反应堆控制棒驱动机构电机温升试验研究

目的 研究电机在不同工况下的温升情况,完成电机散热能力评估,为电机散热优化和工程通风设计提供参考.方法 模拟驱动机构实际运行环境,在断风条件下进行自然散热温升试验,获取电机温升最大工作模式,并在该模式下进行2种风速条件下的通风试验,获取定子绕组的平衡温度.当定子绕组达到热平衡后,切断通风,进行断风试验,获取最大断风时间.结果 电机温升最大时,工作模式为三相通电,增大风速可降低定子外壁温度,提高定子绕组与定子外壁的温差.三相通电工况下,5 m/s和8 m/s风速下最大断风时间分别为15 min和22 min.结论 开展了电机温升试验研究,获得了典型工况下电机的温升状况,为电机散热优化和工程通风设计提供了参考.     

隧道口紧急救援站主洞与平导隧道协同送风方案研究

以某隧道口紧急救援站为实际工程背景,提出一种适用于隧道口紧急救援站的隧道主洞与平导隧道协同送风方案,利用FDS数值模拟软件对隧道主洞和平导隧道不同协同送风条件下隧道主洞洞口处和平导隧道内横通道各防护门处防烟风速的变化规律进行数值模拟研究,并确定了隧道主洞与平导隧道协同送风的最优防烟通风方案。结果表明：随着距平导隧道洞口的距离由160 m减小至20 m,横通道各防护门处防烟有效风量之和与射流风机送风量的比例由1.85增大至2.21;当平导隧道内射流风机集中送风量大于或等于29.9 m³/s,射流风机距邻近横通道的距离大于或等于140 m时,6处疏散通道防护门处防烟风速均大于2 m/s;确定了射流风机距邻近横通道的距离为140 m、平导隧道内射流风机送风量为29.9 m³/s、隧道主洞送风风速为2 m/s是隧道主洞与平导隧道协同送风的最优防烟通风方案。     

石化企业分析化验室高效通风防毒系统设计与应用

目的提出石化分析化验室通风防毒系统的设计并对其效果进行评价。方法选择某石化化验室作为治理对象,在对其改造前职业病危害因素和通风防毒设施效果检测的基础上,设计高效变风量通风系统并进行实施,对改造后通风防毒设施的效果进行评价。结果变风量通风系统在不同工况下均能保证排风柜面风速稳定达到(0.5±0.1)m/s,万向罩罩口风速≮0.5 m/s,排风柜流量的精度在3%以内,响应时间3 s,典型毒物的浓度小于职业接触限值。结论变风量通风系统具有系统稳定、精度高,反应速度快等优点,能满足石化企业大型化验室毒物的高效控制,有效降低作业人员的职业健康风险。     

边界层方案对华北一次污染过程模拟的影响

采用WRF模式中YSU、MYJ和ACM2 3种边界层参数化方案,利用WRF模式和空气质量模式CAMx对2015年11月11~15日发生在京津冀地区的一次污染过程进行了模拟,同时利用地面气象要素、风廓线、秒探空和空气质量观测数据对3种参数化方案下的模拟结果进行了验证对比.一种基于临界垂直湍流交换系数确定边界高度的方法被用于对比3种参数化方案之间垂直扩散能力的差异.结果表明,MYJ方案对10m风速高估最大（平均高估0.66m/s）,对2m温度和2m湿度低估最小,YSU和ACM2方案对地面气象要素的模拟效果相近;ACM2方案对于边界层内垂直廓线模拟效果优于YSU和MYJ方案,但是3种参数化方案对边界层内风速均存在高估（高估可达2.6m/s）;基于临界垂直湍流交换系数方法定义的边界层高度更能反映大气的垂直扩散能力,MYJ方案边界层高度最小,其模拟的PM_2.5浓度最高;MYJ方案对于地面风速的高估,会降低模拟的区域整体PM_2.5浓度,但是会增加风速较大区域下风向的PM_2.5浓度;ACM2方案对边界层垂直廓线模拟最好,夜间底层垂直湍流交换系数计算值较大,使得ACM2方案对于本次过程中PM_2.5等污染物的模拟优于MYJ和YSU方案.     

切圆喷雾式湿法脱硫塔内流场数值模拟及优化分析

烟气湿法脱硫塔内流场的分布直接影响脱硫效率。对一种在喷淋塔内增设脱硫剂旋流雾化层的流场再造脱硫反应方法进行优化,以Fluent软件为平台,通过改变旋流雾化层喷嘴的布置角度、数量以及浆液喷出的速度等参数,对不同工况下脱硫塔塔内烟气流动状况进行了三维数值模拟与分析。研究结果表明:旋流雾化层的直径比d/D为0.6左右,至少设置8个喷嘴才可形成稳定的螺旋场,浆液从喷嘴喷出的速度在15~20 m/s时有利于塔内烟气处于最佳脱硫速率。此结果对大型锅炉的烟气脱硫塔的改造具有参考作用。     

海面动力学粗糙度参数化方案对近海风资源评估结果的影响

采用数值模拟手段可以获取风能资源开发利用高度处资源量的区域分布状况,海面的动力学特性对近海面风速的数值模拟结果影响较大,论文采用WRF模式来研究不同海面动力学粗糙度参数化方案对近海及沿海地区风能资源的数值模拟评估结果影响以及方案的适用性.采用不考虑粗糙度变化(P_0)、WRF模式中参数化公式系数为定值的方案(P_WRF)、Yelland和Taylor 的分风速对参数化系数进行取值的方案(P_YT)对杭州湾近海及沿海地区风场进行模拟研究.通过与观测资料的对比分析可以得出以下结论:通过参数化方法改变海面动力学粗糙度可以改进近海和沿海地区风速的模拟效果,且P_YT 方案的模拟效果要优于P_WRF方案;当观测点为海风时,考虑粗糙度变化方案的风速模拟结果改进更加明显;观测点风速低于约8 m/s 时,所有方案模拟结果的相对误差均随风速增加而降低,P_YT 方案的模拟误差最小,P_0 的误差最大;而当风速大于8 m/s 时,相对误差会随风速的增加而增加,P_YT方案模拟误差最大,P_0 方案误差最小.三种方案模拟风能资源差异主要体现在陆地沿海和近海区域,离海岸线较远的陆上地区模拟结果相差不大,在沿海和近海区域方案P_WRF平均风速模拟结果比方案P_YT的偏高约为0.5 m/s,平均风功率密度偏高约为50 W/m².     

2×300 MW机组烟塔合一方案大气环境影响分析

受机场附近160 m限高制约,辽宁某电厂需采用烟塔合一技术. 运用德国AUSTAL2000模型分析了环境风速、大气稳定度、烟气出口速度、烟气出口温度等参数与烟气抬升高度间的关系,预测了烟塔排放的大气环境影响,并且与烟囱方案的大气环境影响进行了对比分析. 结果表明,各类参数变化均会导致烟气抬升高度发生改变. 环境风速不变,稳定度从A变到F时,抬升高度明显变小,最多可降低84.2%;相同稳定度条件下,环境风速从0.1 m/s增至4.4 m/s时,抬升高度明显变小,最多可降低84.3%;烟气出口速度从2.5 m/s增至8.0 m/s,抬升高度显著增加,最多为2.4倍;烟气出口温度从20 ℃增至50 ℃时,烟气抬升高度显著增加,最多为3.3倍. 综合经济及环保因素,该项目烟塔高度取130 m较适宜. 相比210 m烟囱方案,烟塔方案不仅满足机场限空要求,并且污染物年均及日均最大地面浓度均较低.      

系留气球整流罩散热数值仿真

目的解决系留气球整流罩散热设计问题。方法通过建立三维几何和离散模型,利用FLUENT开展热-流数值仿真计算,结合编制UDF同时实现整流罩外部对流、外部太阳辐射和内部对流、内部红外辐射和内部热源的实时耦合计算(双向耦合)。筛选环境最严酷状态(风速、温度和太阳辐射),对系留气球整流罩在3000 m和6000 m高度的散热性能进行分析。结果按最严酷状态进行分析后,在3000 m和6000 m工作高度,必须引入外界空气向整流罩内强制通风对流,才能保证任务设备工作环境要求。升空后,由于环境温度下降,整流罩散热增加,任务设备(雷达)散热所需引入外界通风量减少。3000 m^-3 m/s工况下,在整流罩进气口质量流量为1.0 kg/s时,整流罩内部维持在39~40℃;6000 m^-3 m/s工况下,在整流罩进气口质量流量为0.5 kg/s时,整流罩内部维持在25.5~26℃。整流罩上强制通风进气口应布设在任务设备发热部件下方,同时在整流罩上部和后部开设专用排气口,保证整流罩内部空气流通。结论双向耦合计算方法可快速获取系留气球整流罩在各状态条件下的散热详情,为整流罩散热设计及内部任务设备的热设计提供详实设计依据,相比工程估算和单向耦合更加贴近实际状态,计算精度更高。双向耦合计算方法和仿真数据可为同类型系留气球整流罩散热设计提供参考。     

风云三号卫星微波成像仪海面温度产品检验

目的方法 利用全球海-气综合数据集(ICOADS),对FY-3C MWRI海面温度产品按照升降轨进行检验,并对不同风速及太阳辐射(白天、夜晚)条件下的检验结果进行分析.结果 FY-3C MWRI SST产品升轨绝对误差为0.950 K,均方根误差为1.278 K;降轨绝对误差为1.186 K,均方根误差为1.692 K,升轨精度优于降轨精度.分别对风速小于6 m/s、6～12 m/s以及大于12 m/s时的绝对误差、均方根误差进行分析,高风速(>12 m/s)以及白天低风速(0～6 m/s)条件下,均会导致卫星反演海温与实测海温之间差异的增加.结论 该研究结果对改进算法模型,提高产品的质量和可信度有重要的参考价值.     

新型垂直探测资料在污染天气分析中的应用

针对2017年1月上旬广州地区出现的一次持续时间长的重污染天气过程,基于地面观测资料、激光雷达、风廓线雷达和微波辐射计数据,从水平和垂直扩散条件2个方面分析了此次污染过程的形成和维持的原因.结果表明：（1）本次污染过程期间,广州地区地面风速基本为小于2m/s的偏北风,在300m高度以下普遍存在平均水平风速低于2.6m/s的小风层;污染前期640m高度内的各层回流指数廓线小于0.6,100m高度小于0.4,污染缓解后回流指数高于0.7.（2）地面PM_2.5浓度与逆温强度的相关系数为0.42,过程平均逆温厚度167m,平均逆温强度为1.08℃/100m;（3）PM_2.5浓度与边界层高度的相关系数为-0.56,清洁时段的平均边界层高度（876m）约为污染时段（620m）的1.4倍,过程最低边界层高度为267m;PM_2.5浓度与边界层通风量的相关系数为-0.61,清洁时段的平均边界层通风量（2538m²/s）约为污染时段（1136m²/s）的2.2倍,使用边界层通风量能更好表征大气污染的程度.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.