厌氧-准好氧型填埋的渗滤液实验研究

通过室内模拟试验，在渗滤液回灌的厌氧填埋柱基本进入稳定状态后，改用准好氧运行方式。同时监测了渗滤液中有机物浓度以压温度、pH值的变化。改变模拟垃圾柱的运行方式两个月以后。氨氯浓度由2000mg／L迅速下降至101．48mg／L，试验结果显示，准好氧运行方式可以解决生物反应器填埋场进入稳定阶段后存在的氨氮浓度高的问题，加速填埋场的稳定。     

电化学氧化处理焚烧厂渗滤液膜浓缩液混凝出水的研究

为了降低城市生活垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液膜浓缩液混凝出水中的有机物浓度,采用电化学氧化对渗滤液膜浓缩液混凝出水进行了处理.同时,考察了阳极材料、电流密度、初始pH值和电解时间对有机物的去除影响,使用三维荧光光谱分析了有机物的去除特性,并通过氯离子的转化探讨了有机物的降解机理.结果 表明,钌铱(Ru-Ir/Ti)阳极对有机物的去...     

GC-MS法测定垃圾填埋场渗滤液中的有机污染物

采用GC-MS联用技术对深圳市两个垃圾填埋场（A和B）渗滤液中的有机污染物进行分析。垃圾场A是简易生活垃圾填埋场，垃圾场B是生活垃圾焚烧底渣填埋场。垃圾场A渗滤液中COD、TOC、NH3-N、NO3^--N等污染指标的浓度比垃圾场B渗滤液高一个数量级。两个垃圾填埋场渗滤液中分别检测出主要有机物72种和57种，其中含有大量难降解有机物，如酚类、胺类、杂环类物质。两个垃圾填埋场渗滤液中有机物组分的相对含量不同，渗滤液A中酚类物质含量最高，渗滤液B中有机物多为长链烷烃。     

垃圾渗滤液水质特性研究进展

垃圾渗滤液已被公认为是高风险高污染废水,对地下水与地表水具有极大的潜在危害性。由于渗滤液具有高污染、水质水量差异大、难控等特点,使得其有效处理十分棘手。近年来国内外对渗滤液的研究十分广泛,本文结合国内外渗滤液相关研究中水质特性相关部分,从渗滤液的一般特性,溶解性有机质及危险物质等方面对渗滤液水质进行阐述,有助于深入了解渗滤液水质及其变化规律,从而为渗滤液的有效处理提供理论依据。     

Research needs for improving biofuel burning cookstove technologies

The contribution of the household biofuel cooking energy system in developing countries to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases is significant and a potential exists to halve this contribution cost-effectively. A review of past programmes aimed at disseminating stoves designed to reduce fuel consumption and exposures shows these programmes to have been only partially successful. If future programmes are to achieve their intended societal objectives and satisfy consumer requirements, research on designing improved stoves with lower emissions is critical. Integrated research will also be required on other related aspects, such as measurements of emissions from various stove-biofuel combinations, and on developing improved procedures for testing, evaluation and dissemination. The multiple benefits that can accrue from these programmes makes continuing and increased investment of efforts worthwhile.     

Landfill cover soil, soil solution, and vegetation responses to municipal landfill leachate applications

Municipal solid waste landfill leachate must be removed and treated to maintain landfill cover integrity and to prevent contamination of surface and ground waters. From 2003 to 2007, we studied an onsite disposal system in Ottawa County, Michigan, where leachate was spray irrigated on the vegetated landfill cover. We established six 20-m-diameter circular experimental plots on the landfill; three were spray irrigated as part of the operational system, and three remained as untreated control plots. We quantified the effects of leachate application on soil properties, soil solution chemistry, vegetative growth, and estimated solute leaching. The leachate had high mean levels of electrical conductivity (0.6-0.7 S m(-1)), Cl (760-900 mg L(-1)), and NH(4)-N (290-390 mg L(-1)) but was low in metals and volatile organic compounds. High rates of leachate application in 2003 (32 cm) increased soil electrical conductivity and NO(3)-N leaching, so a sequential rotation of spray areas was implemented to limit total leachate application to <9.6 cm yr(-1) per spray area. Concentrations of NO(3)-N and leaching losses remained higher on irrigated plots in subsequent years but were substantially reduced by spray area rotation. Leachate irrigation increased plant biomass but did not significantly affect soil metal concentrations, and plant metal concentrations remained within normal ranges. Rotating spray areas and timing irrigation to conform to seasonal capacities for evapotranspiration reduced the localized impacts of leachate application observed in 2003. Careful monitoring of undiluted leachate applications is required to avoid adverse impacts to vegetation or soils and elevated solute leaching losses.     

Potential for enhanced phytoremediation of landfills using biosolids – a review

Despite the use of recyclable materials increasing worldwide, waste disposal to landfill remains the most common method of waste management because it is simple and relatively inexpensive. Although landfill disposal is an effective waste management system, if not managed correctly, a number of potential detrimental environmental impacts have been identified including soil and ground water contamination, leachate generation, and gas emissions. In particular, improper post-closure treatment of landfills or deterioration of the conventional clay landfill capping were shown to result in land degradation which required remediation to secure contaminants within the landfill site.Phytoremediation is an attractive technology for landfill remediation, as it can stabilize soil and simultaneously remediate landfill leachate. In addition, landfill phytoremediation systems can potentially be combined with landfill covers (Phytocapping) for hydrological control of infiltrated rainfall. However, for the successful application of any phytoremediation system, the effective establishment of appropriate, desired vegetation is critical. This is because the typically harsh and sterile nature of landfill capping soil limits the sustainable establishment of vegetation. Therefore, the physicochemical properties of landfill capping soils often need to be improved by incorporating soil amendments. Biosolids are a common soil amendment and will often meet these demanding conditions because they contain a variety of plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate, potassium, as well as a large proportion of organic matter. Such amendment will also ameliorate the physical properties of the capping soils by increasing porosity, moisture content, and soil aggregation. Contaminants which potentially originate from biosolids will also be remediated by activities congruent with the establishment of plants and bacteria.     

Source identification and characterization of the accumulating non-biodegradable organics in Korean reservoirs

An increase in the chemical oxygen demand (COD) has been noticed in most Korean reservoirs. Therefore, this research systematically investigated the causes of organic accumulation. Samples of soil affecting the quality of water of reservoirs were collected at various sources and analyzed for their organic characteristics. The COD to biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) ratio was used as the key parameter in the evaluation of non-biodegradable (NBD) organic accumulation in the reservoirs. Soil samples containing plant roots were agitated, with the supernatant showing COD/BOD ratios of less than 2.8, while those of the composted tree leaves were greater than 5.0, suggesting that humic substances produced in forest areas are a major cause of NBD organic accumulation in reservoirs. In addition, the organic fractionation of the leachate from leaching tests showed that of the various types of hydrophobic natural organic matter (NOM), the larger molecular weight humic acid makes a greater contribution than fulvic acid to the increase in the NBD COD in Korean reservoirs.     

废钻井液对环境污染及固化处理室内研究

目前我国许多油田钻井井场位于稻田、麦田、虾池和鱼塘周围，而废钻井液中含有无机盐、重金属组分、油品及大量有机聚合物，其中有些是有害物质，一口井的废钻井液一般可达200～300m~3。这些废钻井液堆放在井场不进行处理会对周围环境造成较大污染。为此，如何处理这些废钻井液是目前令人极为关心的课题。本文分析了我国一些油田废钻井液的毒性；介绍了毒性提取、评价方法及其对土壤、植物和海洋生物的影响，同时重点介绍用化学固化方法处理废钻井液的结果。通过对现场的5个废钻井液的固化处理室内试验证实，废钻井液固化后有一定强度，其水浸出液清彻透明，达到排放标准，固化体可进行掩埋恢复地貌，也可作为建筑材料使用。     

Characterization of total volatile organic compound emissions from paints

Recently, Homeswest in Western Australia and Murdoch University developed a project to construct low allergen houses (LAH) in a newly developed suburb. All potential volatile organic compound (VOC) emission materials used in LAH are required to be measured before the construction of LAH, to ensure they are low VOCs emission materials. To protect people sensitive to exposure to VOCs it is important to evaluate and select low VOCs emitting paints. In this paper, therefore, twelve different paints provided by local manufacturers were selected for analysis to characterize total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) emissions. Emissions of TVOCs from six organic solvent-soluble paints and six water-soluble paints were evaluated using a small test chamber under controlled temperature, relative humidity and air exchange rates. The major volatile organic compounds in these paints were also identified. The time dependence of TVOC emissions from paint products in the chamber was evaluated. TVOC emissions from organic solvent-soluble and water-soluble paints were compared. The influence of air exchange rate on the TVOC concentrations emitted from organic solvent-soluble and water-soluble paints was also investigated. A double-exponential equation was used to evaluate emission characteristics of TVOC from paint products. With this double-exponential model, the physical processes of TVOC emissions can be explained. A variety of emission parameters can be calculated and used to estimate real indoor TVOCs concentrations.     

应用反渗透技术处理垃圾填埋场渗滤液

垃圾填埋场渗滤液属于高浓度氨氮废水，其水量、水质特性变化大，成分复杂，因此较难处理。反渗透分离技术能有效截留垃圾渗滤液中溶解态的有机和无机污染物。采用三级反渗透处理垃圾渗滤液工艺处理后的出水水质，能够满足《生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准》（DB16889-2008）要求，并把渗滤液浓缩液回灌于填埋场。     

渗滤液回灌在实际应用中应注意的问题

本文介绍了垃圾填埋场渗滤液回灌的机理、优缺点,“干填埋”与“湿填埋”之间的区别。渗滤液回灌可增加填埋废物的含水率,加快垃圾的降解速率,减少渗滤液的处理时间,提高填埋气中甲烷的含量,加速填埋场稳定化进程。鉴于以上这些优点,渗滤液回灌作为一种渗滤液处理方式将会有极大的应用前景。但在实际应用中回灌的渗滤液容易泄漏而导致地下水污染,这是影响渗滤液回灌广泛应用的主要原因。为了避免使地下水受污染,本文总结和分析了渗滤液回灌在实际应用中应注意的问题。     

成都市城区环境大气中典型特征VOCs示踪物种分析

VOCs排放来源较多且成分复杂,通过某些特征物种的浓度比值可以获得相应的VOCs来源信息,2018年12月至2019年11月使用TH-300B大气挥发性有机物快速在线监测系统在成都市内进行监测,并用比值法对VOCs的示踪物种进行分析,研究表明,在监测时间范围内,乙烷、丙烷、正戊烷、异戊烷、异戊二烯、乙炔、苯、甲苯、乙苯、间(对)二甲苯的平均浓度分别为5.49ppb、3.60ppb、0.54ppb、1.14ppb、0.1ppb、3.87ppb、0.53ppb、0.87ppb、0.25ppb和0.87ppb;甲苯/苯和异戊烷/正戊烷的比值分别为1.17和1.67,表明市区VOCs的排放受机动车尾气影响较为显著,需继续加强机动车的管控;对二甲苯/乙苯和苯/甲苯的比值分别为3.7和0.85,市区气团有一定老化,春季和冬季气团老化程度较大,光化学年龄较长。     

Evaluation of leachate recirculation on nitrous oxide production in the Likang Landfill,China

Landfill leachate recirculation is efficient in reducing the leachate quantity handled by a leachate treatment plant. However, after land application of leachate, nitrification and denitrification of the ammoniacal N becomes possible and the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) is produced. Lack of information on the effects of leachate recirculation on N2O production led to a field study being conducted in the Likang Landfill (Guangzhou, China) where leachate recirculation had been practiced for 8 yr. Monthly productions and fluxes of N2O from leachate and soil were studied from June to November 2000. Environmental and chemical factors regulating N2O production were also accessed. An impermeable top liner was not used at this site; municipal solid waste was simply covered by inert soil and compacted by bulldozers. A high N2O emission rate (113 mg m-2 h-1) was detected from a leachate pond purposely formed on topsoil within the landfill boundary after leachate irrigation. A high N2O level (1.09 micrograms L-1) was detected in a gas sample emitted from topsoil 1 m from the leachate pond. Nitrous oxide production from denitrification in leachate-contaminated soil was at least 20 times higher than that from nitrification based on laboratory incubation studies. The N2O levels emitted from leachate ponds were compared with figures reported for different ecosystems and showed that the results of the present study were 68.7 to 88.6 times higher. Leachate recirculation can be a cost-effective operation in reducing the volume of leachate to be treated in landfill. However, to reduce N2O flux, leachate should be applied to underground soil rather than being irrigated and allowed to flow on topsoil.     

Leaching from organic matter-rich soils by rain of different qualities: I. Concentrations

Soil monoliths from an area exposed to acid precipitation and from an unpolluted area were used in a lysimeter experiment to study effects of different rain qualities on the chemical composition of the leachate from shallow soils rich in organic matter. The vegetation was either dominated by moorgrass [Molinia caerulea (L.) Moench] or heather [Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull]. The lysimeters received either "acid rain" (pH 4.3) or "normal rain" (pH 5.3). High concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were characteristic of the leachate. The different "rain" qualities had no significant influence on the DOC concentration. More DOC was, however, leached from lysimeters with heather vegetation. Roughly 50% of the aluminum (Al) was in complex with organic material and the Al charge was calculated to be between +1.4 and +2.0. Sulfate (SO4(2-)) was the only component that was significantly influenced by the treatment, as more was leached from lysimeters receiving "acid rain." Sulfate was poorly correlated with pH, suggesting that reduced SO4(2-) input would not necessarily lead to reduced acidity. Differences in the pH of the leachate due to the treatments were less than 0.15 pH units. Nitrate (NO3-) was only leached in very low concentrations and of little consequence for the leachate acidity. Some observations do, however, suggest that NO3- may contribute to acidification in episodes with high precipitation. High concentrations of Cl- in the leachate and a significant positive correlation between Cl-, H+, and base cations indicate that sea salt episodes may be important for soil acidification and acidity of the leachate.     

Determination of total volatile organic compound emissions from furniture polishes

In this study, an environmental test chamber with controlled temperature, relative humidity, and airflow rate was developed to evaluate emissions of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) from three different kinds of furniture polish. The time dependence of TVOC concentrations produced from the emissions of furniture polish products in the chamber was tested. TVOC emissions from each furniture polish were compared. The main volatile organic compounds emitted from each polish were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A double-exponential equation was developed to evaluate the characteristics of emissions of TVOCs from these furniture polish products. With this double-exponential model, the physical processes of TVOC emissions can be explained. A variety of emission parameters can be calculated. These emission parameters could be used to estimate real indoor TVOC concentrations.     

Agricultural soil greenhouse gas emissions: a review of national inventory methods

Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are required to submit national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories, together with information on methods used in estimating their emissions. Currently agricultural activities contribute a significant portion (approximately 20%) of global anthropogenic GHG emissions, and agricultural soils have been identified as one of the main GHG source categories within the agricultural sector. However, compared to many other GHG sources, inventory methods for soils are relatively more complex and have been implemented only to varying degrees among member countries. This review summarizes and evaluates the methods used by Annex 1 countries in estimating CO2 and N2O emissions in agricultural soils. While most countries utilize the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) default methodology, several Annex 1 countries are developing more advanced methods that are tailored for specific country circumstances. Based on the latest national inventory reporting, about 56% of the Annex 1 countries use IPCC Tier 1 methods, about 26% use Tier 2 methods, and about 18% do not estimate or report N2O emissions from agricultural soils. More than 65% of the countries do not report CO2 emissions from the cultivation of mineral soils, organic soils, or liming, and only a handful of countries have used country-specific, Tier 3 methods. Tier 3 methods usually involve process-based models and detailed, geographically specific activity data. Such methods can provide more robust, accurate estimates of emissions and removals but require greater diligence in documentation, transparency, and uncertainty assessment to ensure comparability between countries. Availability of detailed, spatially explicit activity data is a major constraint to implementing higher tiered methods in many countries.     

Metal pollution in sediments of Jamaica Bay,New York,USA—An urban estuary

Calculations of the annual input of heavy metals to Jamaica Bay, New York, USA, reveal that sewage effluent carries the largest quantities of Ni, Zn, Cu, and Cd to the bay. Storm sewers and atmospheric fallout are the main sources of Pb. Atmospheric fallout of Zn, Cu, and Cd, although smaller than the combined input from sewers, contributes a significant fraction of these metals. The metal input from landfill leachate is far smaller than that from other sources. Analysis of available data shows that metal concentrations in the sediment of the bay correlate with each other and with percent total organic carbon (%TOC). This is consistent with the observation that the input of metals is predominantly associated with sewage. It is demonstrated that metal-TOC ratios, rather than metal concentrations, must be used in efforts to detect local intensive sources of metals in solution; metal-TOC ratios in intertidal sediment adjacent to these landfills are elevated by the adsorption of leachate metals, while metal concentrations are not. Subtidal sediment within a few hundred meters from two landfills shows no evidence of the addition of metals from that source, which is consistent with the small input of metals estimated for these landfills. The evidence cited in this study sharply contradicts the implication made in a widely publicized report issued by an environmental advocacy group that a significant link exists between metals found in subtidal sediment of Jamaica Bay and landfill leachate.     

Oil seeds industry emissions: A case study

Summary This study assessed the contribution of an oil seed industry to the organic loadings of an urban atmosphere, so that more realistic strategies can be developed to control such pollution. Emission measurements suggest that fatty acids, aldehydes and solvent related hydrocarbons are emitted in amounts comparable to or even exceeding anthropogenic organics. Technological options for controlling emissions in the context of the local situation with the data presented are discussed.Paolo Battistoni was born in Ancona, Italy in 1951 and received a degree in chemistry in 1974 at Bologna University. He started his activity at Ancona University where he is a permanent professor of waste water treatments. His research interests have centered on monitoring of organics in ambient air and waste streams and method developments in these areas.Gabriele L. Fava was born near Bologna, Italy in 1945 and received his degree in chemistry from the University of Bologna in 1972. He started his research activity at Ancona University where he is a permanent professor of pollution and environmental control. He has spent research terms at the Iowa State University, USA in 1976 and 1979. His main interest is in the environmental behaviour of toxic substances through physicochemical profiles.     

Phytoremediation and long-term site management of soil contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP) and heavy metals

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) previously used as a timber treatment chemical to prevent sap stain and wood rot. Commonly used in wood treatment industries for the last 50 years, there are now many sites worldwide that are contaminated with PCP. Although persistent, PCP is a mobile contaminant and therefore has a propensity to leach and contaminate surrounding environments. Both willow (Salix sp., 'Tangoio') and poplar (Populus sp. 'Kawa') growing in an open-ended plastic greenhouse were found to tolerate soil PCP concentrations of 250 mg kg(-1) or less and both species stimulated a significant increase in soil microbial activity when compared to unplanted controls. Both poplar and willow could not survive PCP concentrations above 250 mg kg(-1) in soil. Pentachlorophenol degradation occurred in both planted and unplanted pots, but a higher rate of degradation was observed in the planted pots. Soil contaminated by wood-treatment activities often contains co-contaminants such as B, Cr, Cu and As, that are also used as timber preservatives. An additional column leaching experiment, done along side the potted trial, found that PCP, B, Cr, Cu and As were all present in the column leachate. This indicates that although Cu, Cr and As are generally considered immobile in the soil, they were mobilised under our column conditions. If a contaminated site were to be hydraulically 'sealed' using plants, a reticulation irrigation system should be installed to capture any contaminant leachate resulting from heavy rains. This captured leachate can either be independently treated, or reapplied to the site. Our data demonstrate a reduction in soil hydraulic conductivity with repeated application of leachate containing PCP and metal compounds but the soil did not become anaerobic. This would need to be considered in site remediation design.