夏季海河与渤海湾中壬基酚和辛基酚污染的状况

对夏季海河与渤海湾表层水中溶解态的壬基酚(NP)和辛基酚(OP)的污染状况进行了调查.结果表明,海河中NP和OP的浓度分别为160～429ng/L和18～56ng/L;渤海湾中NP和OP的浓度分别为33～132ng/L和n.d.～14ng/L.污水排放是海河中NP和OP的重要来源.渤海湾中NP和OP的浓度要远远低于海河,但是海水稀释不是造成其浓度降低的唯一原因.研究还发现该地区NP和OP与COD_Mn和TP具有显著的正相关.与珠江三角洲相比,该地区NP和OP污染情况较为严重,与国外其他类似区域相比则处于中等或较低水平.     

深圳居民膳食壬基酚和辛基酚暴露的风险评估

为了解深圳市居民壬基酚和辛基酚的膳食暴露水平并预测其风险,利用深圳总膳食研究采集的膳食调查数据及代表性膳食样品进行暴露评估:采用分层整群随机抽样方法,抽取深圳城市区和农村区的244户居民、853人进行家庭膳食调查,利用3d 24h回顾法和称重记账法采集食物消费量数据;同时,采用高效液相色谱-质谱分析手段检测膳食样品中的壬基酚和辛基酚含量;并用风险指数评估人群暴露风险.结果表明,深圳城市区、农村区、深圳市居民的壬基酚膳食暴露水平分别为89.7,128.9,116.2ng/(kg×bw);辛基酚的暴露水平分别为42.7,35.3,39.3ng/(kg×bw).深圳城市区、农村区、深圳市居民壬基酚膳食暴露的风险指数分别为0.02、0.03、0.02,辛基酚的风险指数均为0.0004.深圳市居民壬基酚的膳食暴露水平高于辛基酚,但两者的风险指数均远低于1,暴露风险在可接受范围之内.     

离子液体支撑液膜萃取分离双酚A、辛基酚和壬基酚

本研究以离子液体1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([BM IM][PF6])作膜溶剂,利用支撑液膜分离技术,用0.1mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液作萃取溶液将三种环境内分泌干扰物壬基酚、辛基酚和双酚A进行分离。研究结果显示该支撑液膜分离技术对双酚A的萃取效果最好,其次是辛基酚,而壬基酚不被萃取。利用该技术能将三种混合物选择性地进行萃取分离,但萃取时间不宜超过46小时。     

洪季珠江三角洲水系烷基酚污染状况研究

对夏季珠江三角洲河流及珠江口表层水中溶解态的壬基酚(NPs)和辛基酚(OP)的污染状况进行了分析.结果表明,河流样品中除珠江正干平洲水道口、沙湾水道口及西江虎跳门处NPs值较高分别达98.84、129.82和164.98 ng/L外,其他地点均为<20～40ng/L;伶仃洋及近海表层水NPs含量较低为<10～14ng/L.OP值以澳门内港处最高为8.54ng/L,另外在白鹅潭、沙湾水道口和虎跳门处分别为2.89、2.44、2.12ng/L,其余采样点均低于检测限2ng/L,伶仃洋及近海表层水样OP值低于检测限1ng/L.     

Spatial-temporal distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of nonylphenol and octylphenol in riverine outlets of Pearl River Delta, China

The aquatic environments of the Pearl River Delta in Southern China are subjected to contamination with various industrial chemicals from local industries. In this paper, the occurrence, seasonal variation and spatial distribution of alkylphenol octylphenol （OP） and nonylphenol （NP） in fiver surface water and sediments in the runoff outlets of the Pearl River Delta were investigated. NP and OP were detected in all water and sediment samples and their mean concentrations in surface water during the dry season ranged from 810 to 3366 ng/L and 85.5 to 581 ng/L, respectively, and those in sediments ranged from 14.2 to 95.2 ng/g dw and 0.4 to 3.0 ng/g dw, respectively. In surface water, much higher concentrations were detected in the dry season than those in the wet season. In sediments, the concentrations in the dry season were also mostly higher. High concentrations of NP and OP were found in Humen outlet, likely due to high levels of domestic and industrial wastewater discharges. An ecological risk assessment with the use of hazard quotient （HQ） was also carried out and the HQvalues ranged from 3.6 × 10^-5 to 35 and 64% of samples gave a HQ 〉 1, indicating that the current levels of NP and OP pose a significant risk to the relevant aquatic organisms in the region.     

壬基酚和辛基酚联合暴露的血清代谢特征及生物标志物

运用代谢组学方法分析了壬基酚（NP）和辛基酚（OP）联合暴露后大鼠血清代谢成分变化,雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、壬基酚和辛基酚（联合染毒低剂量组（25mg/kg NP+25mg/kg OP）及高剂量组（75mg/kg NP+75mg/kg OP）.连续灌胃7d后处死.通过超高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱（UPLC/QTOF-MS）技术获得大鼠血清的代谢指纹图谱,通过主成分分析观察了联合染毒的剂量-效应,通过t检验筛选潜在的生物标志物,并结合代谢物数据库检索对潜在的生物标志物进行鉴定.结果显示,对照组、高、低剂量组各组间代谢谱有明显差别,且随着染毒剂量的增加毒性增强,表现为剂量-效应关系.联合染毒后的血清代谢物中,含量升高的有牛黄胆酸及1-棕榈酰基磷脂酰胆碱,含量降低的有酪氨酸、5-尿苷一磷酸及硫脑苷酯,提示染毒可能对内分泌系统、心血管系统、神经系统以及核苷酸合成、糖代谢、磷脂代谢等产生不良影响.     

壬基酚和辛基酚暴露的生物标志物——尿液5-HT

为了探讨壬基酚和辛基酚对大鼠体内(5-HT)代谢的影响,为壬基酚和辛基酚暴露标志物的鉴定提供依据.选取健康雄性Sprague Dawley大鼠35只,随机分为对照组,壬基酚、辛基酚及其联合染毒低剂量组(50 mg·kg-1·d-1),壬基酚、辛基酚及其联合染毒高剂量组(150 mg·kg-1·d-1),每组5只,连续7d灌胃染毒,建立染毒动物模型.灌胃次日,利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测各组大鼠尿液中5-羟色胺(5-HT)含量.结果表明,染毒组大鼠尿液中5-HT浓度均显著高于正常对照组(p＜0.01);高剂量染毒组大鼠尿液中5-HT浓度均显著高于其低剂量染毒组(p＜0.01);染毒第7天大鼠尿液中5-HT浓度均显著高于其染毒第3天(p＜0 01)尿液中5-HT浓度随染毒剂量和染毒时间的增加而升高,有剂量-毒性效应和时间-毒性效应关系;尿液5-HT可作为评估壬基酚和辛基酚暴露的潜在生物标志物,应用于大规模人群暴露风险的监测.     

Nonylphenol in bivalves and sediments in the northeast coast of China

To understand nonylphenol (NP) contamination in the northeast coastal environment in China, NP was determined in 19 sediment and 20 bivalve samples collected during November 2005. NP was identified in all sediment samples in the range of 8.8 to 1.0 × 10 3 ng/g dw (dry weight), with an average of 0.12 × 10 3 ng/g dw. Most of the bivalve samples (oysters and mussels) contained detectable amounts of NP that ranged from ND (not detected) to 7.6 × 10 3 ng/g dw, with an average value of 0.79 × 10 3 ng/g dw. These results indicated that NP is ubiquitous in sediments and bivalves from the northeast coast of China, and are even present in bivalves sold as seafood. Serious contamination with NP was recorded off the coast of Bohai Strait and in semi-enclosed coastal environment such as Jiaozhou Bay and Liaodong Bay. Possible environmental and human health implications were understood in this study.     

壬基酚对浮游生物的毒性效应及其食物链传递

以蛋白核小球藻及5种枝角类（微型裸腹溞、多刺裸腹溞、盔型溞、蚤状溞、大型溞）浮游动物为研究对象,开展壬基酚（NP）对浮游生物的毒性效应,及NP在“水-蛋白核小球藻-大型溞”食物链的生物富集和生物传递能效研究.结果表明：NP对微藻的半抑制效应浓度为3.33mg/L;对5种枝角类浮游动物的48h半致死效应浓度范围介于8.67~131.79μg/L,裸腹溞属耐受性显著高于溞属.1和5μg/LNP连续暴露下,大型溞存活率显著降低,且首次繁殖时间延迟,前者仅在第8d有子代产出,而后者未观察到子代个体.微藻对培养液中0.1mg/LNP的生物富集系数（BCF）在3h时达到最大值7393.投喂NP暴露后的微藻,大型溞摄食率呈显著降低的趋势,且第3d天出现死亡现象.大型溞体内NP含量最大值为0.07mg/g,NP经蛋白核小球藻传递到大型溞的生物富集系数仅为0.097.NP的低食物链传递可能与大型溞对NP的转化、大型溞生长过程中的蜕壳以及摄食后的消化和排泄过程有关.     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚在污水处理过程中的迁移转化行为

用正相色谱－质谱联用法（NPLC－MS）分离分析高聚合度的NPnEO(n＞2）,用气相色谱－质谱联用方法（GC－MS）测定其中的NP,NP1EO和NP2EO浓度,对NPnEO在城市污水处理厂的迁移转化行为进行了研究。在污水处理厂的进水中,检测出NP和NPnEO(n=1-23）,总浓度为174nmol/L,其中NP2EO的浓度最高,为89．6nmol/L;其次分别为NP（42．2nmol/L）和NP1EO（12．2nmol/L）;出水中同样检测出NP和NPnEO(n=1-18),其中NP2EO的浓度最高,为37．2nmol/L;其次分别为NP（6．64nmol/L）和NP1EO（0．135nmol/L)。在城市污水处理过程中,NPnEO从高聚合度降妥成低聚合度,NP和NPnEO的总去降率为71％。另外,NP和NPnEO在污泥及污泥过滤水中的分配表明污泥对NPnEO有明显的吸附作用,并近似符合Dubinin-Astakhov等温吸附。     

北黄海辽宁近岸水环境中壬基酚污染状况调查及生态风险评估

利用固相萃取气质连用(SPE-GC/MS)法对1月辽宁近岸19个站位水体中壬基酚污染状况进行了调查,结果显示水体中壬基酚浓度为15.13～762.73 ng/L,整体呈现出近岸高于远海,西部海域高于东部的特点,高值区多出现在河流入海口或港口附近.与国内外相关报道比较,调查海域壬基酚处于中等污染水平.以风险熵(RQ)为标准对壬基酚的污染状况的初步评估表明,调查海域壬基酚风险熵为0.05～2.25,某些站位熵值高于阈值,可能造成一定的风险,需要采取相应措施减少污染.     

珠江三角洲河流沉积物中的壬基酚

对珠江三角洲河流表层沉积物中的壬基酚(NP)进行了分析.结果表明,NP在所有样品中均有检出,其含量范围在110～7808ng/g之间.其中,珠江广州河段污染水平最高,狮子洋水道明显低于上游珠江广州河段,东江位居其后,西江最低.沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)的分布特征与NP相似,相关分析显示TOC与NP之间显著性相关.     

Determination of 4-tert-octylphenol in surface water samples of Jinan in China by solid phase extraction coupled with GC-MS

Octylphenols, considered as xenoestrogens, mainly exist as 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) in aquatic environments. The high stability and accumulation of OP in aquatic systems have caused endocrine disruption. The OP in surface water in Jinan, China was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with solid phase extraction (SPE). Water samples were extracted by SPE on a cartridge system containing C-18 as sorbent. To increase sensitivity and selectivity, OP was derivatized to 4-tert-octyl-phenoxy silane. With the use of phenanthrene-d10 as internal standard, the detection limit based on signal-to-noise ratio (S/N = 3) was 0.06 ng/mL. The average recovery was from 84.67% to 109.7%. The precision of the method given as the relative standard deviations (RSD) was within the range 6.24%-12.96%. In the target water samples, the concentrations of OP were as follows: 15.88-71.24 ng/L for Jinxiuchuan Reservoir, 3.850-26.68 ng/L for the city moat, 6.930-41.56 ng/L for Daming Lake, 66.03-474.2 ng/L for Xiaoqing River, 14.66-17.72 ng/L for the Yellow River, and 10.60-26.43 ng/L for Queshan Reservoir. The Xiaoqing River was seriously polluted due to the discharge of wastewater from Jinan. Jinxiuchuan Reservoir had a higher concentration of OP compared with the Yellow River and Queshan Reservoir, which is ascribed to the surrounding human activities. These data are reported for the first time, providing strong support for the control of OP pollution in Jinan.     

壬基酚对胶州湾典型微藻的毒性效应

以胶州湾常见优势藻种中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)和旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curvisetus)为受试生物,考察了壬基酚(NP)对两种海洋微藻的急性毒性效应,同时以超氧化歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量为指标,研究了两种海洋微藻细胞内抗氧化系统对NP氧化胁迫的响应。结果表明,NP对中肋骨条藻和旋链角毛藻生长抑制的96 h-EC50分别为0.13 mg/L和0.22 mg/L,中肋骨条藻对NP的毒性更为敏感。当中肋骨条藻培养体系中NP浓度在0.04～0.16 mg/L和旋链角毛藻培养体系中NP浓度在0.05～0.20 mg/L时,两种海洋微藻体内SOD活性均呈现出先诱导上升后抑制降低的变化趋势,MDA含量则随NP浓度的增大而增大;而在低浓度NP(<0.05 mg/L)胁迫下,96 h实验周期内,两种微藻细胞内SOD活性和MDA含量与不添加NP的对照组相比无显著差异(P>0.05),表明低浓度的NP胁迫下微藻体内诱导产生的抗氧化酶能够及时清除活性氧自由基,防止细胞受到损伤。暴露实验72 h后,两种微藻细胞内的SOD活性和MDA含量与NP作用浓度呈现显著的浓度-效应关系,这表明微藻细胞内SOD活性和MDA含量可以作为生物标志物用于近海水体中NP生态风险评价。     

壬基酚对羊角月牙藻的毒性效应研究

为研究壬基酚（NP）对淡水微藻的毒性效应特点,选取模式生物羊角月牙藻（Selenastrum capricornutum）为受试对象,设置5个暴露处理浓度：0.1,0.3,0.6,0.9,1.2mg/L.观察并测定羊角月牙藻的生长情况、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量等指标,并通过植物光合效率仪测定叶绿素荧光诱导动力学参数,分析NP对光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）的影响.结果表明,NP限制羊角月牙藻生长的96h EC50为0.979mg/L;NP处理浓度为0.3mg/L时,可以对羊角月牙藻生长产生抑制效应,与对照组相比,主要光合色素（叶绿素）含量下降,MDA含量显著增加,过氧化氢酶（CAT）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性显著上升,最大光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）显著下降,ABS/RC（单位反应中心吸收光能）显著上升,DI0/RC（单位反应中心耗散能量）、ET0/RC（单位反应中心捕获用于电子传递的能量）、TR0/RC（反应中心用于还原QA的能量）也随之升高;当处理浓度≥0.9mg/L后,CAT和SOD活性、TR0/RC显著下降,DI0/RC显著升高,表明PSⅡ受到损伤.由此可知,NP能够破坏膜系统完整性、诱发抗氧化系统响应并造成PSⅡ损伤,降低光能转化效率,对羊角月牙藻具有毒性效应,对水域生态系统具有潜在风险.     

壬基酚对成体玫瑰无须性腺的毒性效应

以成体玫瑰无须（Puntius conchonius）为实验材料,通过半致死浓度（LC₅₀）、性腺指数以及组织病理学指标对壬基酚（NP）的毒性进行了评价.结果表明,在半静止条件下,壬基酚对成体玫瑰无须96 h的LC₅₀为（1 .72 ± 0 .06） μmol/L;在亚急性毒性（0 .17、0 .34和0 .68 μmol/L）下成体玫瑰无须暴露于壬基酚21 d后,其精巢指数（TSI）与卵巢指数（OSI）显著降低,并具有明显的剂量-效应关系;同时精巢与卵巢也发生了明显的组织病理学变化,精巢中支持细胞增生、生殖细胞数量减少;卵巢中卵泡发育迟缓、闭锁现象增加.结果说明壬基酚对玫瑰无须的雌、雄性腺均具有毒性效应,干扰了精卵的发育成熟.另外,玫瑰无须对壬基酚具有较高的敏感性,也是评价壬基酚毒性的一种理想模式鱼类.     

Effects of chronic exposure to nonylphenol on locomotor activity and social behavior in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Nonylphenol(NP),a xenoestrogen ubiquitously found in aquatic ecosystems,is of high environmental concern.The present work assessed the effects of exposure to NP on locomotor activity and social behavior in male and female zebrafish(Danio rerio),to evaluate the possible hazard of NP to fish behavior and to pursue a potential biomarker of NP contamination.Fish were randomly divided into six groups.Five groups were receiving 0.1,1,10,50 and 100 μg/L nominal concentrations of NP for 60 days,respectively.A sixth control group was given the same treatment as the other five groups,but no NP.Locomotor activity,aggressive behavior,group preference and leaving shoal were examined.NP exposure showed marked influence on locomotor activity of the male zebrafish,whereas that of the female was not significantly affected by NP.Aggressive behavior and group preference were significantly affected by NP exposure in both male and female groups.Locomotor activity and aggressive behavior of the male and group preference of both male and female zebrafish were clearly inhibited at 100 μg/L NP.No significant alteration in leaving shoal was observed under NP exposure.The results suggested that changes in locomotor activity and aggressive behavior of the male and group preference of both male and female may be used as an ecologically relevant integrative biomarker of NP contamination.     

Simultaneous determination of 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol and bisphenol A in Guanting Reservoir using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring

The wide occurrence of estrogenic compounds 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol, bisphenol A in surface water of Guanting Reservoir was successfully determined. The target compounds in water samples were preconcentrated by liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane, derivatized by trifluoroacetic anhydride, and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) with selected ion monitoring(SlM). In the selected seven sampling sites(S1-S7), the concentration of NP in sample S7 was significantly higher than the other in reservoir. The status of pollution in S3 and S7 were much more serious. The concentrations of OP, NP and BPA were in the range of 44.5-48.8, 221.6-349.6 and 30.2-82.7 ng/L, respectively. The pollutants were mainly inputted from the upper river and released from sediments in Guanting Reservoir.     

辽东湾野生四角蛤蜊性畸变调查

为揭示辽东湾近海海域环境内分泌干扰物(EDCs)的生物效应与潜在生态风险,利用组织学方法系统调查辽东湾近海海域野生四角蛤蜊性畸变发生情况,并利用GC-MS/MS分析了组织体内典型酚类污染物包括壬基酚(NP)、辛基酚(Op)和双酚A(BPA)的浓度水平.调查结果表明:5月、6月和8月野生四角蛤蜊雌雄同体发生率分别为30%,20%和14%,软体部组织中NP浓度则分别为410.70,254.95,227.15ng/g dw(干重), BPA浓度分别为7.60,4.30,7.05ng/gdw,但是没有检出OP.研究结果表明环境EDCs已经影响了辽东湾海洋生物繁殖系统、并对区域海洋生态系统造成潜在风险.     

壬基酚对中国林蛙精巢中StAR表达的影响

为研究水体壬基酚(Nonylphenol,NP)污染对两栖动物精巢中类固醇生成急性调节蛋白(StAR)的影响,将雄性成体中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)分别暴露于c(NP)为10-7,10-6和10-5 mol/L的水体中10,20和30 d.取其精巢组织,在成功扩增获得273 bp的StAR cDNA片段后合成探针,用原位杂交方法检测StAR mRNA在精巢的表达,用免疫组织化学方法检测StAR蛋白的表达.结果在对照组和各NP处理组中均检测到StAR mRNA和蛋白的阳性表达,阳性反应主要在精巢的Leydig细胞.StAR表达相对值的检测结果表明,c(NP)为10-5 mol/L 的水体对StAR表达有抑制趋势,c(NP)为10-7和10-6 mol/L 的水体可上调StAR的表达,表明NP对StAR表达由抑制转向诱导的临界浓度在c(NP)为10-6 mol/L与10-5 mol/L 之间.在c(NP)为10-7和10-6 mol/L 处理组,StAR表达值随c(NP)的增高而增加.在c(NP)为10-6 mol/L 处理组,暴露30 d后StAR表达相对值最大,呈现NP对StAR表达具有累积效应.c(NP)为10-7 mol/L对StAR表达不随时间延长显示累积效应.提示一定剂量范围的NP可通过调控StAR的表达干扰动物类固醇激素的合成.