壳聚糖的化学改性及其吸附性能的研究

以脱乙酰度90%的壳聚糖(CTS)与硫氰酸铵和氯乙酸反应,合成了一种带有硫脲基和羧基双官能团的水溶性中间产物,再经戊二醛交联,制备了水不溶性的可用于处理含重金属废水的颗粒状树脂.用FTIR,SEM及比表面法对中间产物及颗粒状树脂进行了表征,表明—HN—C(S)—NH—CH2—COOH基团接枝到CTS链上并进行了交联.吸附实验表明,该化合物对Cu2 的吸附量(248mmol·g-1)比Ni2 (135mmol·g-1)高得多,这可能与离子的核电荷数和螯合体的配位相关.在两种金属离子的混合液中,该化合物对Cu2 的初始吸附选择性更强.吸附金属离子的树脂经3次盐酸洗脱再生后,吸附性能几乎没有下降.     

改性沸石(Na-Y型)对Ni2+的吸附行为

将天然沸石熔融制得新型改性沸石(Na-Y型),研究Na-Y型沸石对Ni2 的吸附行为.结果表明,对Ni2 的饱和吸附量,Na-Y型沸石为31.04mg·g-1,而天然斜发沸石和Na型沸石(NaCl改性)仅为3.60mg·g-1和7.64 mg·g-1.Na-Y型沸石对Ni2 的等温吸附行为符合Freundlich方程.对溶液中Ni2 的吸附量在初始阶段(0-5h)快速上升,而后趋于平缓.共存阳离子对Na-Y型沸石吸附Ni2 的影响为:Co2 》Ca2 》Fe3 》 K .     

pH对黄棕壤重金属解吸特征的影响

对黄棕壤在pH 4~7不同吸附量下6种典型重金属(Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+、Pb2+、Co2+、Ni2+)的解吸进行了测定。结果表明,6种重金属的解吸量随吸附量增加而线性增大,解吸量随pH升高而增加,但解吸量占吸附量的比例随pH升高而降低。在试验条件下,黄棕壤吸附Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+、Pb2+、Co2+、Ni2+的平均解吸率分别为8.6%、14.3%、74.1%、9.2%、42.1%和36.9%,表明黄棕壤对6种重金属的专性吸附选择性和亲和力顺序为Cu2+、Pb2+ > Zn2+ > Co2+ > Ni2+ > Cd2+。     

滇池福保湾沉积物-水界面微量重金属扩散通量估算

对滇池福保湾沉积物间隙水及近界面上覆水中溶解性重金属含量进行分析,并根据Fick定律计算出沉积物-水界面微量重金属扩散通量.结果表明,福保湾水体中重金属含量的平均值(以μg·1-1计)分别为:Fe 25.53,Cu 30.58,Zn 221.67,Ni 15.93,Co 1.91,Cd 1.12,Cr 19.26,Pb 31.08,As 9.41,符合国家Ⅱ类地表水质标准.沉积物-上覆水界面附近水体微量重金属浓度一般都明显高于孔隙水的相应浓度(As除外),根据Fick扩散定律计算出沉积物对上覆水中重金属的年吸附量(以kg计)分别为:Fe 3.48,Cu 8.70,Zn 70.66,Ni 4.52,Co 0.16,Cd 0.31,Cr 1.55,Pb 12.03,As 0.38.     

风浪扰动对太湖水体重金属形态的影响

对不同风浪条件下水体中的悬浮颗粒物,采用ICP-AES测定其中Co,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn,Al,Fe和Mn不同形态的含量.研究表明,水体中Al,Fe,Co,Cr,Pb和Ni可提取态含量随风浪扰动程度的增强其含量均有不同程度的增大. Mn,Zn和Cu在7m·s-1风浪下含量最高,11m·s-1风浪次之,2m·s-1风浪最小.7m·s-1风浪与2m·s-1风浪相比,水体中Mn, Co, Cr, Zn, Cu和Ni的B1, B2, B3态含量增加3-20倍.11m·s-1风浪与7m·s-1风浪相比,Co, Cr和Ni的B1态含量分别增加31.1%-76.8%,Mn, Zn和Cu分别减少22.1%-38.6%; Cr,Zn和Ni的B2态含量增加12.1%-50.2%, Mn减少65.6%, Co和Cu的含量相当; Co和Ni的B3态含量增加15.4%-10.3%,Cr,Mn,Zn和Cu略微减少.水体中的金属主要以Fe-Mn氧化物结合态存在,且金属的三态比例随风浪的变化不明显. Mn的生物有效性最高,Zn,Cu和Ni次之,毒性较大的Pb和Cr的生物有效性较低.Al, Fe和Pb的Fe-Mn氧化物结合态比例非常高,约有74.56%-100%. Co,Cr和Ni的有机结合态比例较高,且Co和 Ni的三态比例比较均一,Cu的B3态较低.     

京杭大运河苏南城市段表层沉积物铜、锌吸附特征及理论环境安全吸附容量

应用等温吸附法研究京杭大运河苏南三城市段（常州、苏州和无锡）表层沉积物对Cu和Zn的吸附行为,并结合国家地表水环境质量标准（GB3838—2002）,估算运河城市段表层沉积物对Cu和Zn的理论环境安全吸附容量（QⅢ）。结果表明：大运河表层沉积物的Cu和Zn等温吸附符合Langmuir模型;表层沉积物Cu最大吸附量（Cu-Qmax）为5.20～9.03 mg·g-1,Zn最大吸附量（Zn-Qmax）为2.40～5.07 mg·g-1;最大吸附量与沉积物的性质密切相关,但与总有机碳质量分数无关。根据Langmuir拟合方程估算,在我国地表水环境质量标准三类水标准阈值时,Cu的理论环境安全吸附容量为沉积物总Cu量的19倍以上,而Zn则为2～6倍。因此,Zn对三城市段大运河沉积物的环境风险要高于Cu。     

交联壳聚糖磁性微球的制备及其对金属离子的吸附性能

以碳包铁作磁核,环氧氯丙烷作交联剂,通过反相悬浮交联法制备交联壳聚糖磁性微球,研究磁性微球对Cu2 和Pb2 的吸附性能和吸附机理.结果表明:磁性微球对Pb2 和Cu2 的吸附量分别为72.0mg·g-1和48.3mg·g-1,磁性微球具有不易流失,易再生的特点.     

模板法合成介孔硅酸钙及其对重金属离子的吸附性能

以硝酸钙和硅酸钠为原料,采用模板法制备了介孔硅酸钙.探讨了不同模板剂(十二烷基磺酸钠、十六烷基三甲溴化铵、P123和十六烷基三甲溴化铵-四甲基氢氧化胺)对介孔硅酸钙孔径和表面形貌的影响,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、BET表面分析和红外光谱(FT-IR)等对其结构进行了表征,考察其对含Pb~(2+)和Cu~(2+)模拟废水的吸附性能和解吸再生性能,并与活性炭的吸附性能进行比较.结果表明,采用十六烷基三甲溴化铵模板剂为模板合成的硅酸钙具有介孔结构,为狭缝孔,孔径主要介于4—50 nm之间,比表面积达158.13 m~2·g~(-1);在298 K下,对Pb~(2+)和Cu~(2+)的吸附容量分别为1.833 mmol·g-1和6.557 mmol·g-1,远比在相同吸附条件下活性炭的吸附容量高.介孔硅酸钙吸附重金属离子为放热反应,主要是表面羟基与重金属离子间配位化学作用.经过5次洗脱再生,对Pb~(2+)的平衡吸附量和吸附率仅分别降低了0.102 mmol·g-1和4.2%,表明其具有优良的吸附/再生性能,有望成为优良的重金属离子吸附材料.     

锰氧化物-阳离子交换树脂复合材料的制备及其对水中重金属的吸附性能

采用原位沉淀-空气氧化法将锰氧化物负载于大孔强酸性阳离子交换树脂D001上,制备出一种新型锰氧化物-阳离子交换树脂复合材料Mn-D001,并对该材料吸附水中Pb2+、Cd2+、Cu2+的性能进行了深入研究.TEM、XRD以及XPS的分析结果表明,负载的锰氧化物以MnO2的形态存在.基于单一金属离子静态吸附的一元体系实验表明,Mn-D001比D001对Pb2+、Cd2+、Cu2+具有更高的吸附选择性,在高浓度竞争离子Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+共存的情况下,仍能保持较高的重金属去除率;Mn-D001对Pb2+、Cd2+、Cu2+的吸附行为符合准一级动力学模型(R2>0.99)和Langmuir吸附等温线模型(R2>0.99).在温度为303 K时,Mn-D001对3种重金属的饱和吸附容量可分别达到476.19 mg.g-1、243.90 mg.g-1及196.08 mg.g-1,优于原有树脂D001.基于复合重金属离子竞争吸附的二元、三元体系的实验表明,Mn-D001对3种重金属的吸附能力顺序为Pb2+>Cu2+>Cd2+,吸附能力由原有树脂D001以及负载的锰氧化物的性质共同决定.     

石灰性褐土中柠檬酸对土壤Cu(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)吸附-解吸的影响

通过室内培养和吸附-解吸实验,研究了不同柠檬酸含量土壤对Cu2+、Cd2+吸附-解吸的影响.结果表明,土壤对Cu2+的吸附量随加入柠檬酸量的增加而明显增加,达到峰值后(柠檬酸含量为0.5 mmol.kg-1),吸附量随柠檬酸含量的增加而下降,即Cu2+的吸附曲线呈峰型.在低柠檬酸含量时,土壤对Cu2+的吸附量受Cd2+浓度影响较小,但随柠檬酸含量的增加,在低铜浓度处理(Cu2+浓度为600 mg·L-1,Cu600)下,土壤对Cu2+的吸附量随Cd2+浓度的增大而增大,但在高浓度铜处理(Cu2+浓度为1000 mg·L-1,Cu1000)下,土壤对Cu2+的吸附量随Cd2+浓度的增加而减少.Cu2+的解吸量随柠檬酸含量的增加而总体上降低;相同柠檬酸含量下,Cu600处理下,Cd2+浓度为10 mg·L-1(Cd10)条件下Cu2+解吸量明显低于无Cd2+(Cd0)和Cd2+浓度为1 mg·L-1(Cd1)条件下.而Cu1000处理下,Cd2+的浓度对Cu2+解吸量的影响较小.Cd2+吸附量随柠檬酸含量的增加无明显变化,但随Cu2+浓度的增加下降明显,其中无Cu2+处理Cd2+吸附量极显著地高于Cu600和Cu1000处理,而Cu600和Cu1000处理间差异不显著,且土壤对Cd2+的吸附随镉添加量增加而增加;Cd2+的解吸量随柠檬酸含量的增加先增大后保持稳定,在柠檬酸含量为0.5 mmol.kg-1时达到最大,Cu600处理的Cd2+的解吸量显著地高于Cu1000处理.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.