瓦里关地区大气浑浊度的观测与分析

利用瓦里关地区19949年9月－2000年9月太阳直接辐的分光观测资料,分析了该地区大气浑浊度系数的特征,并对1999年4月4次大风和扬沙过程的载尘尘量进行了估算。结果表明：（1）瓦里关地区大气浑浊系数的年平均值为0．047,波长指数平均值为4．673;大气浑浊度系数的季节变化明显,但日变化不明显。（2）大气浑浊度系数与地面风向、风速有密切关系：1999年N风时大气浑浊度系数最大,NW风次之,而SE风时大气浑浊度系数最小。≥5．0m/s的风速对大气浑浊系数的变化影响最大。（3）该地区大气相当洁净,受人类活动的影响较小,其大气浑浊度状况与同期五道染地区同属一个量级。     

呼和浩特城区最大混合层厚度变化特征分析

根据干绝热曲线法求算最大混合层厚度（MMD）的理论,使用呼和浩特市1956年11月至2009年3月逐日的常规气象观测资料,计算并分析了呼和浩特城区最大混合层厚度的时间变化特征。从月平均值的年变化看,12月最低（993m）,5月份最高（2874m）。旬平均值的年变化趋势基本上与月平均值的年变化一致。当呼和浩特地区日平均风...     

大气边界层的国内外研究现状

对大气边界层的理论基础、确定方法、特征要素、影响因子、时空变化特征以及与大气污染间的相互作用进行总结,得出以下结论:大气边界层的理论体系较为完备,但理论研究进展缓慢;廓线测量是确定大气边界层结构最常用的方法,雷达、数值模拟等方法仍需对比验证;大气边界层日变化、季节变化特征十分明显,海陆间边界层变化特征差异明显,戈壁、高原等地区的大气边界层特征较为特殊;大气边界层结构,尤其是风速风向、混合层高度对大气环境有明显的影响;大气污染对大气边界层的影响和区域大气边界层特征的研究较少,可作为今后的研究重点。     

大气测试的现代化装备——多普勒声雷达

边界层大气中风速的测量对于大气湍流、大气扩散和污染等问题的研究是十分重要的。某些天气过程与低空风场的结构有着密切的联系。七十年代以来,遥感技术的迅速发展,尤其是多普勒声雷达在气象、环境和军事部门的广泛应用,它能实时地提供边界层大气中的风速、风向和风速廊线等资料。并且能实时地探测边界层大气中风场的结构、辐射逆温层的建立及其变化,混合层的形成,复盖逆温层的抬升及其厚度和逆温强度的变化对大气污染     

环境评价污染气象观测与分析的几个问题

就实际环评工作中污染气象观测与分析中资料的选取与分析,地面常规气象资料的统计与分析,大气边界层观测与分析等几个问题提出了看法和建议。     

边界层参数化方案对FLEXPART-WRF耦合影响的数值模拟研究——以某核电站为例

核电站发生事故时放射性核素释放到大气中会对周围环境造成污染。为揭示核事故下放射性核素在大气中的扩散规律，将中尺度气象模式WRF与拉格朗日粒子扩散模式FLEXPART相耦合，以某核电站为例，采用WRF中的3种典型边界层参数化方案(YSU、MYNN2.5、ACM2)对一次台风过程期间的放射性物质扩散进行了虚拟算例模拟，分析了参数化方案对耦合模型FLEXPART-WRF模拟结果的影响。结果表明：3组参数化方案的风场模拟结果均与观测数据吻合较好，浓度和湿沉降扩散结果基本反映了模拟区域的流场和降水特征；扩散速度受不同边界层方案气象模拟结果的影响，ACM2方案的扩散速度最快，分别较MYNN2.5和YSU快3～16h; 3组方案的湿沉降值均先快速增大后趋于稳定，峰值以ACM2最大，MYNN2.5居中，YSU最小，数值相继差约1.0E+6 pg/m²。耦合模型可用于评价核事故下气载放射性核素扩散对环境的影响，进而综合各边界层参数化方案的模拟结果开展防护行动。     

基于激光雷达的成都市气溶胶光学厚度的时间变化特征研究

利用2013年9月~2014年8月期间成都市基于激光雷达和太阳光度计观测反演的气溶胶光学厚度资料,对激光雷达资料的适用性和气溶胶光学厚度的时间变化特征进行了研究。结果表明:(1)激光雷达与太阳光度计观测反演的气溶胶光学厚度的相关性较高,说明激光雷达的观测结果具有较好的适用性。(2)成都市气溶胶光学厚度整体较高,全年AOD的平均值约为1.00。(3)气溶胶光学厚度的季节差异明显,呈现出冬季最大、秋季和春季次之、夏季最小的特征。(4)月平均气溶胶光学厚度呈"双峰"结构,峰值分别出现在2月和11月,谷值出现在6月;(5)气溶胶光学厚度的日变化特征显著,一天当中12:00达到最大值,17:00左右达到最小值。     

瓦里关山大气浑浊度的初步分析

根据青海省瓦里关山１９９７年２、６、８、１２月太阳直接分光辐射观测资料,利用简化的辐射传输方程和Ａｎｇｓｔｒｏｍ公式计算了大气光学厚度和大气浑浊度系数,分析了该地春、冬季大气浑浊度的特点。     

成都地区大气边界层的某些特征

根据在凤凰山机场和双流机场所获得的观测资料,给出了成都地区大气边界层的风速廓线。分析了辐射逆温的形成、发展和演变过程,及其精细结构。计算了离地面２米高处空气的变温率,结果表明,辐射逆温完全受地面长波辐射冷却和太阳辐射加热所控制。     

珠江三角洲一次探空过程风的垂直结构特征研究

应用2004 - 10月在珠江三角洲城市群(番禺)、珠江口沿岸(新垦)和乡村(清远)大气边界层观测的资料,对珠江三角洲大气边界层风的垂直结构特征进行了分析和对比.分析结果表明:受下垫面影响,城市群、乡村和珠江口沿岸的风垂直结构以及其日变化各有特点.城市热岛比较明显,系统风小时可以观测到热岛环流;珠江口沿岸夜间有明显的海...     

乌鲁木齐黑碳气溶胶浓度时间变化特征及影响因素分析

利用乌鲁木齐市环境空气超级站中MAAP-5012型黑碳仪对乌鲁木齐市黑碳气溶胶进行连续一年的监测,并结合乌鲁木齐环境空气质量城市站小时数据和日数据及气象数据对黑碳气溶胶变化情况进行综合分析.结果 表明:2019年6月至2020年5月乌鲁木齐黑碳气溶胶浓度日均值为1 506(±1 096) ng/m3,本底值为575 n...     

An Analysis of the Wind Energy Potential of Elazig,Turkey

Abstract

In this study, the wind energy potential of Elazig is statistically analyzed based on hourly measured wind speed data over the five-year period from 1998 to 2002. The probability density distributions are derived from cumulative distribution functions. Two probability density functions are fitted to the measured probability distribution on a yearly basis. The wind energy potential of the location is studied based on the Weibull and Rayleigh distributions. It was found that the numerical values of both Weibull parameters (k and c) for Elazig vary over a wide range. The yearly values of k range from 1.653 to 1.878 with an average value of 1.819, while those of c are in the range of 2.757–2.994 m/s with an average value of 2.824 m/s. In addition, yearly mean wind speed and mean power density of Elazig is found as 2.79 m/s and 38.76 W/m², respectively. The wind speed distributions are represented by Weibull distribution and also by Rayleigh distribution, with a special case of the Weibull distribution for k = 2. As a result, the Rayleigh distribution is found to be suitable to represent the actual probability of wind speed data for Elazig.     

我国工业SO2排放趋势及影响因素分析

分析了我国工业SO2排放量的变化趋势，以及其与GDP、工业产值、火电厂发电量等指标的变化关系；利用50个省市1998—2007年的有关数据建立了SO2排放量的影响因素面板数据模型，力求通过定量分析识别影响我国工业SO2排放量的关键因素。研究表明，我国工业SO2排放量与第二产业比重、火力发电比重并无明显关系，而GDP、发电量、一次能源转化效率、SO2去除率存在显著关系，对SO2工业实际排放量起决定作用的是SO2的去除率。     

Variations in pesticide leaching related to land use, pesticide properties, and unsaturated zone thickness

Pesticide leaching through variably thick soils beneath agricultural fields in Morgan Creek, Maryland was simulated for water years 1995 to 2004 using LEACHM (Leaching Estimation and Chemistry Model). Fifteen individual models were constructed to simulate five depths and three crop rotations with associated pesticide applications. Unsaturated zone thickness averaged 4.7 m but reached a maximum of 18.7 m. Average annual recharge to ground water decreased from 15.9 to 11.1 cm as the unsaturated zone increased in thickness from 1 to 10 m. These point estimates of recharge are at the lower end of previously published values, which used methods that integrate over larger areas capturing focused recharge in the numerous detention ponds in the watershed. The total amount of applied and leached masses for five parent pesticide compounds and seven metabolites were estimated for the 32-km2 Morgan Creek watershed by associating each hectare to the closest one-dimensional model analog of model depth and crop rotation scenario as determined from land-use surveys. LEACHM parameters were set such that branched, serial, first-order decay of pesticides and metabolites was realistically simulated. Leaching is predicted to be greatest for shallow soils and for persistent compounds with low sorptivity. Based on simulation results, percent parent compounds leached within the watershed can be described by a regression model of the form e(-depth) (a ln t1/2-b ln K OC) where t1/2 is the degradation half-life in aerobic soils, K OC is the organic carbon normalized sorption coefficient, and a and b are fitted coefficients (R2 = 0.86, p value = 7 x 10(-9)).     

Monitoring the volume and lateral spread of disposed sediments by acoustic methods, Oslo Harbor, Norway

Acoustic equipment, including interferometric sonar and parametric sub-bottom profiler, have been used to determine the volume and lateral spread of dredged sediments disposed in the natural submarine depression in the Bekkelag Basin, inner Oslofjord since the beginning of the Oslo Harbor remediation project in 2006. This natural depression is used as a subaqueous confined disposal facility (CDF). Calculation of the volume of disposed sediments in the CDF is based on elevation change, derived from two high-resolution bathymetric datasets obtained in 2004, i.e. before the onset of the remediation project, and in April 2008. Seismic profiles across the CDF have been used to estimate the settlement of the original seabed, caused by loading-induced dewatering and compaction of the seabed sediments under the disposed masses.Detailed bathymetry and backscatter data demonstrate the lateral spread of disposed sediments within a well-confined area covering ca. 195,000 m². The sea bottom within this area is distinctly softer than the surrounding seabed as shown by very low acoustic backscatter amplitude, signifying a very loose surface character of the disposed sediments. The thickness of the disposed sediments reaches 6 m the deepest part of the original depression. The volume calculation of the disposed sediments in the CDF, based solely on bathymetry data, gives a value of ca. 310,000–320,000 m³. Settlement of the original seabed as a result of loading has been estimated to be 30 cm at 5 m thickness of the disposed sediments. Under the condition that the settlement rate is linearly correlated to the thickness of disposed sediments, the settlement corrected volume of disposed sediments is ca. 330,000–340,000 m³. Presented results demonstrate high accuracy and good reproducibility of acoustic seafloor data, and indicate a great potential of such methods as monitoring tools in environmental projects that involve dredging and subaqueous disposal.     

Numerical studies on the thermal regimes of the horizontal tube falling film evaporation under varying feeder height

ABSTRACT

This paper discusses about the effect of feeder height and heat flux on the heat transfer characteristics of horizontal tube falling film evaporation in the thermal regimes. In order to investigate this, a two- dimensional CFD model was developed to perform simulation and results were compared and validated with published data available in the literature. Heat transfer co-efficients in the thermal regimes were determined from the CFD simulation and the results were recorded, analyzed and validated with the mathematical models available in the literature. The novelty of the current study is to predict the commencement of the fully developed thermal region over the tube from the simulation model under varying feeder height and heat flux. An effort was also made to measure the liquid film thickness around the tube from the CFD model in the thermal regimes. It is observed that angle of thermally developing region contracts and fully developed thermal region extends with the increase of the feeder height and heat flux. It is observed from the study that increase of heat flux by 10 kW/m² resulted in increase of heat transfer co-efficient value by 10–12% average in thermally developing region and 12–15% average in fully developed region. Thinnest liquid film thickness observed between 85 and 127°angle. Shifting of thinnest region of liquid film upward from the mid tube with the increase of the feeder height and heat flux is noted.     

JUVENILE BLUEBACK HERRING (ALOSA AESTIVALIS) SURVIVAL VIA TURBINE AND SPILLWAY1

ABSTRACT: The 48 h survival of emigrating juvenile blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) was estimated at 96 ± 6.7 percent in passage through a Kaplan-type turbine and at 88.3 ± 10.7 percent (90 percent confidence interval) over a spillway (3.7 m high and spillage of 1.2 m³/s) of a low-head hydro darn (8.3 m). These results suggest that diversion of juvenile alosids over spillways may not be assumed to be a totally benign strategy without obtaining site-specific data. A remarkable similarity in survival rates of fish observed through turbine routes in this study and others suggests that these trends may be common. However, due to a lack of sufficient data, such a conclusion cannot be made for survival over spillways.     

高温干旱天气下长株潭地区PM_(2.5)的变化规律研究

以湖南省长株潭地区24个环境空气质量监测国控点数据为基础,对2013年6月~8月持续高温干旱天气条件下,长株潭地区城市PM2.5浓度的日、月变化规律,以及点位差异性分布等进行分析。结果表明,进入夏季持续高温干旱天气后,PM2.5质量浓度较冬季显著下降。受人为活动影响,位于商业区的监测站点的PM2.5较其他站点高;不同城市PM2.5的日变化规律基本一致,呈双峰型;夏季PM2.5上午出现最高值的时间比冬季提前1 h左右,商业区站点的PM2.5最高值出现的时间较其他类型站点早1~2 h。非工作日PM2.5的峰值出现在夜间和凌晨,而工作日则出现在上午9~11点。     

Estimating Current and Future Groundwater Resources of the Maldives

The water resources of the atolls of the Republic of Maldives are under continual threat from climatic and anthropogenic stresses, including land surface pollution, increasing population, drought, and sea‐level rise (SLR). These threats are particularly acute for groundwater resources due to the small land surface area and low elevation of each island. In this study, the groundwater resources, in terms of freshwater lens thickness, total volume of fresh groundwater, and safe yield are estimated for the 52 most populous islands of the Maldives for current conditions and for the year 2030, with the latter accounting for projected SLR and associated shoreline recession. An algebraic model, designed in previous studies to estimate the lens thickness of atoll islands, is expanded in this study to also estimate volume of groundwater. Results indicate that average current lens thickness, groundwater volume, and per capita safe yield are approximately 4.6 m, 1,300 million liters, and 300 l/day, and that these values will decrease by approximately 10, 11, and 34%, respectively, by the year 2030. Based on results, it is demonstrated that groundwater, in terms of quantity, is a viable source of water for the islands of the Maldives both now and in coming decades, particularly for islands with large surface area and low population. Study results can provide water resource managers and government officials with valuable data for consideration in water security measures.