高效好氧反硝化细菌的筛选及脱氮特性的研究

由焦化废水生化处理站曝气池驯化后的活性污泥分离纯化得到三株好氧反硝化细菌,通过脱硝酸盐氮对比实验得到一株高效好氧反硝化细菌F10分别在不同温度(20-40℃)、pH(5.5-8.0)、C/N比(白糖与KNO3质量比1.0-2.0)、焦化废水COD(500-1 000mg/L)稀释液的条件下确定好氧反硝化优势菌脱氮的最佳...     

用预曝气和预沉淀控制活性污泥沉降性能

本文对常规的活性污泥工艺增加一个预曝气和预沉淀步骤作了研究。小试得出了F/M比值(即污泥负荷,译者注)和污泥年龄对污泥沉降性能的关系。在两项试验中,可见工艺的稳定性较之常规有了改善。在较大的F/M比值范围内有着良好的污泥沉降性能。本文还对处理费用作了经济分析。     

F/M对活性污泥微生物生态网络的影响

为深入理解有机负荷率(F/M)对活性污泥(AS)微生物群落的影响,以F/M(以BOD/MLVSS计,下同)设计建议范围0.2～0.5 kg·(kg·d)-1为依据,将采集的AS样品分为3组,运用基于随机矩阵理论(RMT)的网络分析方法,解析了不同F/M条件下的AS微生物生态网络拓扑性质及结构特征.结果表明,较低的F/M...     

荧光法测定悬浮培养藻体叶绿素含量的研究

实验室常采用荧光检测技术实现对藻的定量检测。藻细胞沉降,导致其荧光值受静置时间影响较大,静置1min时,荧光值的衰减率达ΔF/F_0=-9.96%,无法获得准确的藻浓度。因此,本文提出一种藻体样品制备方法,培养过程中添加琼脂粉(0.08~0.10g/100m L)作为藻液悬浮稳定剂。用该方法培养的藻液其悬浮性、稳定性均有明显提高,且静置1h后,ΔF/F_0=-4.82%≤±5%。减少了藻体沉降对测定结果的影响,确保了荧光光度法测定叶绿素含量的准确性。     

汞对鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio L.)组织中某些元素含量比的影响

用扫描电子显微镜-X射线能谱仪测定了鲤鱼、脑、肝胰脏等器官中元素Na、P、K的含量比与其对汞吸收量之间的关系。结果表明,经高浓度汞(0.1mg/L)处理的鱼体组织中含汞量与Na呈正相关,与P、K呈负相关;经低浓度处理(0.01mg/L),其相关性不明显,但其净效应差值(ΔHg)与各元素含量比有密切关系,即ΔHg=0时比值最高。     

三峡库区典型流域水华暴发评价函数模型研究

藻类在光照充足时将无机磷酸和ADP转化为ATP以储备能量,外部条件改变时,则ATP可逆转换为ADP以释放能量.在此理论框架下根据三峡库区典型流域水华暴发时的现场监测数据研究了绿藻光合磷酸化的活化能ΔE、计算了库区流域中若干水系在不同水文条件下提供的有效能量Δe和综合营养指数TLI(Σ),并以ΔE、Δe和TLI(Σ)为参数构建了预测和判断不同水域环境中水华是否暴发的水华暴发评价函数F,在考虑外部因素和内部因素对水华暴发影响程度的大量计算和分析的基础上,确定了ΔE、Δe和TLI(Σ)的相关权重分别为a₁=0.3,a₂=0.3,a₃=0.4.模型计算和实地验证表明:F比单纯的TLI(Σ)作为水华暴发或者水体富营养化的判据更合理,更有说服力和更具普适性.     

水分管理模式与土壤Eh值对水稻Cd迁移与累积的影响

通过水稻盆栽试验,研究了4种水分管理模式[水稻全生育期湿润灌溉(M)、灌浆期湿润和灌浆期后淹水灌溉(M-F)、灌浆期淹水和灌浆后湿润灌溉(F-M)、全生育期淹水灌溉(F)]对土壤Eh值、Cd生物有效性及对水稻Cd迁移与累积的影响.结果表明土壤Eh值从负值变为正值时,土壤交换态Cd含量先升高后降低.与M处理相比,F-M、M-F、F处理显著降低水稻根、茎叶、谷壳、糙米Cd含量,其中M-F和F处理水稻糙米Cd含量分别为0.19 mg·kg~(-1)和0.10 mg·kg~(-1),均低于国家食品污染物限量0.2 mg·kg~(-1)的标准(GB 2762-2012).与M处理相比,F-M、M-F、F处理显著降低水稻地上部Cd累积量和水稻中Cd的转运系数.水稻地上部分Cd累积量、水稻中Cd的转运系数、水稻糙米Cd含量与土壤Eh值均存在正指数关系.4种水分管理模式中,M-F处理的水稻产量最高.虽然威优46被认为是Cd高累积水稻品种,但是在5 mg·kg~(-1)的Cd污染土壤中进行适当的水分管理,威优46糙米Cd含量也能够达到国家标准.因此,为了保证水稻的食品安全和水稻产量,建议采用M-F处理作为水分管理模式,且灌浆期后的土壤Eh值保持在-160~-130 m V范围.     

活性污泥丝状菌膨胀的起因分析及控制措施

介绍近年来人们从污泥中新分离鉴定的一些丝状菌,如Herpetosiphon、杆菌属的Mycoides、Eikelboom属中021N、1701、0041和0803型等.曝气池中的泡沫是由放射菌纲的奴卡氏菌属产生的.活性污泥的絮凝体是一种含有蛋白质、核酸、碳水化合物和灰分的物质,增加絮凝体数量和大小有利于污泥沉降,而丝状菌菌丝总长度增加则使污泥沉降性能下降.由于保持较高溶解氧浓度(≥2mg/L)和污泥有机负荷(F/M),在曝气池前设置接触混合池、投加氯、间歇式进水等能抑制丝状菌生长,故这些都是消除丝状菌膨胀的有效措施。     

湖北省生态环境状况时空变化特征及影响因素分析

以2011-2015年湖北省土地利用类型遥感解译数据及相关水利和环统数据为基础,根据《生态环境状况评价技术规范》(HJ192-2015),对湖北省近5年来生态环境状况及其变化趋势进行分析;并通过对生态环境状况指数值(EI)与生物丰度指数等5个分指数之间的相关性分析,探究了影响湖北省生态环境状况的主要原因。结果表明:(1)2011-2015年湖北省生态环境状况总体良好,EI值保持在71左右,其中2013年指数值为五年间最低,EI整体上呈"M"型变化趋势。(2)相关性分析表明,湖北省生态环境状况主要受生物丰度指数、植被覆盖指数和土地胁迫指数的影响,相关系数分别为0.98、0.86和-0.73,均为显著强相关;而植被覆盖指数和水网密度指数值的变化对ΔEI的影响最大,二者与ΔEI的相关系数分别为0.89和0.71。     

PHB监测A^2/O工艺除磷及负荷率耦合关系的研究

以上海市白龙港城市污水厂初沉池污水为进水,培养驯化污泥并构建A2/O试验系统,监测PHB消耗、生成的动态变化,并分析其与除磷和BOD5负荷率的耦合关系.结果显示,曝气池中PHB的消耗与除磷呈现良好的正相关关系(P<0.05),平均消耗约140 mg左右的PHB可去除1 mg P;厌氧池中PHB的生成与释磷存在着极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01),平均释放1.17mg的磷可生成约100 mg的PHB;厌氧池中PHB的含量与系统F/M的正相关性显著(P<0.05),负荷为0.176 g/(g·d)较负荷0.413g/(g·d)下PHB的生成量平均减少约4 ms/g(以MLSS计);PHB的合成与厌氧池中BOD5的去除量的相关性较差(P>0.05),但与温度呈极为显著的正相关关系(P<0.01),温度的升高有助于微生物合成PHB,最高温度(33.2℃)比最低温度(17.1℃)活性污泥中PHB含量约增加5 mgg(以MLSS计),占总量的20%左右.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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