杜氏藻（Dunaliella sp．）多糖DPS-1的提取分离纯化和糖基组成分析

以实验室培养的新鲜的杜氏藻为原料,采用冻结-融化冷水提取、乙醇沉淀,Sephadex G-100柱层析等一系列步骤,分离纯化得到杜氏藻多糖,简称DPS-1.醋酸纤维素薄膜电泳和Sephadex G-50柱层析对DPS-1进行纯度鉴定,结果表明该糖组分均一.IR、UV等理化性质测定及HPAEC-PAD分析,结果表明该糖含有硫酸根,糖环为吡喃环.组成DPS-1的糖基有:D-岩藻糖、D-鼠李糖、2-D-氨基葡萄糖、D-半乳糖、D-葡萄糖和两种未知单糖.其摩尔比为 D-岩藻糖:D-鼠李糖:2-D-氨基葡萄糖:D-半乳糖:D-葡萄糖=2.1: 1: 1.6: 2.3: 4.2.另外还检出了两种已知糖醛酸,分别是半乳糖醛酸和葡萄糖醛酸.其摩尔比为 半乳糖醛酸:葡萄糖醛酸=1:3.4.     

螺旋藻多糖的提取分离纯化及结构初步研究

离心收集处于生长平衡后期的螺旋藻(Spirulinamaxima),通过渗透冲击协同冻融细胞破碎、冷水提取,TCA除蛋白、乙醇沉淀得到粗多糖。用SephadexG 50凝胶层析分离纯化,得到一种水溶性螺旋藻多糖。利用醋酸纤维薄膜电泳和SephadexG 100凝胶检验螺旋藻多糖纯度,证明该糖组分均一。根据红外光谱,元素分析的结果对该糖结构进行初步研究。     

甲烷丝菌混养促进螺旋藻自发酵产氢

采用只消耗乙酸盐而不消耗氢气的甲烷丝菌与螺旋藻混合培养,以提高螺旋藻利用自身多糖在自身氢酶作用下暗发酵产氢量.通过培养基调控提高了螺旋藻生长富集的总糖产量,当Na Cl浓度由239 mmol·L~(-1)增加到739 mmol·L~(-1),螺旋藻总糖产量提高了107.7%,达到0.54g·L~(-1).螺旋藻在黑暗厌氧条件下加入甲烷丝菌混养后的自发酵产氢量提高了33.8%,达到43.8 m L·g-1;液相主要代谢产物乙酸盐则提高了69.2%,达到1639.1μmol·g-1.同时,螺旋藻加入甲烷丝菌混养后自发酵过程的能量转换效率由6.7%提高到11.6%.甲烷丝菌通过消耗乙酸盐促进了螺旋藻自发酵产氢的乙酸途径反应正向进行,从而提高了氢气产量和能量转换效率.     

高强度Te(IV)胁迫对极大螺旋藻生理生化性质的影响

对极大螺旋藻(Spirulina maxima)在接种后第3～5 d分3次添加Na2TeO3,4个Te胁迫组的累计加Te量分别为650、750、850和950 mg/L.结果表明:4个Te胁迫组螺旋藻的最终生物量、水溶性蛋白、藻蓝蛋白和别藻蓝蛋白的含量均低于对照组,且随Te胁迫强度增加而逐渐减少;而SOD的比活力均高于对照组,但随Te胁迫强度增加也呈逐渐减少趋势;Te(IV)胁迫没有改变螺旋藻中脂溶性色素的组成,但各色素的含量也随Te胁迫强度增加而下降;胞外多糖含量随Te胁迫强度增加而增加,但950 mg/L实验组(第9 dxTe(IV)为2.21),胞外多糖的含量反而下降.     

亩强度Te（Ⅳ）胁迫对极大螺旋藻生理生化性质的影响

对极大螺旋藻（Spirulina maxima）在接种后第3～5d分3次添加Na2TeO3，4个Te胁迫组的累计加Te量分别为650、750、850和950mg／L。结果表明：4个Te胁迫组螺旋藻的最终生物量、水溶性蛋白、藻蓝蛋白和别藻蓝蛋白的含量均低于对照组，且随Te胁迫强度增加而逐渐减少；而SOD的比活力均高于对照组，但随Te胁迫强度增加也呈逐渐减少趋势；Te（Ⅳ）胁迫没有改变螺旋藻中脂溶性色素的组成，但各色素的含量也随Te胁迫强度增加而下降；胞外多糖含量随Te胁迫强度增加而增加，但950mg／L实验组（第9dxTe（Ⅳ）为2．21），胞外多糖的含量反而下降。     

信息

3月中旬,云南省永胜县程海螺旋藻废水治理工程正式启动。程海湖属封闭式的陆湖,是全球3个产螺旋藻的湖泊之一。现已成为我国重要的螺旋藻生产基地,建成4家养殖厂,有螺旋藻养殖池46万平方米,年产干藻粉600吨,年排放废水133.8万立方米,若不治理这些废水,将造成程海水污染,并最终影响螺旋藻生产。为此,永胜县制订了废水治理方案,在政府的统一领导、协调下、由4个企业共同筹资,联合治理。目前,政府及4个企业已组成了“废水治理工程指挥部”,筹集启动资金10多万元。具体治理办法是:各厂自建废水调     

硅藻类粗多糖生物剂的制备及其对Cd2+的吸附性能

为了考察粗多糖对Cd2+的吸附性能,采用不同方法（稀酸法、稀碱法及超声-冻融-加热法）由海洋硅藻提取粗多糖,并进一步揭示硅藻粗多糖对Cd2+的吸附潜力.通过对比不同方法下粗多糖的组分质量分数（总糖、蛋白质和硫酸基）及其对Cd2+的吸附量,筛选出优质的粗多糖吸附材料,利用FTIR（傅里叶变换红外光谱）和SEM（扫描电镜）浅析粗多糖对Cd2+的吸附机制,采用吸附动力学和吸附等温模型详细探讨其对Cd2+的吸附特性.结果表明:①超声-冻融-加热法比稀酸法、稀碱法所提取的粗多糖的总糖质量分数高,分别为31.39%（480 nm）、26.74%（490 nm）;蛋白质杂质质量分数为7.09%,硫酸基质量分数为2.86%.②硅藻类细胞壁具有微孔结构,主要是由硅藻壳、多糖、蛋白质和脂肪组成,提取出的粗多糖表面均含有氨基、酰胺基、羰基、羟基等官能团,为其吸附重金属离子提供可能性.③超声-冻融-加热法在3倍体积乙醇沉淀时提取的粗多糖对Cd2+吸附量最大,为353.12 mg/g;该粗多糖对Cd2+的吸附更符合伪二级动力学模型,表明吸附过程有化学吸附参与;相比于Freundlich等温吸附模型,吸附数据更符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,表明该粗多糖对Cd2+的吸附主要为单层吸附.研究显示,利用超声-冻融-加热法提取出的硅藻粗多糖对Cd2+的吸附量为353.12 mg/g,是一种很有应用潜力的生物吸附材料.      

环境生物学

X17 X703 9900051酚类化合物的生物吸附特征与其结构关系/陈勇生…(南开大学环境科学系)//中国环境科学/中国环境科学学会一1998,18(3)一248一251 环信X一58 选用经处理过的盐泽螺旋藻为吸附剂,研究其对10种酚类化合物的吸附行为,结果表明:盐泽螺旋藻对苯酚、邻苯二酚、对苯二酚、邻氨基酚、对氯酸和2,4一二氯酚6种酚均有不同程度的吸附,用Freundlieh和Langmui:吸附等温方程描述时,均呈现良好的线性关系;该6种酚的吸附常数k的对数值与其分子连接性指数(ZX”)呈良好的线性关系;盐泽螺旋藻对其余4种酚(邻甲酚、间轻基酚、间氨基酚、间乙酞…     

碱法提取的混合海洋硅藻粗多糖对铅离子的吸附特性研究

采用浓碱法(40 mg·mL~(-1)NaOH)辅助冻融、加热方法提取混合海洋硅藻粗多糖,通过比较粗多糖得率、总糖、蛋白质及硫酸基含量筛选提取方法,并利用最佳方法提取的粗多糖作为生物吸附剂对Pb~(2+)进行吸附.提取实验结果表明,最优的提取方法为浓碱(40 mg·mL~(-1)NaOH)-冻融法,其粗多糖得率为33.14%,总糖含量为31.65%(480 nm)和27.27%(490 nm),蛋白质含量为6.44%、硫酸基含量为3.23%.吸附结果表明,该粗多糖对Pb~(2+)的吸附在2 h左右达到平衡,在180 r·min-1、25℃、pH=4~6时吸附效果最佳;在初始浓度为600 mg·L-1混合重金属溶液条件下,粗多糖对Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Cu~(2+)和Ni~(2+)的吸附容量大小顺序为:Ni~(2+)Cu~(2+)Cd~(2+)Pb~(2+)(以物质的量浓度为单位进行评价);粗多糖中含有的小分子糖类杂质对Pb~(2+)吸附的贡献远远大于蛋白质杂质.吸附动力学拟合结果表明,此硅藻粗多糖对Pb~(2+)的吸附过程更符合伪二级动力学模型,且Langmuir方程拟合的可决系数R2大于0.9,说明粗多糖对Pb~(2+)的吸附为单层吸附.     

膜生物反应器中膜污染层胞外多糖性质及污染特征

胞外多糖是污水处理膜生物反应器中的重要膜污染物质,经醇析、Sevag法去除蛋白质、层析纯化、透析、冷冻干燥得胞外多糖样品。紫外光谱扫描鉴定该胞外多糖样品不含核酸及蛋白质,分别采用HPLC、GC、FT-IR及SEM等手段对其性质进行分析,考察其对聚偏氟乙烯膜的污染特征。结果表明,所得胞外多糖的重均分子量Mw为4.8×106,糖苷键类型主要为1-3和1-6型,是由葡萄糖、鼠李糖、木糖、甘露糖等组成、具有高度分枝网状结构的杂多糖。胞外多糖膜污染过程受沉积层控制,膜的主要污染形式为胞外多糖在膜表面的沉积。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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