贵州主要耕作土壤的脲酶活性研究

首次较系统、全面地测定了贵州省主要耕作土壤的脲酶活性，分别探讨了水稻土和旱作土脲酶活性与土壤主要理化性状之间的关系。结果表明：耕作土壤脲酶活性因土壤利用状况、土壤类型和土壤肥力水平不同而有明显的差异，供试水稻土、旱作土和菜园土的平均脲酶活性分别为１５５、２７７和７０３ｍｇＮＨ４－Ｎ／１００ｇ土·２４ｈ；不同类型水稻土和旱作土具有不同的脲酶活性水平，这主要受成土条件、成土过程和土壤属性的影响；水稻土和旱作土的脲酶活性均随土壤肥力水平的提高而增强，说明脲酶活性强弱是表征土壤肥力高低的重要指标之一。回归分析表明，土壤脲酶活性主要受土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾等因素的影响，其中土壤基础铵量对耕作土壤脲酶活性的影响最大。水稻土脲酶活性还受土壤通透性的制约．而旱作土的则主要受土壤养分状况的影响。     

三峡库区小流域土地利用方式对土壤肥力的影响

为探讨三峡库区小流域不同土地利用方式对土壤肥力的影响特征，采用野外调查、取样和室内实验分析相结合的方法，对三峡库区五桥河流域内3种主要土地利用方式(旱地、柑橘园、林地)的土壤理化性状进行对比分析。结果表明，不同土地利用方式对土壤吧力具有较为明显的影响，土壤孔度、渗透率变化由大到小的次序为林地→柑橘园→旱地；土壤有机质和氮、磷、钾养分含量由大到小次序为林地→柑橘园→旱地。这与不同土地利用方式下人类耕作活动、对土地的劳力与经济投入不同密切相关。林地受人为扰动少，因而土壤肥力高；柑橘园、旱地受人类耕作活动影响大，但因柑橘园经济产出效益较高，农户对土地的投入相应较高，使得柑橘园土壤肥力高于旱地土壤。     

广东省土壤肥力监测总结

广东省土壤肥力监测总结广东省土壤肥料总站（广州５１０５００）土壤肥力监测（又称地力监测）是对农业区主要耕地类型的土壤理化性状和生产力进行监测，以便了解和掌握不同的耕作措施对地力的影响及其变化规律，为合理利用土地、保护和提高地力、指导农业生产提供科学依...     

施肥对落叶松人工林林地土壤肥力的可持续性的影响

以14年生和34年生落叶松人工林为研究对象，对该林分所在的白浆化暗棕壤林地进行施肥试验。设置了9个施肥处理和1个无肥对照，运用土壤生物和养分指标讨论了不同林龄落叶松人工林林地土壤肥力可持续性指数。结果表明：(1)不同施肥处理对土壤肥力可持续性指数影响不同；(2)同一施肥处理对不同林龄的土壤可持续性指数影响也不同；在林木生长最快的幼龄期施肥，提高土壤肥力可持续性指数的效果要明显高于在林木近熟期施肥；(3)施用有机肥有利于提高生物管理指数，单施化肥可增加土壤氮、磷的管理指数；(4)有机肥和化肥混施是提高林地土壤可持续性指数的最好施肥方式。     

耐氨固氮菌对水稻的增产效果及对土壤肥力变化的影响

耐氨固氮菌是通过基因工程选育出来的新型菌株，水稻接种后，因根系活性提高、吸收功能增强、体内营养状况得到改善而增产．盆栽和田间试验结果表明．水稻接种耐氨固氮菌后增产３．１％—７．１％，氮肥利用率提高１．４％—１１．２％；与对照区比较，土壤肥力并无下降的趋势，是一种投资小、简便易行的增产措施．     

西庄河流域土地利用方式对土壤肥力影响的研究

采用野外调查、取样和实验分析相结合的方法对云南省保山市西庄河山地流域内4种主要土地利用方式（林地、耕地、茶园、灌丛）的土壤理化性质进行对比研究，讨论了不同土地利用方式对土壤肥力的影响，结果表明，不同的土地利用方式对土壤肥力具有比较明显的影响：土壤有机质和全氮质量分数变化从大到小依次为灌丛＞林地＞茶园＞耕地；磷、钾元素表现为耕地＞茶园＞林地＞灌丛；土壤阳离子交换量表现为耕地＞茶园＞灌丛＞林地；盐基饱和度表现为耕地＞灌丛＞林地＞茶园；农业耕作活动对表层土壤物理性质影响明显。     

云南元谋干热河谷区土壤侵蚀对土壤肥力的影响

探讨了云南元谋干热河谷区土壤侵蚀对土壤肥力性质的影响．研究表明，土壤侵蚀使土壤中全氮、全磷、全钾以及碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾等养分淋失；同时，有机质含量减少，土壤有机无机复合量降低，松结态腐殖质减少．Ａ／Ｃ值下降；土壤中的过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶等活性也因侵蚀而降低．土壤侵蚀越强烈，土壤肥力退化愈严重．     

第四纪红壤不同熟化措施下的阴离子态养分含量及其剖面分布

本文对第四纪红壤及其发育的土壤中的６种必需阴离子态养分含量及其在土壤剖面中的分布进行了系统的讨论．结果表明，第四纪红壤中的各种必需阴离子态养分含量与土壤耕作熟化措施有关．荒地的ＮＯ、Ｃｌ－、Ｈ２ＢＯ较高，而开垦为旱地后，它们的含量下降；Ｈ２ＰＯ在土壤经过耕作熟化后有所提高；ＭｏＯ的含量则基本保持不变；与其它阴离子显著不同的是．经耕作熟化后，土壤有效性ＳＯ含量急剧增加，不同的阴离子态养分在土壤剖面中的分布特点不同．     

湘南水田施用硝态氮肥的土壤生态学效应

水田施用硝态氮肥，长期以来被人们视为禁区．我们于１９９０—１９９１年在中国农业科学院红壤实验站的田间试验结果表明：和铵态氮肥（氯化铵）相比，水田施用硝态氮能够提高土壤ｐＨ及速效磷和有效钾的含量，有利于晚稻收获后冬季绿肥作物的生长。但在水稻生长期间，钾和氮的流失较多，易于污染生态环境，也不利于土壤肥力的进一步提高．     

耕作方式对土壤微生物和土壤肥力的影响

通过2年田间定位试验,对比研究了免耕+秸秆覆盖、旋耕+秸秆覆盖和传统耕作:三种耕作方式对土壤温度、土壤呼吸速率、土壤微生物数量和土壤肥力状况的影响.结果表明:秸秆覆盖对地温的影响存在"双重效应";土壤温度、土壤呼吸速率和土壤微生物量碳三者之间存在凸面关系;秸秆还田后耕作措施对土壤0～10和10～20 cm的微生物数量的影响不同,但均能增加土壤微生物量;土壤微生物能够加快秸秆中的有机碳向土壤有机质的转化速率;土壤微生物量碳可以作为反映土壤生产力状况的重要生物学指标之一.     

苏南稻田土壤持续生产力与种植制度关系研究

研究了苏南稻田不同种植制度与土壤持续生产力的关系。维持土壤持续生产力的实质是维持土壤肥力，多熟种植制度养分产出增加，加大了土壤养分的消耗，但有机物质生产增加，有利于有机物质归还和土壤有机质平衡。在多熟种植制度中间套插种绿肥等豆科养地作物和油菜、蔬菜等培肥作物，结合秸秆还田和轮作，将能维持稻田多熟制的土壤持续生产力。     

Soil bacterial community characteristics of rice-rice-rape crop rotation北大核心CSCD

To investigate the characteristic changes in soil bacterial community under rice-rice-rape rotation in southern China, soil samples from a 30-year crop rotation and continuous cropping system were collected. Clone library and gene sequence analysis were adopted. The PCR amplification was carried out using universal primers of the 16S rDNA gene. The amplified fragments were then used to construct a clone library. The subclones were sequenced and analyzed. The experimental analysis showed that, in July 2015, and October and April 2016, the Shannon Wiener index and richness index of bacteria from the rotation treatment soils were higher than those of the continuous cropping treatment soil. The soil bacterial diversity of the rotation treatment was higher than that of the continuous cropping treatment. The results of BLAST analysis in the GenBank showed that Proteobacteria accounted 55% of total bacteria in the rotation treatment soil, whereas it accounted for 45% of total bacteria in continuous cropping treatment soil. Gemmatimonadetes accounted for 13% of the total bacteria in rotation treatment and 10% in the continuous cropping treatment. The proportion of Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, and Planctomycetes in rotation soil was less than those in the continuous cropping soil. Proteobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes were the dominant flora in soil. The changes in the predominant bacteria affected the diversity of soil bacteria in rotation and continuous cropping. The sequence analysis showed that the dominant bacteria in the soil were Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria, which higher than those in the rice-rice continuous cropping treatment. The sequences similar to Chloroflexi were observed in the rice-rice-rape rotation soils, but not in the continuous cropping soils. The results showed that the soil microbial population is conducted by agricultural tillage, and rice-rice-rape rotation increased the soil bacterial abundance compared with that of the rice-rice continuous treatment. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

赤红壤不同轮作形式的效益研究

赤红壤不同轮作形式的效益研究吴锦暖，程汝饱（广东省土壤研究所，广州ｓｌｔｈｅ）ＳｔｕｄｙｏｎＢｅｎｅｆｉｔｓｏｆＤｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔＣｒｏｐＲｏｔａｔｉｏｎＰａｔｔｅｒｎｓｉｎＬａｔｏｒｅｄＳｏｉｌＵｔｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ．￥ＷｕＪｉｎｎｕａｎａｎｄＣｈ...     

有机无机肥料对土壤肥力和作物产量的影响研究初报

研究有机无机肥料对土壤肥力及作物产量的影响．５年的定位监测结果表明，施无机Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ结合冬蔬菜残茎叶还田，不但能增加作物产量和提高经济效益．而且还能培肥土壤．而无机肥料加猪粪或冬绿肥还田的增产效果及土壤培肥效果与全无机肥相近．稻秆还田是增加土壤有机质的一项比较明显的有效措前，这一结论得到了再次验证．施用有机肥料可以增加土壤有效态微量元素的含量．     

黄土塬区果园套种对土壤微生物及酶活性的影响

研究了黄土塬区塬面不同套种作物的幼树苹果园土壤微生物的分布和酶活性。结果表明，果园土壤中微生物的分布在果树行与套种行中是不均匀的，细菌和真菌多为果树行多于套种行；土壤的过氧化氢酶，蔗糖酶，脲酶以及中性磷酸酶活性在套种小麦的果园中以套作行高于果树行，而套种烤烟则使脲酶和中性磷酸酶活性有所降低。套种豆类有利于土壤肥力的均衡发展。     

广东耕地地力调查与质量评价试点工作的成果及其应用展望

根据农业部的布置，广东省选择佛山市高明区开展耕地地力调查与质量评价试点工作。查清了高明区耕地等级及其分布、土壤肥力状况、土壤及水源受污染的背景，建立了高明区耕地质量管理信息系统，为高明区土壤合理利用和改良、作物布局调整、肥料合理生产和正确施用、土地有偿使用、无公害优质农产品生产等提供了指导，也为今后全省各地开展该项工作提供了参考。     

江苏省沿江高沙土地区种植业可持续发展的技术途径研究

根据多年的生产实践经验和定位试验结果，提出了江苏省沿江高沙土地区多熟种植制、合理轮耕制、用养结合的培肥制和高产高效的栽培制相结合的种植业可持续发展的一体化技术体系，研究结果对我国中低产土壤地区种植业的持续发展具有重要意义。     

Soil landscape constraint mapping for coastal land use planning using geographic information system

The aim of the study was to delineate soil landscape constraints to various land uses for urban and regional planning in the coastal areas of New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Soil landscape units mapped at 1:100,000 or coarser were sub-divided into component facets using advanced terrain modelling techniques in a geographic information system (GIS). The output facet grids were further overlain and linked with relevant GIS layers and soil databases to derive soil landscape constraint ratings for various land use purposes such as residential development, cropping and grazing. The constraint ratings for a specific land use were calculated based on objective and rule-based assessments of soil and landscape features such as engineering hazards, intrinsic fertility, drainage and other parameters. A series of soil landscape constraint maps which portray specific land use capability have been produced for the NSW coast. The methodology developed in this study has been demonstrated to be efficient in delineating soil landscape constraints and there is over 90% agreement between the model outputs and the assessment by soil surveyors with local knowledge. The output maps show levels of unprecedented detail of soil and landscape constraint for the coast of NSW and can be readily interpreted by land use planners and land managers for sustainable land use decision making practices.     

Farmers' perceptions of constraints to plantain production in Ghana

SUMMARY

Plantain (Musa AAB), a primary food crop in Ghana, is a key component in sustainable agricultural systems in high rainfall zones. Recently, there has been a substantial yield decline and reduction in plantation life. To elucidate the context in which intervention strategies should be developed, a Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) was conducted at five villages in the major plantain-producing belt of Ghana. The importance of plantain as a preferred food was confirmed, although farmers tended to sell plantain for cash income, using cheaper, less preferred alternatives for home consumption. Farmers identified decreasing soil fertility, the high cost of labour for weeding, pests and diseases, lack of good quality planting material and marketing-related issues as the major production constraints. Due to declining productivity in less fertile regions, plantain has been replaced with other food crops such as cassava and maize. Farmers overestimated the importance of insect pests but were unaware of the extensive damage that could be caused by nematodes and the foliar disease, black sigatoka. They observed, however, that pest damage is more severe when soil fertility is poor. Clearly, integrated pest management is likely to be most effective when practiced within the context of cropping systems management; sustainable strategies that are being developed for resource-limited plantain farmers in Ghana are discussed.