮磷平均事件浓度(EMC)、峰值浓度均高于农田集水区,且两集水区氮流失形态均以硝酸盐氮为主,占总氮的65.9%;磷流失以颗粒态为主,占总磷的67.5%;复合集水区的氮磷流失负荷分别是农田集水区的3.01和4.03倍,氮磷流失强度分别是农田集水区的1.88和2.51倍.因此,复合集水区内氮磷随径流流失的防控可能是未来川中丘陵区面源污染治理的重点.