气浮——厌氧——好氧工艺处理高浓度印染废水

根据高浓度印染废水水质特性，开发了气浮－厌氧－好氧处理工艺。并应用于处理工程中，获得了较好的效益。该系统运行结果表明，在进水平均ＣＯＤｃｒ２８８３ｍｇ／Ｌ和设定的ＨＲＴ下，气浮单元出水ＣＯＤｃｒ，为１５３９．０ｍｇ／Ｌ，厌氧池出水１１９２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ，好氧池出水２２５．３ｍｇ／Ｌ，总ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率为９２．２％，处理费用１．７３元／ｔ水，且处理出水可回用于生产，因此该工艺有推广应用的潜力。     

锐颈特与马拉硫磷交替使用对麦穗鱼脑乙酰胆碱酯酶活性恢复的 …

研究了５％锐颈特县浮剂与９５％马拉硫磷文替使用对麦穗鱼（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｒａｓｂｏｒａ ｐａｒｏａ）乙酰胆碱酯酶（ＡＣｈＥ,ＥＣ３．１．１．７）活性的影响。结果表明,０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ,锐颈物与２ｍｇ／Ｌ马拉硫磷交替使用均影响被抑制的ＡＣｈＥ活性恢复。文中还探讨了研究农药影响对于合理评价农药环境毒性的意义。     

石灰—硫酸亚铁法处理高浓度砷和氟酸性废水试验研究

采用二级石灰－硫酸亚铁法处理砷和氟浓度分别高达１１０ｍｇ／Ｌ和６５０ｍｇ／Ｌ以上的酸性废水。当一、二级控制条件分别为ｐＨ９．５和９．０、Ｆｅ／Ａｓ比为２．５和１５时，一级砷和氟去除率分别可达９９．５％和９４％，二级出口砷和氟残余浓度分别可低至０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ和１３．８ｍｇ／Ｌ，Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ和Ｐｂ等重金属离子均达检不出水平。     

Alcaligenessp.YF11菌杀灭菊酯的降解机理

测定了降解菌Ａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎｅｓｓｐ．ＹＦ１１对不同浓度杀灭菊酯的降解及其降解途径。在纯培养系统中,Ａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎｅｓｓｐ．ＹＦ１１对１００ｍｇ／Ｌ的杀灭菊 降解符合零级动力学特征。     

PNN破乳剂的合成及其乳化液废水处理

由氨,仲胺与伯胺及表卤代醇合成制备了合成制备了高效破乳剂ＰＮＮ,并用以处理乳化油废水,取得了较好的效果。结果表明,在ＰＨ＝６．０－７．５,投量为１．８８‰３．０‰的条件下,用ＰＮＮ处理ＣＯＤｃｒ为７１８４０ｍｇ／Ｌ、ｉｍｇ ｏ １５５３４ｍｇ／Ｌ、油为１５５３４ｍｇ／Ｌ的某乳化油废水,最佳ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率达９２．７％,最佳油去除率达９９．９％。,浊度去除率达到９９．９％,该药剂破乳后固液分离性能较     

光度法测定高浓度化学需氧量

在建立了低浓度化学需氧量光度测定法的基础上，进一步摸索了高浓度ＣＯＤ光度测定法的测试条件，实验证明，在波长６１０ｎｍ，重铬酸钾浓度（１／６Ｋ２Ｃｒ２Ｏ７）０．５５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的条件下，可以测定２００～２０００ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内的ＣＯＤ，结果令人满意，用该光度法测定的ＣＯＤ与标准滴定法的ＣＯＤ比值在０．９７～１．０３之间。     

水解——好氧——混凝沉淀工艺处理涤纶厂聚酯废水

报道了用上流式厌氧污泥床和生物接触氧化池对涤纶厂聚酯废水所进行的中试。当上流式厌氧污泥床进水ＣＯＤｃｒ浓度为１２００ｍｇ／Ｌ，经水解－好氧工艺处理后，好氧池出水的ＣＯＤｃｒ浓度为１６９．１ｍｇ／Ｌ，进一步混凝沉淀处理后，出水ＣＯＤｃｒ达８０ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

驯化活性污泥处理明胶有机废水的实验

利用驯化活性污泥对组分复杂的明胶有机废水进行有机物降解实验。结果表明,明胶废水的ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤｃｒ比值为０．４４－０．４６,ＣＯＤｃｒ进水浓度在１０００－１２００ｍｇ／Ｌ人,ＣＯＤｃｒ和ＢＯＤ５去除率分别达８１％－８３％和８６％－９１％。     

水解—好氧生物膜法处理含硫废水的中试研究

采用水解－－好氧生物膜法处理炼油过程中产生的含硫放心水,生产性试验结果表明,处理后出水水质稳定,其ＣＯＤ、氨氮、酚和硫化物分别为２３６ｍｇ／Ｌ、７４．３３ｍｇ／Ｌ、０．８６ｍｇ／Ｌ和１．２２ｍｇ／ｌ,相应的去除率分别为８８．６％,３８．４％、９９．７％和９４．１％,出水质达到国家三级排放标准。同时,由于把沉淀池污泥回流到水解池进行消化,所以无剩余污泥排放。     

光催化氧化-混凝工艺处理化工废水

探索了光催化氧化－混凝工艺处理废水的工艺条件,最佳光催化氧化处理条件为ＰＨ＝３,催化剂为铁盐,氧化剂Ｈ２Ｏ２,低压汞灯,光照时间１．５ｈ,废水温度４５℃,温凝剂选用ＰＡＣ和ＰＡＭ（混凝剂的投加量为原水ＣＯＤｃｒ：ＰＡＣ：ＰＡＭ＝７：１．５：０．０１）,混凝ＰＨ６,沉降时间０．５ｈ,在该工艺条件对ＣＯＤｃｒ为１７３－７０１４４ｍｇ／Ｌ的十二烷基苯磺酸钠废水、苯酐废水、富马酸废水、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯废水     

大水深水库内源污染特征及控制技术

对黑河金盆水库水温、溶解氧、pH和底部水质的监测分析结果表明,黑河金盆水库属于稳定的大水深分层型水库,水体分层阻碍了上下层水体之间的物质交换,在水体和底泥耗氧的双重作用下,溶解氧从表层水体的8 mg/L左右降低到底层水体的0.1～0.2 mg/L;在厌氧条件下,底部沉积物中N、P、Fe和Mn等污染物大量释放,导致底部水体中NH3-N、TN、TP、Fe、Mn和COD均值分别达到2.22、2.30、0.05、0.13、2.53、74.00 mg/L。针对水体分层对底部水质产生的不利影响,认为扬水曝气技术适宜于大水深水库的水质原位改善和内源污染控制。     

超滤与电渗析联用降低油田采出水矿化度中试试验研究

以大庆油田常规处理后的油田采出水为处理对象,建立日产水300t的超滤预处理和电渗析脱盐处理中试试验装置.考察该工艺所能达到的技术经济指标,掌握放大规律,为万吨级工业装置和系统的设计提供基础数据.经过3000h长时间连续试运行,系统出水水质稳定,出水浊度低于1.0 NTU,悬浮物和含油量低于1.00 mg/L,矿化度低于1000 mg/L,水质完全满足配制聚合物用水要求,证明采用处理后的油田采出水代替清水作为聚合物驱用水是可行的.     

Pesticide residues in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Nile perch (Lates niloticus) from Southern Lake Victoria, Tanzania

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Nile perch (Lates niloticus) samples were collected from fish landing stations in nine riparian districts on the Tanzanian side of Lake Victoria and screened for residues of 64 organochlorine, organophosphorus, carbamate, and pyrethroid pesticides. The residue levels in the fish fillet were up to 0.003, 0.03 and 0.2 mg/kg fresh weight (0.7, 3.8 and 42 mg/kg lipid weight) of fenitrothion, DDT and endosulfan, respectively. Mean levels within sites were up to 0.002, 0.02 and 0.1 mg/kg fresh weight (0.5, 0.5 and 16 mg/kg lipid weight), respectively. The detection of higher levels of p,p'-DDT than the degradation products (p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDE), and higher levels of endosulfan isomers (alpha and beta) than the sulphate, in fish samples, implied recent exposure of fish to DDT and endosulfan, respectively. Generally, most of the fish samples had residue levels above the average method detection limits (MDLs), but were within the calculated ADI.     

Seasonal variation of organochlorine contaminants in bonito (Sarda sarda L. 1758) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus L. 1758) in Black Sea region, Turkey

The concentrations of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine insecticides were determined in bonito (Sardasarda L. 1758) and anchovy (Engraulisencrasicolus L. 1758) from the Black Sea, Turkey. Concentrations of total indicator PCBs ranged between <1-17.0 in bonito, and <1-17.5 ng/g fresh weight in anchovy, and total of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-chlorophenyl-ethane and its metabolites’ (DDTs) concentrations ranged between 13.4-26.3, and 2.96-19.0 ng/g fresh weight in bonito and anchovy respectively. PCB 52, p,p′-DDE and endosulfan (α + β) were found dominant in both of the fish species. Except endosulfan, and some DDT metabolites, none of the studied organochlorine pesticides was detected in the fish samples. Concentrations of PCBs in anchovy were found higher than those in bonito, whereas DDT and endosulfan concentrations were found similar in both of the fish species. All of the fish samples had residue concentrations below the maximum residue limits (MRL) recommended by FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission.     

内源电子受体产生及其在抑制富磷剩余污泥释磷行为中的应用

根据生物脱氮除磷系统产生的富磷剩余污泥含有硝化细菌和生产废水含有高浓度氨氮的特点,将生产废水中的氨氮转化为硝酸盐(内源电子受体),并将获得的内源电子受体利用在富磷剩余污泥浓缩过程,同步实现内源电子受体反硝化及其抑制富磷剩余污泥释磷行为。结果表明,将富磷剩余污泥(excess activated sludge,EAS。EAS1是在好氧方式下添加,EAS2是在缺氧方式下添加)与生产废水(reject water)按4种比例(Ⅰ、生产废水∶EAS1∶EAS2=15%∶85%∶0%;Ⅱ、生产废水∶EAS1∶EAS2=15%∶80%∶5%;Ⅲ、生产废水∶EAS1∶EAS2=15%∶75%∶10%;Ⅳ、生产废水∶EAS1∶EAS2=15%∶65%∶20%)混合曝气用于产生内源电子受体时,最佳硝化时间均为12 h,可将液相中的氨氮分别由初始的(113.16±0.85)mg/L、(117.18±4.39)mg/L、(129.48±4.85)mg/L及(142.53±0)mg/L降至(0.74±0.41)mg/L、(0.45±0.15)mg/L、(0.41±0.15)mg/L及(0.38±0.08)mg/L;同时,硝酸盐氮分别由初始的(7.48±7.91)mg/L、(12.87±5.81)mg/L、(12.87±5.81)mg/L及(13.55±6.18)mg/L升为(128.37±11.03)mg/L、(141.43±12.71)mg/L、(148.01±14.84)mg/L及(146.22±7.53)mg/L。内源电子受体可将重力浓缩过程中释磷量分别削减85%、63%、64%及83%,同时使得由生产废水回流引起的氨氮积累量分别减少89.25%、69.93%、74.31%及85.40%。在整个内源电子受体产生及其应用于抑制污泥释磷阶段,TN去除率分别为39.59%、44.54%、51.86%及57.33%。上述内源电子受体胁迫条件下的浓缩过程中,不仅可以有效降低由重力浓缩释磷引起的磷积累量,且可同步实现减少由生产废水回流引起的氨氮积累量。     

低C/N比水产养殖废水生物脱氮实验研究

随着短程硝化-反硝化理论研究的发展,在低C/N比条件下,实现污水的生物脱氮处理已成为可能。为此,设计了水产养殖用水的三级生物膜短程硝化-反硝化处理工艺,并对该工艺在去除模拟水产养殖废水主要污染物的作用进行了初步研究。研究结果表明,在进水pH值7.5~8.5,温度为28~32℃,溶解氧为0.5~1 mg/L,游离氨浓度为5~10 mg/L的条件下,模拟废水的COD、NH4+-N和TN的平均去除率分别达到94.4%、91.6%和70.1%;并且低C/N比对出水氨氮NH4+-N的去除率影响不大,NO2--N的平均浓度控制在5.2 mg/L以下,低于鱼类的耐受浓度。表明该短程硝化-反硝化工艺设计,可用于低C/N比水产养殖废水主要污染物的生物处理,尤其是可消除NO2--N对水产养殖的潜在威胁,基本达到养鱼回用标准。     

Acute toxicity, uptake and clearance of diazinon by the European eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.).

The toxicity, accumulation, and elimination of diazinon were investigated for the european eel, Anguilla anguilla. The 24, 48, 72 and 96-h median lethal concentrations (LC50) were 0.16, 0.11, 0.09 and 0.08 mg/L, respectively. Fish exposed to sublethal concentration (0.042 mg/L) accumulated diazinon in liver and muscle tissues. Bioconcentration factors (BCF) of diazinon were 1850 in liver, and 775 in muscle over the 96-h exposure period. Upon removal from diazinon containing water the contaminated fish rapidly eliminated diazinon. The excretion rate constants of this insecticide were 0.108 h-1 for liver and 0.016 h-1 for muscle. Diazinon half-lives were 16.6 and 33.2 hours for liver and muscle, respectively.     

Toxicity and removal of pesticides by selected aquatic plants

Pesticides are being detected in water bodies on an increasingly frequent basis. The present study focused on the phytoremediation potential of selected aquatic plants to remove phytosanitary products from contaminated water. We investigated the uptake capacity of Lemna minor (L. minor), Elodea canadensis (E. canadensis) and Cabomba aquatica (C. aquatica) on three pesticides: copper sulphate (fungicide), flazasulfuron (herbicide) and dimethomorph (fungicide). Pesticide toxicity was evaluated by exposing plants to five concentrations (0-1 mg L(-1)) in culture media for 7d using chlorophyll fluorescence as a biomarker. The toxicity of the contaminants was the same for all the aquatic plants studied and occurred in this descending order of toxicity: flazasulfuron>copper>dimethomorph. We found that L. minor had the most efficient uptake capacity, followed by E. canadensis and then C. aquatica. The maximum removal rate (microg g(-1)fresh weight d(-1)) of copper, flazasulfuron and dimethomorph was 30, 27 and 11, respectively.     

接种稀释水的空白对BOD_5测定的影响

从接种液种类、空白 BOD5大小、接种液最佳添加范围等方面对 BOD5测定进行探讨 ,提出以接纳工业废水的河水作为最佳接种液 ,雨季时以土壤浸取液更适合。探讨了接种液空白值对 BOD5标液和工业废水的影响。结果表明 ,河水空白应控制在 0 .1～0 .8mg/ L,土壤浸取液空白控制在 0 .0 1～ 0 .1 0 mg/ L为宜。     

Nationwide monitoring of mercury in wild and farmed fish from fresh and coastal waters of Korea

Mercury (Hg) concentrations were monitored in wild and cultured fish collected from fresh and coastal waters in the Korean peninsula from April 2006 to August 2008 nationwide. Total Hg concentrations were reported for 5043 fish samples, including 78 species from 133 locations. Significant interspecies variation was noted in the Hg levels. The average Hg concentration in each fish species ranged from 6.31 μg kg⁻¹ for mullet (Mugil cephalus) to 200 μg kg⁻¹ for mandarin fish (Siniperca scherzeri). Among the species collected, the maximum concentration of Hg, 1720 μg kg⁻¹, was measured in an Amur catfish (Silurus asotus). Only wild freshwater fish exceeded the WHO ingestion standard. Wild freshwater piscivorous fish samples from a large artificial upstream lake contained the highest Hg levels. Hg concentrations were compared between fish groups categorized as wild and farmed fish from freshwater and coastal waters. Although the wild freshwater fish had similar size ranges, their Hg concentrations were higher than those of the other groups. Compared to the feed of farmed marine and freshwater fishes, the prey of wild freshwater fish had a higher Hg concentration, and the total Hg concentrations in freshwater and associated sediment samples were higher than those in coastal water and associated sediment samples. In the freshwater environment, piscivorous fish bioaccumulated two times more Hg than carnivorous and omnivorous fish and four times more than planktivorous fish. The difference in Hg concentrations among trophic groups might have been due to differences in the size of fish, in addition to the variations among different trophic groups. These data will be useful for developing the fish consumption advisory as a management measure to reduce Hg exposure.